Hydroponic Nutrients TDS, PPMs and EC Explained!
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 24 ส.ค. 2024
- Understand the relationship between electrical conductance / conductivity (EC) and TDS meters (PPMs) when measuring the strength of your hydroponics nutrient solution. (Respect and thanks to CGP Grey for the inspiration to create this video!)
This gave me anxiety
Finally someone explained EC for me to understand.
You’re welcome!
I don't want any semen in my water
Good advice ,smoke that doobie AFTER this video if you want to understand or set the speed at 0.5 .
I speed up his videos ; )
Damn why he speaking in fast forward?
0.75 actually worked :)
Very helpful and to the point. The explanation isn't too fast. No matter the speed you'll have to replay if you want to really get something. Love the splitting hares!
Can't wait for the day there is a tri-meter for Aquaponics. Being able to easily measure ammonia / nitrite / nitrates would be so awesome.
If the plants are pale green not enough ammonia and nitrates if the plants look too deep green run the water through some charcoal.
A little tip for anyone having trouble keeping up with him.
Click on the gear icon then Click on Speed then Click on .5
Click on the gear to close the drop down box and then Click on the play icon.
If you Click on the .25 speed you wont hear any sound.
***** Thanks for sharing! I learnt something new today :)
+jus4funtim it works soooo well, thanks. More my speed ;)
Finally it is explained. Btw - American here and I am going EC. Cheers!
Awesome. One grower converted to EC. Just 300 million more to go. :)
I feel like I just watched a micro machines commercial from the 80s. Fast. Subscribing because I’ve obviously got ALOT to learn ha.
Thank you SR. I appreciate EACH and EVERY subscriber. Welcome.
As a layman I found this informative. I appreciated the visuals as well. This was beneficial to me, thank you.
I found this useful. I have watched other videos prior to watching this.
Been looking 20 minutes for this information than remembered im subscribed to the genius 😁🙏
FAK MAN, NOW I AM MORE CONFUSED, THANK YOU!
😂😂
So confused. Why do ppl waste time don't this?
Boy i end up as smart as i was when i took my first computer lesson class , WTF ... i have to watch it all over again. Tks for sharing
Accidentally had this vid going at 1.5x 🤪 ... But you are so we'll pronounced and articulated, that I was almost able to follow it all ... Almost.
Also thank you for the enormous amount of concise information!
I've been watching your videos for a while now and I have to say that I like your style of presentation. I've watched videos where the presenter took so long to get to the point I moved on to another video.
I did a lot of research and decided I would get an EC meter over a TDS meter simply because it just makes more sense, besides I can always pick one of the multipliers and do the math myself if I want PPM.
P.S. I subscribed on the first video I stumbled upon.
Thank you so much Ron, I really appreciate the feedback, positivity and - last but certainly not least - your subscription! Thanks again.
Highly concentrated information...good!
There's a lot of info to take in here, it really isn't helpful that the guy presenting it seems to have ingested a large quantity of amphetamine shortly prior to making the video. Unless your camera has a 256MB memory card, I really don't think it was necessary to rush through it at such speed. I watched the video wanting to understand this stuff, it left me thinking "What?"
Thanks DJ Messy. Lol. My camera has two 64GB memory cards (now I'm showing off) but I just can't stand long waffley videos so I tune them to suit my own attention deficit disorder-sorry. I really should make a (slower) follow-up to this video as you're not the first to convey such sentiments :) Thanks again for the feedback. Peace and happy growing, Everest.
@@Just4Growers If you hadn't gone at that speed, you'd have been on my default 2x playback speed. Flipside is folks can slow you down if they want :) But yeah, I agree, fun to watch but a little slower would be better. But I still appreciate the video very much, thanks, I learned a lot (in a short time)
I sped it up so I appreciate the speed of data and his blood stream should that be the case.
so basically go by ec it's more accurate?
