How to Make a Microscope From Scratch
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 5 ต.ค. 2024
- After learning how to correct my vision by making eyeglasses from scratch, now I want to learn how to use optics to extend my vision to see the invisible world with a microscope.
Thank you to foldscope with their assistance in making this possible! Check out their product here: foldscope.com
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Today, getting what you need is as easy as a trip to the store. From food to clothing, energy, medicine, and so much more, Andy George will discover what it takes to make everything from scratch. His mission is to understand the complex processes of manufacturing that is often taken for granted and do it all himself. Each week he’s traveling the world to bypass the modern supply chain in order to harvest raw materials straight from the source. Along the way, he’s answering the questions you never thought to ask.
Music by the talented Taylor Lewin
taylorlewin.com
Give me your suggestions of what you'd like me to check out with my microscope! I'll do a video with the footage of it next week!
How To Make Everything hey
you might find some ideas on how to purifying calcium carbonate and glass by reading patents www.google.com/patents which usually had detailed information on their processes and methods.
Maybe try checking out some of those egg shells you have?
Make a bicycle!
See if you can have Cody from codyslab help you extract the impurities from your materials. Technically you would have to make a bunch of chemicals from scratch but I think that could make a really cool series.
Could you dedicate a couple of videos to perfecting your glass making?
I am also very interested in that, but I can see him getting somewhat frustrated at some point
I've been getting some interesting suggestions to solve the issues I had, so I may give them a shot and make a third attempt next week.
ok thank you!
Have you tried dissolving the eggshells in acid? You can get hydrochloric acid in hardware stores (it's called 'muriatic acid' there) for cheap. You can dissolve them with the acid and then filter out anything that doesn't dissolve, forming calcium chloride. After that, adding sodium carbonate (such as from baking soda) will convert the calcium chloride back to calcium carbonate.
Wouldn't he have to make his own hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate?
Actually I find that these failures show even more how precise modern technology is and why it took to long to develop it.
I agree.
Im astounded by the difficulty of just making glass and how precise it has to be.
dhyanais yes more people should include the failures.
dhyanais I remember hearing that optical glass production methods used to be guarded state secrets in newtons era. It was that complex
I agree. I don't mean this as an insult at all to "How To Make Everything", but I find his failures refreshing actually. Most of the time when you see "How-to" videos on the Internet, the person is able to make the item perfectly the first time. He's a real person who is really trying to make this stuff.
At least, he has the luxury of asking experts who have knowledge and equipment for suggestions and help, and he already knows sources of the raw materials. If I imagine knowing none of this (like how the heck did people discover potash if you have to go through so many steps to get it? And THEN discover how to use it to make stuff), I can see how it would take several generations to make anything useful, especially since people still had to take care of basic survival at the same time (and deal with stupid stuff like wars and disease).
Or because there's patents involve? Just saying.
I'm slowly transitioning the channel into being just cat videos.
plz dont
TH-cam could always use more cats :)
How To Make Everything dogs are better
How To Make Everything you should try making a knife using metal you make yourself from the iron you got in this video and extracting carbon from ocean water or something like that.
You should do caturday. That's what I miss.
it'd be very interesting if you could try to make a flute? or other wind instruments. extract some clay, make a stone furnace, and all that, and voila a built from the ground up clay flute/ocarina!
you can make flute out of wood
Or bone, which is I believe the oldest method.
A series on musical instruments is on the top of my list to attempt next year
Bamboo Flutes are very common in India..
Mikkel Daniel Wiesner I
You should team up with *Primitive Technology* and make a survival series where you and the other guy are dumped on an island and you have to survive there for 6 months.
I don't think I'd fair as well as him; that's barely enough time for me to even make a sandwich
How To Make Everything so you can't make a sandwich for dinner but you can fly to the coast to gather water? Interesting.
Well, he begins by laying down a slice of bread. Then he flies to the coast to gather water.
Then he puts a slice of cucumber on the bread. Then he observes a glass kiln for over ten hours.
