Wave Functions in Quantum Mechanics: The SIMPLE Explanation | Quantum Mechanics... But Quickly
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 มิ.ย. 2024
- Ever heard of the term "wave function" in relation to quantum mechanics? What does it mean? How is it interpreted?
Hey everyone, I'm back with a new video! This time, we're going back to basics and understanding exactly what a wave function is, as well as what it represents, in the world of quantum physics. This video is going to be the first in a series I'm going to call "Quantum Mechanics... But Quickly". In this series, I want to discuss some fundamental quantum concepts, and explain them in as visual and intuitive a way as possible - without having to sit through an hour long lecture, or understanding complicated graduate level mathematics.
A physicist named Louis de Broglie once suggested something amazing. While scientists were busy debating whether light was a wave or a particle, de Broglie suggested that even matter - things with mass (e.g. electrons, protons, atoms, etc.) - could behave like waves. This idea was revolutionary due to the mountains of evidence scientists had up until that point that matter behaved like particles. However, the quantum world was soon to revolutionise everything we thought we knew about the universe. And as it turns out, de Broglie's suggestion was right.
His suggestion of matter waves permeated into the work of Erwin Schrodinger. Combining the idea of matter waves with the principle of Conservation of Energy, Schrodinger came up with the equation we now know as the Schrodinger Equation. This ended up being the governing equation of quantum mechanics, and crucially contained a function known as the wave function. This wave function contained mathematical information about any quantum system we happened to be studying.
The key question, then, was about what the wave function actually related to. What did it correspond to in real life? How should we interpret it? Well, there are a few different interpretations of quantum mechanics and how it relates to our real-life universe. The most commonly accepted one is the Copenhagen interpretation. And this interpretation suggests that a wave function is directly related to the probability distribution of a system. Specifically, if we take a system's wave function and square it (well, technically if we take its square modulus), then this will give us the probabilities of various results occurring when we make a measurement on a system. For example, the wave function of a system could tell us the probability of finding a particle at a certain position in space. Or it could tell us the probabilities of finding different spin states when measuring the spin of an electron, for example.
In this video, we discuss these examples in detail. Additionally, we briefly look at the consequences of wave functions having imaginary parts. Lastly, we look at how the Schrodinger Equation (or at least the time dependent Schrodinger Equation) governs how a wave function changes over time - apart from when we make a measurement on the system. This measurement causes a discontinuous and jarring change in the wave function, known as the "collapse of the wave function". This collapse has caused many philosophical problems for physicists over the years, and it continues to do so to this day.
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Now I am in a state of both "confused" and "excited".
Collapse your state of mind to determine the actual state ;-)
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If you can make jokes about it, that means you actually understood it. I think about it the same way sometimes.
Being a physics undergrad, getting to revise the concepts in such interesting way WITHOUT TEDIOUS DERIVATIONS is a blessing ❤️ thank you so much. Your explanations are amazing!!
Schrödinger: 'I've come up with an equation that's good at describing hydrogen atoms.'
Dirac: 'I'm gonna end this guy's career.'
Some professor in the back: What career? WHAT CAREER?
@@ParthGChannel Bro..
Here "Dirac" A English Theoretical physicist "Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac "
After listening to Schrödinger Eqn. He decided to quit his Career of Being Physicist. 😂😂😂
It's A Joke
@@sunithasomalingam2668 he probably knows dude
@@viradeus4322 Indeed He knew..
I jus Laughed at mine Condition after reading Schrödinger😂😂
Something that blew my mind about the collapse of the wave function through positional measurement is that a free particle can be theoretically anywhere in the universe until you measure it.
...but like any other excuse you try out on your Mummy, some possibilities are more likely than others.
Heisenberg uncertainty doesn't cut in until after a whole lot of decimal places...
Hi parth you can introduce some math also in this series which we would love to see.🙏
I make a living on explaining what the wave function is. I am happy to see that there is finally a reference video giving a quick dirty introduction. Love your video, keep it up!
How do you bake a living explaining what the wave function is lol I want fun job like that
@@Lucky9_9 he/she's obviously a physics/chemistry professors
It really helps a lot. Such a fun and formal way to enjoy learning such complex topics. Loving your work, Parth.