As most people I can probably speak fast about subjects that are familiar to me, but if I am doing it with somone who is not it all sounds like Greek. luckily i have some experience so it was a little easier to follow but still rushed. However, a very informative video that I would love to explore and archive again at a slightly slower pace. Peace to you.
1997wolverine Thanks Wolverine. I received quite a bit of criticism on the pace of this video-it was, as you say, too fast for someone who is (likely) unfamiliar with the subject territory. I guess I had a LOT to say but I didn't want to go onnnnn and onnnn! :) It's definitely a topic that I intend to return to though, so I'll take a chill pill next time for sure! Thanks for stopping by. Happy growing, Everest.
You all complaining about talking speed? Instead of trying to get the channel to change to suit you, why not just watch the video again?? I've seen several of the channels videos multiple times and then ask questions to gain a better understanding. And I still don't get all of it. This is one of the two best and most informative channels on TH-cam for growing and product variety and reviews. It was hard for me to keep up the first time I watched one of his vids, but if I had quit at the beginning I wouldn't have learned anything.
That's some good Peruvian marching powder he's on
Black maca? 😅
I loved this video so much, I watch it whenever I am dissolving my nutrients, I mean my plant nutrients.
First video I've seen from this channel. Will be the last time I watch a video from this channel. Might as well watch reruns of a micro machine commercial.
Noooooooo! I've switched up my meds since then! I hope you return.
He’ll be back.
I think your vids are awesome EF. Watching some of these other vids w ppl who are high and slow is very frustrating. I live in NYC, speed it up even further. It's a sin you only have 55 subs.
Everest Fernandez just cannabis... I can’t keep up either but your giving a novel in 4 minutes that’s why there’s a rewind button 🤟
@@Just4Growers Don't worry if slow people can't keep up.
Superb again. The pace of your vids is great, no time wasted. Thanks mate
Fast but explained really well thanks because I'm puerto rican and when I whach spanish videos they talk about ec and when I see english videos they talk about ppm i understand now..
Great videos Everest. Been growing for many moons and still enjoying grow videos that are educational and professional. Thanks.
I truly appreciate you saying that Wsochak! Thank you. I try to make vids that are beginner-friendly but still with enough content to interest more experienced growers. So much planned for the coming year! :)
That was clear as mud to me!!!
Kenneth Elston Sorry Kenneth-you're certainly not the first to convey similar sentiments. I think I tried to pack in too much info into too short a time. The strength of a nutrient solution is physically based on the amount of minerals dissolved in it. However, I was trying to say that your TDS meter (what we use to measure nutrient solution strength) is really an electrical conductivity meter! It's just a bit of software inside that takes the nutrient solution's electrical conductivity and calculates (or rather estimates) your total dissolved solids (in PPMS or parts per million). Different TDS meters make the conversion between electrical conductivity (in milisiemens) to TDS (in PPMs) using different conversion factors-so it's important to know which conversion factor your meter (or calibration fluid) is using. You can forget all about this if you choose to stick with EC like the Europeans do-like the metric system, it makes far, far more sense! :) Still clear as mud? :)
Nutrient strength explained like never before!
Everest Fernandez How much caffeine did it take to achieve that level of hyper?
YaMoonSun 600ppm.
+Adrian Rainbow i
think 2,000ppm
This item you are viewing is a 3 in 1 Nutrient Tester to determine the nutrient levels in a solution with 3 parameters (CF, EC and PPM).（YM-2005A） If you use hydroponics to grow fruits and plants, it is necessary to know the strength of nutrients.
i finally understeand the difference, thank you so much!
okay... your video will be much helpful in my DIY project...But which multiplayer should I use to calculate the TDS of drinking? water
+Milan chhatralia well, I usually go by x0.5 - it's not so much about what you're measuring, just to know which multiplier you are using especially when it comes to interpreting feedcharts or using calibration fluids stated in PPMs.
