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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 ต.ค. 2024
- Fever is the natural response to infection.
Pyrexia
Pyrexia refers to an increase in body temperature resulting in a fever. A person
with a fever is said to be febrile. When the body temperature is not raised the
person is described as being apyrexial (the prefix ‘a’ or ‘an’ always means without).
It is the hypothalamus which regulates body temperature by comparing the
temperature of the blood circulating through the structure with a set point,
usually between 36.5-37oC. When blood temperature drops, the hypothalamus
initiates mechanisms to increase body temperature; conversely when blood
temperature rises above the set point, heat loss mechanisms are initiated. In a
fever the set point is increased to a new higher setting.
Cause of fevers
Fevers are most commonly caused by infection but also occur after tissue damage
which may be caused by trauma, surgery or disease processes. For example, pyrexia
is not uncommon after a myocardial infarction when part of the myocardium
is damaged by an occlusion of the coronary arterial blood supply. Neoplasm is
another possible cause and fever may be an early sign of a developing cancer.
Infection is caused by the presence of microorganisms, such as bacteria or
viruses, in a tissue. As the presence of bacteria or viruses causes a febrile response
these infectious agents are often referred to as exogenous pyrogens. Exogenous
means the cause is from outside the body, the infection comes from the
environment. ‘Pyro’ literally means fire or heat, ‘gen’ refers to genesis which
means beginning, so a pyrogen is something which ‘begins heat’.
Leucocytes (white blood cells) are able to detect the presence of infectious
agents in a tissue. Upon detecting infection these white cells, especially the
macrophages, respond by producing cytokines. Cytokines are hormones
produced by individual cells which have the potential to affect other cells or
tissues in the body. Two of the cytokines produced by macrophages in response
to the presence of infection are interleukins (ILs) and tumour necrosis factor
(TNF). It is the presence of these cytokines in the blood that increase the set
point of the hypothalamus in order to generate a fever. Because these pyrogenic
cytokines are released from the body’s own cells they are referred to as
endogenous pyrogens.
Fever increases immune function
By being able to recognise these cytokines the hypothalamus becomes aware of
the presence of infection or damaged tissue. This allows for the initiation of a fever as part of the systemic response to infection. It has been suggested that
pathogenic microorganisms are less viable at febrile temperatures. While there
is some truth in this for some organisms, the main reason fever is generated is
to increase the efficiency of the immune system.
It has been demonstrated that neutrophils exhibit greater motility and
bacterial killing activity as the temperature rises from 36 up to 40oC. Some
studies indicate that macrophages function more efficiently at about 39oC. As
neutrophils and macrophages are the most active phagocytic cells it follows
that this process of white cells ‘eating’ bacteria and viruses works most efficiently
at these increased temperatures. At temperatures around 39oC other activities
of the immune system such as release of interferons, release of cytokines,
activation of complement and the activity of lymphocytes have all been shown
to be enhanced. Pyrexial temperatures also increase the likelihood that virally
infected cells will self destruct, therefore killing the viral particles they contain.
If the immune system is working more efficiently as a result of a fever, then
the infection will be combated more aggressively and quickly. This will in turn
limit the course of the infection, promoting rapid recovery. As infection is
efficiently combated by the immune system in febrile patients, tissue damage as
a result of the infection is less likely to occur. In addition to these benefits of
fever there will also be an increase in the metabolic rate of the body which will
allow tissues to regenerate more rapidly.
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You just explain these issues so clearly with common sense terms that anyone can understand you.that sir. is a gift now a days.thank you.
Your presentations are addicting to watch. Really appreciate how you break everything down.
Could you please talk about the fever in Children. I would greatly appreciate it Dr Campbell 🙏
I agree! I just keep listening to more and more of his videos!
This guy has the best pens and markers
I notice things like that too...lol
Fountain pen, he is using.
@Benaiah Ahmadinejad care to elaborate?
Benaiah Ahmadinejad so that just makes you a non-white racist and xenophobe. Shocker.🙄
@Cups Please report their comments as bulling and harassment.
The doctor has officially reached “legend status”. I love reading all the comments especially the ones that acknowledge Doctor Campbell’s outstanding work. 🙏🏼
You sir are a true legend thank you for keeping us updated the media are useless
Check out the North Korean media for accurate reporting. Quite fantastic
@@wendy1908 that shook me, stunning.
Wendy G i will have a look
DR/PROF Campbell, thank you for giving us the time time of day to teach us.