You are the best TH-camr who totally grabbed my attention! I love the way how you put the quantum physics in, it is so fun!!!
I've spent much time reading and watching, trying to understand a bit about this equation. By just focusing on a picture of the wave, you have clarified what I was looking for. I won't forget this, but I will forget all the math derivations that I sweated through!
Me too. Guy sparked a glimpse onto something materially realistic yet mind bending
One thing that blows my mind is that if you measure the particles position within that box in example 1, it will instantaneously collapse into a delta function (100% in one location) at that position which is obviously not one of the energy eigenstates (sine waves) shown. The bit that blows my mind is that in order to replicate this delta function in position, the particle instantly goes into a superposition of infinitely many energy and momenta eigenstates. This example is a great way to introduce commutation relations if you want to delve into the linear algebra in later videos
Nice and clear, thanks. I want to get a handle on this stuff, but it's far from anything I need to do, so I can't really justify sitting through 1hr videos. Looking forward to more!
Just the video I was looking for.
THANK YOU I'm so happy I can actually follow information about this 😮
Your explanation are very reliable and easy to understand ...
Hi Parth! Thank you for this video...I've finally got the point of wave function
Just an amazing video! Helped a lot ty!
I always wait for Parth Bro's Video❤️❤️
Now Wave Function 😁
Love dis Channel 😍
Thanks so much for your support as always!
Great Explanation!; I hope you extend this to a very simple system and explain how exactly physicists do there calculations, let's say a hydrogen atom what physicist do from preparing there experiment to doing there calculations until doing the experiment and finding the result; I know I may asking too much; but you are very good in explaining this topic and such a simple system example would put every thing said before into a very clear prescriptive; thank you for your excellent job!.
What an explanation!!!!!....great job
clear cut explanation as always💙
These are great man. God bless you
Thanks for explaining this really helpful
pretty good short and relatively precise explanation with limited uncertainty !
Very good!! Clear explanation easy to follow even in different langage for me at 75% speed.. Merci beaucoup
Happy to see you are back! Another killer video
Oh iam your fan
@@rajaradi802 ty bro
Thanks for making it easy.👍
Taking quantum right now. This video is very helpful 👍thanks for explaining so well
Thanks man. Great companion video for David Griffith's textbook.
Great one🔥🔥❤️
I am science graduate, seeking how to interpret the universe by physics and mathematics. You have done wonderful job, complex theory in so simple manner. I never want to miss you
Interpret (verb) to give or provide the meaning of; explain; explicate; elucidate.
I think physics can only describe the universe, to find it's meaning requires something else.
You've managed to explain briefly what my QM professor couldn't do in my QM courses. QM undergrad really flew past me - I somewhat understood the math (as always, math is just following rules), but had no idea how to interpret it. Right now I'm applying to grad school hoping they don't penalize me too much for getting a C in QMII
Wow. Great exposition.
Wow thank you so much❤ my sir took lecture for about 2hrs nd I can't even understand what he is trying to say but this 10mins video explained me the concept in short nd crisp way thanks a lot once again
Thank you very much sir for this video nd I will waiting for ur more amazing lectures quickly.....
Great idea video all about wave nature of electrons special feature as wave not just particle behaviour
The best teacher thanks good explanation sir
George:
Great Explanation .
That's easily a contender for the best 10 minute explanation of the wave function i've seen to date. Concise and coherent (heh :).
Looking forward to further videos, especially about foundations of quantum mechanics (full disclosure: partly because my impression is you're not a fan of Copenhagen and i'm always interested in cogent arguments for other interpretations).
thanks to you quarantine isn't as bad as it's supposed to be
This is excellent
Thank you so much for the video. I'm not a mathematician, but i want to understand this topic
Nice one! !
Awesome , thank you !
Excellent explanation 👌
please make video on Electrostatic potential and energy, I'm hell confused with these terms.
It'll be a great great help.
Thank you!
I always wait for you owsome video..
This man is a genius, thank you sir
Thank you young man
such a good video
A perfect Vedio 👍
Thanks a lot 👍
This is important to me.