This goes on and on, until the sandwich is completed.
Watching the different approaches you take to making glass is fascinating, and I really don't care if you fail. It highlights how difficult it is to make something we take for granted, and it means there can be more videos with you slowly refining the method/ingredients down until you make that perfect glass! Awesome video, and I look forward to many more.
You should be able to get the sulfur out of the shells by "roasting" them, it's used in refining ores as well, recrystallizing the potash a few times will also get rid of most impurities remaining.
I assumed the melting processes in the kiln would have burned everything off, but I guess it leaches out into the glass if you do it with everything else at that point.
Probably not, because the sulfur forms calcium sulfide with calcium oxide that is created under those high temperatures and therefore isn't burned. Consider my ideas mentioned in another comment to get rid off the sulfur and other impurities in the first place.
These videos have very good quality please keep the hard work up.
Can you make a battery from scratch and use it to turn on a lightbulb made from scratch?
It's on my list of future projects, but it'll require some ingredients that are outside my budget at this point unfortunately.
You could always try the oldschool Baghdad battery.
Note that you don't need a vacuum, you can maybe have a non-vacuum bulb, and then get rid of the oxygen in it. For example by dropping in a burning splint and some sort of dessicant (activated charcoal? Or your potash if you can dry the water out of it making it hygroscopic again) to get rid of the water vapor, then capping it off with something until the splint burns out all the oxygen, the dessicant eats up the water, so it's only CO2 and Nitrogen inside. Then light the bulb.
Gabe you use copper coil, lemon, potatoes, and some other ingredients.
this production quality on these videos is nuts. its like these could run on television and no one would bat an eye lid!
You should have purified your resources not only more physically but in addition chemically. My ideas for the next try are as following:
Potash:
Improve the purity of the potash by multiple recrystallizations, that is, redissolving your product with the smallest possible amount of water, extract impurities and boil the water away. For nearly pure potassium nitrate you could try to find a source of saltpeter.
Calcium Carbonate (from eggshells):
Firstly, as you did, pulverize your eggshells. Then burn your powder above 800-900°C under a high oxygen atmosphere (maybe use a fan) to get rid of organic compounds (they are charred and the carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide). This will form calcium oxide, e.g. quicklime, which is highly insoluble in water but particularly good at absorbing sulfur by forming calcium sulfide. Sadly both quicklime and calcium sulfide are highly insoluble in water, but quicklime will react quite vigorous with water to form calcium hydroxide, which is really soluble in water. Because of that, you can filter off the calcium sulfide and treat the calcium hydroxide solution by bubbling carbon dioxide through it (use your breath or mix some vinegar with uncleaned lime or eggshells) to form nearly pure calcium carbonate.
(I don't propose a treatment purely with strong acids because then he needs to make those by himself)
Silicon dioxide (from quartz sand):
Heat your sand after removing iron compounds using magnetism to get rid of organic compounds
General:
Maybe use an oxidizing agent (like saltpeter) to reduce discoloration because of transition metal compounds. Add some zinc oxide to reduce the melting point of your glass. Add some baking soda to reduce the formation of bubbles.
Thanks! I think I'll try giving these suggestions a shot!
David Strahl he could synthesize the hydrochloric acid using a water/table salt solution and a voltage source with two electrodes. it will make hydrogen gas and chlorine gas, which can be reacted to form hydrochloric acid. the leftover "salt water" can then be used for sodium hydroxide. make sure the electrodes are made from pure carbon, and no metal wires make contact with the water. You now have a powerful acid and base.
Carson Rush Indeed he could use electrolysis. Nice idea :D The hydrochloric acid could be used to dissolve acid soluble compounds in the quartz sand to reduce contamination (SiO2 won't react with HCl).
Saltpeter is easy to make, you just need rotten urine. Well, you might need it to have decayed in the ground, not sure on that. Find a stable, dig up the dirt, run hot water through it and collect it, boil off the water and that gives you mostly salt peter left over. You can extract it more efficiently by cooling it to a point that it crystallizes then straining the water off but you have to be careful of the temperature. Cant strain off frozen water ya know?