WHO would of thought you would be so busy in retirement. Really thanks and know that we all appreciate you
Good thing about a lot of these videos is that they are timeless, the information will always be relevant, not just for covid 19. 👍
Tim Ashton Aloha so much Hope in your heart and soul
Yes, True.
This man explains things so well. A truly great teacher.
Yes, he is!!!
Honestly, the human body is one clever piece of machinery. I'm a retired nurse and I find the human body and what your body does to keep you alive absolutely fascinating. Don't think it can ever be completely replicated by AI.
@Mike Watson yeah i hear he was a good carpenter, Thats about it though.
@Mike Watson people do not realise how hard you work to keep yourself alive. Extremely hard to keep you alive from cell programmed suicide (apoptosis) to cell speciality
Dr. Campbell, I am an ER nurse out in California and just wanted to say Thank You! I found your videos several years ago on You Tube and you are a wonderful teacher and educator. Thank you so much!
I love your videos Dr. John. Only a great teacher, like yourself, has the capacity to not only teach but really make it enjoyable.
Thank you for yet again posting an informative video for the people!
other youtubers: *hires editors, inserts memes, stages thumbnails, adds BGM, SFX, other special effects*
Dr. Campbell: hold my sharpie
Hallelujah.
Finally. Someone telling the TRUTH that a raised temperature when you become sick is necessary ...and that the heightened temperature of your body is essentially a NATURAL RESPONSE & is FIGHTING the illness, for your survival.
Patriot Nurse also said in a recent video that the fever is our body doing its job to fight off the infection. She said wrap up in a blanket - STAY HYDRATED - and let the fever do what it was designed to do. If it keeps climbing though I would get worried - very high fevers can be dangerous. It's all scary no doubt about it.
Exactly. When you think about it , It’s really common sense
Brilliant. Thank you for such a clear understanding. It has been my understanding that the body is doing its thing and as uncomfortable as it is, it needs to run its course. So a couple of thoughts... When would fever reducing actions be needed, and what is best? And at some point would you do a video explaining the more complicated information about fever in children? I'm sure every mummy would feel empowered with the knowledge, and immune systems would not get overpowered by intervention that happens to soon. Thank you.
That would be fascinating. I remember when I was 6 or so I got chickenpox. My fever went so high that I wasnt thinking straight. I thought my mom and grandma were monsters even though they didnt look any different to me. I was standing on my bed in the corner screaming and crying and begging them "please dont kill me!". They called the dr and he said tylenol. No idea how high my fever went. I dont really remember being given the liquid tylenol but i remember the taste and having it in my mouth.
Here here! I’d love to hear about fever in children. I was raised to fear a fever, immediately give Tylenol or ibuprofen. Your explanation makes much more sense. I’d love more info on when you would give those meds - after a certain amount of time? When the temp gets to a certain point? Thanks so much. Your videos are very valuable to me!
Thank you Dr. Campbell, I’m so glad to have found your channel
Your a awesome EDUCATOR/ TEACHER. A BLESSING
Most informative! Thank you and much appreciated!
PRECISE AND AS INFORMATIVE AS EVER
Thank You! The breakdown and explanations with definitions is very helpful. ❤️
To the adult with a healthy heart, a fever within this range will be beneficial to recovery. Isolation. Bed rest. Blankets. Fluids. Time. Got it. Thank you.
. . More C o w b e l l !
What about a bladder infection
This is all very timely. My kids and I are getting hit by a virus. My son woke to a fever last night. Hope it passes quickly.
Lets hope they recover soon
There is a stomach virus going around that produces a fever in kids. Both mine had it and was verified at the doctor to be this.
Yes my son and granddaughter had a severe case of stomach bug and my son stayed home from work for 3 days which was not like him plus had a severe sinus infection! I am so worried as my son doesn't believe me that this is serious!
@@jdire8765 ~ Even with taking extreme caution, and disinfecting most everything in preparation for the coronavirus, I ended up getting that stomach virus. It was horrible most of that night. I don't have kids at home either, so I'm not sure how I managed to get it.
Hexafoose It’s the Elementary school kids that sneeze and cough all over everything. This is most likely how you got it. Most everyone that’s had this has missed some days of school or work. My son missed four days of school but is now about 90% recovered. Still a lingering cough and some tiredness. It’s been almost two weeks.
Keep the fever and get some rest. Got it. Thanks, sir. 👍👍 This led me to read about Fever of unknown origin (FUO) /central fever, and the list for that is incredible.
I want to thank you Dr.Campbell for taking the time to Educate and giving awareness to us all of the current Global Health situation. We are blessed as people to learn from your Knowledge. I thank you again and wish you all well and if possible continue to do what you are doing!