Beautiful, short is sweet. Colapse of a wave function at a boundary a recreation of new wave fuction is inherent idea of Indian philosophy of death and rebirth of individuals, as written in bhagawadgeeta, which is a small part of great epic the Mahabharat.
|psi> generally represents a state vector. The wavefunction psi(x) is written as psi(x)=. Many people can think psi(x) and |psi>> are the same by watching this video, while in reality they are not.
pleas make a full course about quantum physics
Ok, that was good. You didn't get to the parts I'm most interested in, but I enjoyed it nonetheless, and your narration voice is pleasant too.
Please make a video on quantum Zeno effect
Please address in a future piece:
Are all fermions/ bosons, particles, photons, neutrinos etc etc evolving “naturally” in their continuous but individual superpositions til measurement decoherence or entanglement after which they will again blossom with evolving superposition unless zenoed or again interfered with…
And
Is the waveform universal to each type (and/or all) types of particles?
Very precise yet accurate work my friend… thx for your insight.
excellent
Enjoyable video, at some point in your quantum mechanics videos please discuss the other interpretations that attempt to explain super position and entanglement. Thanks
Oh definitely, that one's high up on the list!
Woowwww I really love this channel. I have some questions ❓❓"if quantum mechanics is soo powerful why doesn't it implies on the macro world?". One more "1:09 do macro objects also have probabilistic waves and please give some examples" .This channel is really helping me! Thanks
Let me try to explain that altho it won't be as good as Parth. So quantum mechanics is not the Physics of subatomic world or something it (along with relativity) are our current best model of Physics available. That means that the places where classical mechanics fails to explain things QM successfully can (Infact this is how and why this branch emerged to explain the drawbacks of classical mechanics as it was reaching its limits of applicability) but in addition to that QM is an improvement over CM as it began to explain a more general case scenario of which CM became a special case scenario (scenarios where objects and masses are large enough that the "Quantum Weirdness" is not significant). For example an apple also has a wavelength associated to it given by De-Broglie's equations and also Obeys Schrodinger's Equations but since it is so massive and has such a big size (compared to atoms and all) That the result you end up getting is what u would get from Newtons laws of motion. Infact if u plugin those simplified conditions into the Schrodinger's Equations they BECOME Newton's second law of motion. So in a nutshell Quantum Physics is the general case scenario of which classical Physics is a special case.
Rather in a macro world you are dealing with properbilities highly centered around what you can see with your "eyes". Ie. you could throw a ball at a wall and in a million times the age of the universe, expect that ball at some point would appear on the other side of that wall.. @@dhritimanroyghatak2408
Please make a video on tachyons a hypothetical particle which travel faster than light
ধন্যবাদ ভাই।
"WTF is a wavefunction?" Is my exact sentiment while studying this topic. The thumbnail is appropriate. 😂😂
Please make more videos like this
Sir please make abouth
1. Conservation of probabilty
2. Probability current density
sir please make a playlist of all series of Quantum mechanics we are not able to find in an order. so please.make a playlist where all basics and in a seriall way we will get to know nicely about quantum mechanics
How is that different than tossing dice and 'measurement' is you sticking out your hand to catch dice on your palm to read the result? Do we say dice is a superposition of 1 to 6?
How is the wave function of an electron in a molecule related to its energy? This one thing is messing up all of my understanding of Molecular orbital theory pls help
Dear G, can you please answer my question wether psi wave function can interfere constructively and destructively similar to a classical wave "A real electromagnetic wave" ? Thanks
hey , i wanted to know if a you trim a frequencies cycle per second in terms of time ,so is it no longer the same frequency now? sorry so not relavent the topic lol
You are doing well.
Great video. Very clear explanation. Still absorbing, but that's on me, not you! lol. Also, please consider a piece of black tape over the red light reflected by your eyeglasses. I got distracted like a cat watching a laser light. lol.
Okay, but what if the electron is not in a box bouncing from wall to wall but rather shot out in a straight line into some direction? Does it still travel like a wave and will only have a high probability of being measurable at certain points along the travel path? Or will it travel at a constant speed and we can accurately predict where exactly it will be after any given amount of time (and also always measure it there)?
Also, how does the wave function look when we want to describe an electron that is part of an atom? What exactly is 'x' there?
Nice work man, between 15-20 mins would be great, but probably not much less than 10 mins.
few videos about statistical mechanics please
Thanq for this video, can you make a detailed video about schrodingers equation with its solution and everything please ?