AhKeelU And you need about one year time. See the video "Making Gunpowder" by Cody's Lab for reference
Foldscope is one of the most amazing projects that I have seen in a long time. It has a lot of potential to help a lot of people.
Love these optics videos!
It's incredible that, even with all the extra effort you put into purifying your ingredients, your glass is still so opaque. Based on your tries, I can't believe how the clear glass we have today has been "discovered".
this channel makes you appreciate clear glass
This channel deserves way more subs for all the effort that goes into making each of these projects
9:57 HEY THATS PRETTY GOOD
It's not bad...... it's very sweet
Ayy, just watchedSteve1989!!
not related to the microscope but one thing i'd love to see you try to make is a super rudimentary computer. no microchips or anything crazy like that but some basic transistors and some home made copper wire? would be neat...
0:50 banana for scale?
9gag, reddit, or imgur?
Do you have a TV show yet? You should have a TV, show dude. The quality of these videos is amazing.
He temporarily aired it on local television, but he should totally air it on a network
Years ago I built a microscope, but not nearly from scratch. I salvaged an eye lens from an old camera's viewfinder. The objective lens came from a #222 flashlight bulb, and was glued into a thimble. I used a thin metal tube for the body, probably from a cigar package. I experimentally determined the correct distance spacing between the two lens. I probably got somewhere between 100-200x magnification, with a fair amount of color fringing.
i got a lot of old spray paint cans (that have a ball inside). i opened them, removed the ball, and cleaned the glass marble, and several were perfect for magnifying lenses! i used soda bottle caps and necks, to hold the glass marble inside... (i had 7 old cans, and 6 had perfect glass marbles for lenses, so i put 2 together and made an adjustable microscope!!)
How are top quality contents like this video are getting less views than childish adults screaming into their microphones
Love your channel name
Wait, this show won an Emmy?? If it did Great Job!
Thumbs up for your kitty helper!
Would you consider refining iron from iron oxidizing bacteria ( a type of slime found around creeks and swamps) and maybe making a tool from the recovered metal? I would greatly enjoy seeing that.
Primitive Technology has been experimenting with that, if you're still interested.
For as inexpensive as those fold scopes are I gotta get one, and they're doing great work with them too. Also, awesome close up camera work when melting the glass tubes. That was cool.
Last time you had blue-green, this time you had yellow. Keep this up and eventually you will have a rainbow of glass. :)
i seriously cannot believe how a channel like you with such good content is only in the 200k subs zone, absolutely unbelievable!
Years ago, someone on YT made a chicken sandwich from scratch. Literally from scratch from growing the wheat, hatching chicken from an egg, goring a cow from a calf, churning the milk into cheese, etc. He estimated that his one chicken sandwich cost him over $1 Million...
Unfortunately I can't donate money. But I watch the ads on the video all the way so I can help at least a little. (If the ad is skipped then the channel doesn't receive money or not as much)
These videos need more publicity they are good!
You sir are the epitome of DIY. amazing. Best wishes. Looking forward to more.
Your videos are awesome, the quality is just astonishing. You should sell this to Discovery channel or national geographic. I mean, this channel is going places, fame awaits you!!!!!
Dude, because of you I found out about foldscope, I made my own, it magnifies at about 80-90X but still i've been able to see lots of micro life. Thank you
well good to see you took some of my suggestions, you mixed but you didn't skim or cook for long enough. I still maintain that you need to replace some potassium with sodium as the venetians did so many years ago to make the first cristallo.
Easily one of my top 5 favorite TH-cam channels.
The visual gags are always amazing.