Dr. John, you are such a good teacher. Much anxiety, but you are a port in the storm. Thank you, dear sir, for your efforts!
This explanation is so clear it is practically invisible.
I just want to say thank you , Dr. John, for the risk you take each day to get this kind of information to all of us. Not only are we learning very valuable information that will help us in any kind of illness, but you give us comfort right now by being able to help us make informed choices for our families. The authorities worry about panic, but its the NOT KNOWING that makes some of us panic. The correct information is what will help us not spread this new virus. So thank you from the bottom of my heart. You are a good man.
Thank you teacher! You are the best, you made a Chinese with no medical background knowladge understand the mechanism! Learnt English and some healthcare knowladge, thank you very much!
As a retired welsh Ambulance service paramedic I have to compliment you Dr Campbell. Top notch Tutor, watched your ECG lesson and it was really well presented, loved the demonstration of VF by using a cupped hand with fingers moving uncoordinated ...far better than the 'bowl of quivering Jelly I used to use as an analogy! I have recommended your YT channel to ex colleagues of mine as a real beneficial teaching adjunct! Thank you Dr, You are a real credit to the Nursing profession!
Thank you for the explanation. Interesting stuff. I had a bit of an idea about this, but I understand it more clearly now.
Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge. You provide the detail that answers the questions I wouldn’t know to ask. Look forward to your updates. Again, thanks.
Two more months and I will be able to pass any medical exam ;-)
Thanks a lot!
Succes
I have had the privilege of following Dr Campbell daily throughout this crisis. You sir are one of the best commentators I have ever heard. Your point by point , easy to follow explanations have helped in keeping informed as to what in fact is happening. Thank you. You are clearly a very intelligent man. I look forward to your daily commentaries.
Thanks Sven, great to know people are understanding the videos
So glad I subbed to this channel, not just because of Covid19, but for information like this video that explains body mechanisms so well
You explain things very well sir. Thankyou
Fantastic explanation! Thank you!👀👌👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻🙏💪👌🌡🦠🤭
You ever sleep...lol...hey, thanks for everything you are doing.......
Dr John hits it out of the park again with super clear, simple explanation. I remember old TV dramas when a character had a high fever and someone says the patient has reached the crisis. The Edward VII programme with Timothy West in the 70s was one because he had typhoid, from which his father also died, I believe, according to the story in the programme.
I learn so much from you, thank you.
I do like a good graph.
A picture speaks a thousand words, as they say.
Thanks Dr. John.
📉 📈 📉 📊 🍷
Another excellent video. I keep track of my fever and sweat/shiver it out because I was taught all of this in my A&P classes. It is always wonderful to hear someone you esteem explain the same thing medically. Thank you!
This video was really informative
Wow, such an excellent video as usual! You are a wonderful teacher Dr. Campbell
Absolutely fascinating. I've always puzzled over why one gets the chills when your body is 'fevering up' - and now I know.
Same here
One thing I’m always learning, nature is a very complex and amazing thing, we have learnt so much about the human body but she (nature) will always throw a spanner in the works to keep us on our toes.....forever learning....cheers John. 👍🏼😊
Another great video!!
These are the most informative videos online. It explains what is going on with your body In a way that is easy to understand. I went to nursing school and he is very good at explaining in layman's terms how the body works.
Finally, the mysteries of body temperature and subjective temperature are revealed. Thank you. Next time I contract a cold, I'll bundle up, take a nap and let the fever play out.
Thank you for you public service Dr John. Excellent information , rational, science based and objective. Keep it up.
I learnt a little today..
Definatly no gym if I'm ill
Thanks Dr John your videos are great because you "Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the people." - William Butler Yeats.
Thanks, a nice refresher before bioscience starts again, love your work 😀
You are an awesome teacher. I am a nurse and you explain complicated processes very explicitly and is understandable. Thank you.
Thanks for doing these excellent videos. I have heard about a ‘citokine storm’ in the context of covid-19. Would that push the fever to a point of being dangerously high? Thanks again
Thanks Dr John, you must be a teacher within your field, very clear and easy to understand. Good videos, all relevant.
Thank you, very useful to know.
So glad you're a professor Dr. Campbell, because you were born to teach!
Thank you so much for taking the time to bring us these update
Great Job Doc!!!!
You’re a natural born teacher. Thank you!
Very nice explanation , Thx
So happy to be able to watch one of your videos. Been itching to catch up since I got a bit busy but my system has to catch up from the stress of being busy. Hopefully binging your videos soon. Fingers crossed!