For sure! I've already made a video a while ago describing the Schrodinger equation (you can find it here: th-cam.com/video/BFTxP03H13k/w-d-xo.html) but I haven't discussed solutions in great detail :)
Parth G yes I’ve seen that one, was wondering if you would make one with detailed maths, which you tend to leave out for our understanding 😅
It is interpreted very well.
Please can you explain laplace transform. Thanks
If I may ask why does Psi squared give probability distributions and not Psi cubed or Psi to the power 4,5,6, etc. what's special about the square?
Amazzzzzing
5:19 This idea of a particle being in a blend of states is what led to the famous Schrodinger's cat in a box narrative. This was meant to be a derogatory example by showing how ridiculous it was to have a cat that is both alive and dead at the same time. Lo and behold, somehow it caught on and now Physicists use Schrodinger's cat to illustrate the Copenhagen interpretation. But it was not intended to be used that way.
Another famous example is the term "Big Bang" which was also a derogatory term used by Physicists who held to the steady state model of the universe. The problem here, that nothing actually bangs in the traditional sense of an explosion.
Pauli is driving along a highway with Schrodinger in the passenger seat of the car. A policeman pulls them over for speeding. He asks Pauli if he knows how fast he was driving to which Pauli answers, no he doesn't, and neither can the policeman. This annoys the officer, so he decides to search the car. He opens a box in the trunk and calls out to the two men asking why they are carrying a dead cat in the trunk of the car. Schrodinger replies, "You killed my cat!"
If we have a wave function of light, then we know, that the wave it represents is a wave correlating to a electromagnetic field that oszillates. But do we know, what field or what... does oszillate, if there is a matter wave? Is it EM-field in case of eg. electrons, strong interaction field in case of Hadons, and weak interaction field in case of paticles with weak charge ? Or is it something else?
Sir lectures about schordinger wave equation must be in series like lec 1 lec 2 to avoid from complexity for begners
Nice. But you should make sine squared probability function have the sin-squared (and not the sine) shape.
Hey Parth! I love your Videos and how the way u Teach and Explain !
But, Parth please make a video on Vedic Physics ! All humans are forgetting that advance Physics !
Their knowledge was not less than Modern Physics !
Then How that's built and Engineered that Ancient Temple in Cambodia with an accuracy and precesion of Modern GPS Level ?
Please Cover That ! And for more info follow Praveen Mohan who also given Many Lectures on
Ancient Alien Series on
History TV 18 !
🙏🏻
2:33 can anyone explain why squaring the wave function and modding gives us a the probability distribution? I understand that the wave function is complex and you multiply it by its conjugate but why? What is the logical reason that a probability distribution is found this way?
You are an eloquent and brilliant Physics teacher and you don’t need to use fowl language.
2:45 - That didn't seem wishy washy to me at all; you described exactly how to get the wave function and how to go to a probability distribution.
Why 1/2 for spin up and square root of 3 over 2 for spin down?
Which text do you use?
I’m so happy to have found your channel..
I’m rooting for ya😊✌️
MAY GOD BLESS YOU
Thank you, thank you, thank you....you've answered a question I have been wondering about for a long time...namely what happens to the election/elementary particle once you have measured it?....the answer is that it doesn't remain in a collapsed state for all of eternity, it eventually evolves back into a wave like state.
What excactly we mean by making a measurment? When we have a measurment?
when you square the half sinewave function in 3:24 the result should have 0 gradient at both ends.
How does any of this help human beings ? Can we harness it for good purposes ? Do our thoughts influence any of this ? I have noticed for some time now certain things happen - for example.
During lockdown i take a daily walk through a quiet village - maybe 1 or 2 cars pass by on the road but as soon i decide to cross the road suddenly lots of cars go by so i have to stand and wait.Would they have come yb if i had not decided to cross the road ? As soon as i cross the road no more cars pass by - its seems very odd.
I get to my car - all is quiet - as soon as i decide to drive off other cars suddenly appear when before it was calm and no cars around.Does intent or motion cause others to do the same ?
Can anyone explain what that negative sign in k.E says?
Holy fuck this was a clear conceptual explanation