Some one tell me this guy has to be the king of diy projects
From my understanding, the goop on the top of the potash mixture is probably salts coming out of solution. When you boil the mixture, the things with less solubility precipitate out and become insoluble, but only while its hot. Should try filtering the hot mix when you reduce to about half of the starting liquid then letting it settle while cooling.
fyi, you get a lot more/cleaner potash with a really hot fire. start with hardwood, and use a blower to pump air into the fire. If the ash comes out black and still has bits of charcoal in it, the fire wasn't hot enough: the hotter the fire, the cleaner the ash should come out.
Same deal with the kiln: heat from the bottom (heat rises), and blast air in to boost. You can hold heat better by just making a covered hole in the ground with an opening for fuel/air feed rather than stacking bricks in the open. You'd also get a much hotter fire off with a bag of legit coke from a foundry and a blower than with a propane torch. You can always bake the sulphur out of green coal to make your own coke too.
persistence is a great skill - Thanks and good luck in the next rounds
This series gives me renewed appreciation for the movie threads. Basically if nuclear war broke out all our stuff will suck
This channel needs more views
hahaha man I love seeing your attempts at glass! I look forward to you mastering that skill in the future
Please keep up the attempts at making glass. It's a really interesting process, with a bunch of differing techniques and possible routes to success.
You should do a project where you build a car like you build the engine, the chassis, the wheels and so on and it could like a 10 part series you do over time
Try taking a bath or shower from scratch. Make things like fresh water, soap, and a brush or washcloth. Love the videos!
I just love this videos. Please make more...
I'm surprised videos with this much quality hasn't been seen by everyone
Lightning strikes can cause sand to turn into really neat glass structures. Might have more success if you attempt that route to making glass?
Maybe try experimenting with small batches using a torch? That way you can get the mixture/materials right without using a bunch.
You should get in touch with CodysLab. Bet you guys would be able to do a lot of interesting, knowledgeable stuff together.
Thanks again every video is like a mini adventure intona subject!
Did all the glass you made turn yellow or just the one bead you tried making into a lens? Because carbon contamination from burning hydrocarbons too could of made their way into it while blasting.
The regular glass being so smooth would have little issue with this, but your porous glass could catch and trap the soot, discoloring the glass.
When is telescope video coming ?
Excited to see it working.
Two weeks (hopefully)!
I like how they don't as for likes and subscribes, they just ask to support them.
If you decide to try to make glass again soon, you might check out a few videos by Nile Red, he details how to obtain calcium carbonate from eggs and from antacids
This channel inspire me to want to do things like this
Very instructive video! Do you have any idea of the radius of your glass beads made from the glass rods?
Please do a series on how to make a knife!
._.
The PPG glass makers put the ingredients on tin. They heat the ingredients and tin up to 3000 degrees for about 12 hours. Then they let it cool. The glass solidifies on top of the liquid tin. The liquid tin keeps the glass hot as the temperature decreases slowly preventing breaking.
The glass blowers dip molten glass out of an oven. They keep it hot with torches. When they are ready to cool it they put it into an annealing oven to bring down the temp slowly.
You are too quick. You don’t get it hot enough for long enough.
Andy, I love the show but it's SO frustrating to watch you work. NOTHING EVER WORKS RIGHT. It's clear how hard you work at it, too. That really speaks to the amount of knowledge and skill it takes to actually pull off some of the modern miracles we take for granted. Keep it up. Thanks!
this man might as well make a Spaceship from scratch
I liked ur Effort and grace Good One Bro Keep it up. Loved watching it
It's weird that something in your glass makes these bubbles. 8:14
The normal glass doesn't do this. What's could be the cause of that? If it wouldn't have these bubbles the slight yellow colors won't matter much I think.
+Aldo I'm suspecting the potash didn't end up fully mixing/burning off. When it cooled overnight, a waxy substance formed over it. I suspect that's some of the potash separating and is what's getting burned off when I put it to the torch.
So, if you would keep it in the torch for a some time it might work, right?