Danke für die guten Videos
@McDonalds Farmer Hi, I'm from Switzerland/ at the moment Switzerland 0/ Germany 16 at the moment
19.02.2020
@McDonalds Farmer I know.
Thank you for going over fever!
Fascinating how it works. Good informative videos.
Thank you John.. refreshing my young Nursing Days. 1977-2009
Can we stop for a second and recognize that Japan just released asymptomatic cruise ship passengers into the public and there are no restrictions against flights from Japan...
Yes, Kelli, we can and should all pay very close attention to the following weeks! I know that any attempts to “extend” that ship quarantine would have resulted in anarchy on that ship, in my opinion, despite the fact that since that initial 14 day start of the ship’s quarantine, we have become aware of a possible 24-28 day incubation period AND the aerosolized nature of the virus’s spread. It was the best Japan knew to do at the time, I believe. Today’s actions, however, go AGAINST Japan should know to do to protect the masses.
WTF. The whole idea of restricting travel is to slow the spread while we’re waiting for a vaccine. In essence saving lives. Glad to see borders closing. Wash those hands and keep them away from your face. It’s not only your life in your hands. Stay well
Thank-you, John. This is the first time that I have seen this explained simply and clearly. I wish that someone had told me this information 50 years ago, when I had glandular fever. The medics dosed me up on antipyretics, which must have prolonged the problem for weeks.
Brilliant! This information can save someone's life you guys.
Another simple but informative video on a topic that most people don't understand.
This is why I always click when I find out you have a new video
Excellent video-- how do you recommend managing a fever in a COVID-19 patient?
I love this explanation, it was done perfectly. I work with surgery patients and often after a procedure they will run a low grade fever. I thinks it's the body's defense mechanism ,immune response to the body after surgical procedure . Please keep the informative clips going . the body is an amazing thing.
My idols used to be ”guitar heroes”. It’s all changed now😊
I’m surprised The Guitologist hasn’t mentioned coronavirus yet. Or how about The Captain Meets John Campbell..
Can Dr John be my teacher for literally everything. Because this was thorough, and yet very easy to folllow. Thank you.
Dr. John Campbell can you do a video about Fever in kids and when you need to act when Fever is to high or for a long period of time?
what i am trying to ask is when is the moment that you run to the hospital because of Fever.
As a parent, I've always felt that 39Celcius was tops for children, 40celcius can cause damage. Giving plenty of fluids/electrolytes keeps the child urinating, thus removing heat, cold water in - hot urine out, helps to prevent the fever running too high. Luke warm showers/baths, never cold help also. Cold will cause the pores to close and keep the heat in. If I feel the temp is uncontrollable naturally, parents instinct based on the behaviour of child as well, I will start to give panadol and if still too high I will alternate between panadol and ibuprofin every 2 hours until its under 39. Then i will hold off on medications and see if it settles. Not a rule book, but it may help.
May I recommend the late Dr. Robert S. Mendehlson's book? The title of the book is "How to keep your child healthy... in spite of your doctor."
pediatrics compensate, compensate, then crash. google information on average heart rate, bloop pressure, o/2 saturation/capillary refill, respiration per min, and other signs of the body compensating. good rule of thump is when in doubt take them to higher level of care. www.pedscases.com/pediatric-vital-signs-reference-chart
Thanks again John for your detailed explanations.
This brings back my undergrad days :)
I am learning so much and feel like I am back in school and it is just so refreshing. Thanks, Dr. John, for all that you do and share.
It's very important that we sort out all the terms, those are going to help hugely in pandemic because we won't waste time explaining stuff to medical staff, that surely will raise our chances of survival. Good job Sir Doc! Or we could just suffocate viruses with all the definitions!
True. IN a Pandemic/Panic Situation especially in an Emergency Room environment, Doctors Get nervous and Can Get Confused too, after all, they're Humans too!!!
More technical video like this please! Please monetize the videos you can - you deserve the money!
It is amazing how our Creator has fashioned the human body to help itself on many levels. Thank you Dr. Campbell for the information.
Thank you. Straight forward, no nonsense, pertinent information.
Great explanation.
Glory to God
"We create man in the finest state"
26 Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals,[a] and over all the creatures that move along the ground.”
27 So God created mankind in his own image,
in the image of God he created them;
male and female he created them.
28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.”
Thank you for the free med lesson, doc. Never been able to afford going to med school but that gives me a taste of it!
There are plenty more vids, do watch when you feel like it.
Superb
Quite like going to medical school every day with you, Doctor. Many thanks!
Dr. Campbell, Great video! Is there ever a temperature where fever reducing medicine should be used? Thanks!
I would love to have a online course by this doctor, or several. Basic nursing, explanation of body systems, and first aid are three that would be lovely to have on udemy for a small fee. Especially when there is a virus going around, it would be nice to have a course that explains just what to do if there is no room in the hospital for your patient. This one was a little more technical than the others, maybe a little more explanation on the systems that the body uses for fever might be useful. Again thanks Dr. Campbell for all your hard work.
there are many courses on the channel, do look t them and get back to me
The human body is so amazing...we are, after all, fearfully and wonderfully made. Better than any man made machine could ever be. I don't know why fever is so ingrained as *bad*...it is a normal response.Even so it is rather unpleasant and even scary in children. Thanks for the information Doctor John. You are a delight.
thank you, Dr. John. I learned a lot in this session on fever.
Just curious about one thing Doc. When giving an antipyretic becomes necessary? Is there a threshold in the body temperature ?
Yes wondering this myself..
I'm curious about this as well, I have read even fever of 40C for 24 hours is considered normal before taking antipyretics and that to common folk is unheard of. My family used to give me paracetamol at 37.5 or higher. Last time I had a cold, had 39C for 3 days straight, I was trying to endure it as long as possible (was curious if the body can handle it) but in the end I had to take antibiotics anyway.
i think there is an optimal temperature for T cells to become more efficient (max 40 °) possibly higher fevers could have a negative eff on certain proteins
but i'm not a doctor www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206471/
Yes close to 39 is treatable, the thing is when you get a high fever your metabolic needs go up. You breath too fast, burn up to much oxygen, blood pressure can go down from vasodilation and in extreme fevers seizure. So when you see oxygen sats go down, tachycardia etc. it’s a good point to give an antipyretic. Depending on age and how sick they are that point is around 39+ Celsius.
Fascinating explanation of how fever helps the body to heal. Very lucid explanation.
How is fever in children different than in adults? If fever is body’s way of amping up the immune system and fighting off the bacteria/viruses then we should let a fever run it’s course in children too. Fever is generally beneficial and a sign that our immune system is in full action. I am also curious about the ‘crisis point.’ I would definitely like to hear your views on this.
I'd like to know what effect a prolonged hot bath, sauna, or hot tub has on influenza etc if used to increase ones body temp in the early stages of illness.
For years I've always taken many hot baths when the body aches hit. I notice that I recover faster.
Regarding children, my two young kids get a fever at least once per season, we have never suppressed the fever with meds and monitored closely.. There is a statistical increase in deaths when Tylenol etc is used to break the fever in kids..
Deepali Shankar One difference is that children are more likely to have a febrile seizure. Febrile seizures are rare in adults.
@Tiger Momma hot baths also increase circulation, increase metabolism, washes bacteria off your body and in turn reduces the load on your immune system.
I did a test the other day in a bath of 43 deg C, a temperature probe in my armpit and was able to bring my temp up from 37c (average body temps) and got it up to 41c in less than a half hour. This would otherwise be fever temps, and according to the good doctor, inhospitable to viruses which slows its reproduction rate.
Question remains weather or not this allows your immune system more time to attack and rid these tiny invaders...?
When I get sick I often spends hours in the bath, back in 2016 when my appendix got infected I spent over 12h in the bath before being brought to the hospital,
I was really close to death because of sepsis
Deepali Shankar ,
Also kids should never get aspirin when they have a fever. Danger of Rheyes syndrome
Always look forward to your videos. Thank you for this great explanation!
Most people jump the gun with fevers. People do the same thing about swelling. Swelling is the natural defense of the body.
Twist a knee or other joint bad enough, and it swells. Most people rush to bring down swelling but it's the body's natural reaction . It's a protection.
In indigenous cultures they had created natural concoctions to create a fever. Some also would have the sick person sit in a sweat lodge. This is designed to raise the body temperature.
The body is a Perfect mechanism isn't it??
I agree %100
Fantastic explanation. Please do a video explaining fevers in children.
I've got a fever. And the only prescription is...
MORE COWBELL.
...MORE CAMPBELL
As a paramedic i highly appreciate your approach to educating people about not only the virus but base medical terms and information, your layman’s terms make everything easy to understand, after this is over i hope you make more videos in the future explaining basic healthcare concepts everyone should be aware of, loving the videos!
Thanks for this, there are lots on the channel already, do have a look. There are some on trauma as well.
I'm glad to also see a new video that's not about the current COVID-19 epidemic
Yes but it can also go along with it. His explanations are terrific.
Thanks for adding farenheit for the many of us in the U.S. that are following your wonderful vlogs.