The big furnace didn't seem right to me. Maybe just not hot enough. I can imagine that if you take a small portion of your half-glass that you could easily heat it with the torch and maybe get the remaining potash burned away and thus no bubbles and clear glass? Would love to see you try :D
I tried to heat it as much as I could with the torch, but likely letting it bake over night in a kiln would be the best chance of success. I still have a fair amount of glass leftover that I'd like to throw into a real kiln once we have the chance, and see if we have any better luck then.
Could there be a way you could react or remove the sulfur from the crushed eggshells, such as turning it into a gas (in a well ventilated environment, obviously)
I need this for home experiments
Foldscope looks pretty fun.
Rather than paper for the glass holder, use some thin 1.5 mm abs piece with a hole and trap a water drop.Surface tension will lock the drop in the hole.
The solution is to filter the solution of potash through 4-5 coffee filters. Then crystallize slowly with great care. Also premelt the sand before you use it and use the clear bits in the final step. This should theoretically work. Take the clear bits and crush it into sand.
Also you could take the eggshells and burn them in the kiln. The heat will cook off the sulfur, proteins , and more
Try pre-burning the eggshell to get rid of the contaminants
Make a foundry from clay, you will probably need it for iron, glass and other projects later on :-)
Have you tried using HHO gas to get it hotter than a kiln?
Hi Andy, if you by any chance need some more magnets, I can help out. I too live in the Twin Cities and through my job have accumulated a good collection of rare earth magnets. So say you want to make a long line of magnets or a flat array for further separating iron, let me know!
What is your job?
zachary odell I'm a hardware engineer for industrial servo motors.
This helped me on my science class
This video is awesome, but I gave the thumbs up for the cat.
i hate to tell u this, but you need SODA ash-- it makes the glass much more fluid when molten, so the bubbles actually come out.
heard of Venetian glass ? they had access to helophyte plants, which make soda ash when burnt
This is an amazing video! It works! It gives me the enthusiasm to make my own things too
For making that spherical lense Can I melt the glass in an ordinary stove from the kitchen? or
Can I make my own lense cutting the bottom of a glass bottle and then polish it?
Did not know you won an Emmy, congrats guys! (you can see it at 9:45)
The two big problems from making the glass was the different eggs you used and you needed much more heat as why there was so much bubbles in the glass and why it took so long.
dude you're awesome!!!
Do you know why the glass is so bubbly? You can really see it when you are heating it the second time.
You should do a "How to make a camera from scratch" video!
Could you burn off the sulfur from the egg? I would absolutely love to see y'all try and try to get the best glass y'all can get. I think it would be a fun video/series.
The problem of impurities might actually make for a great collab opportunity with chemist TH-camrs like CodysLab.
can i use a lens from old broken glasses? sand it down to a good size?
Maybe collab with CodysLab if hes willing. I bet he could use his diy chemistry expertise to remove the sulhpur you suspect is tinting your glass from the ground egg shells and I bet he may be able to help your purify other ingredients.
*puts sunglasses on* - instant Dimitri Vladimir
If that lens is about 150x (power) , even if you put a 2 power magnifier behind it, it will make it 300x power which is significant.
7:02 Making glasses and kicking asses
You cat looks exactly like mine that sadly passed away 2 months back. her name was Octavia and she was a norwegian forest cat
I just realized I wasn't subbed I am now thanks!
you didnt make that cat from scratch, that's cheating ! extremely adorable nonetheless.
You should recrystallize your salts (possibly twice) to get rid of impurities.
hey that's pretty good!
I think you should try making your glass from store potash calk and silica instead of findong your source in the wild untill you can more sophestically purify them
Barnesrino Kripperino then the video would not be called 'make glass from scratch'
Andy's goal in life is to make see through glass.
loving the cat
one of the problems i see with your glass is that u were holding it too close to the jets on the torch as it is a air/fule surface mix torch u were putting the glass in the benzomatic gas jets that had no air in it. i hope u used didum glases when working the glass as u can get cataracts without the ir protection.
In a quest for clear glass, one place i would sudgest is going to a professional glass maker like Corning Inc. and seeing what they use and how they make their glass.