+Everest Fernandez (Just4Growers) Thanks a lot for your advice.
Sir you made my day... Thanx a lot I was searching for the same from long time but no one could ake me understand yet in such a simple language. Thanx a lot lot lot Lott..
Pushkaraj Chaudhari Thanks Pushkaraj I am glad that you found this helpful.
You have the best and most accurate information I've ever heard, and probably the best on the internet. Thanks!
THANKS Curt! :) I do my best :)
You should be an auctioneer cos they talk at three times normal speed .
Loved it. Very well understood. only had to cut down the speed to .75. Thanks a lot.
I love your videos. So condensed knowledge. I thought most comments would be appreciating this but I guess not. But I love you. Keep up the good work.
+ankit patil Thanks Ankit. I appreciate your time.
You are legend bro. I understand everything
lovely..good that u talk fast. no time wastage and clarity of subject details are very good. superb!
Bloody hell what a speed
Great video dude , enjoyed as hell. Great speech speed and presentation :D. Literally was smiling the whole video.
Usually i NEVER comment but for this one i even made an acc lol. dont mind others about speech speed cuz people who knew what they were lookibg for understood everything pretty well for sure. Keep it up! going to check your videos daily.
peace
+Timmyboy Hiho Thanks so much Timmyboy! I hope you are subbed as you'll be automatically informed of all my uploads as and when they arrive. Thanks for sharing the smiles!
Mr Mister You just ruthlessly killed my buzz ... man.
Some growers might be confused with EC reading and measured concentration being dependent on the ionic nature of each constituent. For example nacl is a good conductor where sugar solution doesn't conduct as well in equivalent molar concentrations. If you accurately measure your nutrients and carefully adjust your pH I believe measuring EC or PPM will serve as a guideline. Better still, a accurately prepare your "standard nutrient solution", measure that EC or PPM, as you prefer, then use that reading for future measurements. There is no real substitute for accuracy when using powerful nutrients with your grow.
One thing I was looking for that you didn't explain is how do I change the ppm. If I'm in Veg, the suggested is 8-900. How do I get to that number?
Richondo Fabiano By adding or subtracting nutrients...
getting a tds sensor because they're more availible than ec meters, i'll run the conversion factor through the arduino nano if i can find teh specifications of the tds meter, thank you for this
I loved it, and for the haters, get a life. It was meant to be funny but educational at the same time. I was able to keep up and played it over again to catch some of the too fast parts. All in all it was good fast presentation of some things i did not know.
Michael Abgelo Leone Thanks Michael. I genuinely appreciate any feedback-whether the message is that I'm doing something right or everything wrong! :-) It's definitely a challenge to present complex topics in a concise and accessible way and hopefully we will improve with every new video. Please subscribe to the channel, Michael, so you don't miss a thing! Lots going on here at Just4Growers HQ! Peace, Everest.
Awesome man, cool explanation, now I got it
Man
..if you're trying to teach someone something. The info is on point......YOU TALK TO DAMM FAST.
I WAS LOOKING FOR A VIDEO TO GIVE MY BUDDY, HES HAVING ISSUES. IDK ITS EASY TO ME.
SLOW DOWN. ITS NOT A CONTEST. TEACH PEOPLE , A NEWBIE CANNOT FOLLOW THIS VIDEO
" "brand name here" meters are calibrated with a 342 ppm NaCl solution"
I'm guessing this means the meter will use the NaCl conversion?
+Middle Finger yes.
@JJ different conversion factor means you will have a different reading as stated in the video 3:20
@JJ the meters are all the same but the internal multiplying factor differs
Great content, but missed a lot of it because the information is coming at us way too fast. Cute graphics, good video, but SLOW DOWN. It's not cool, it's not cute, it's not effective - it's frustrating, very frustrating.
Jeanie Puckett just set your playback speed to 0.5 speed. Problem solved.
I think you should have waited a few hours between making that video on how to inject cocaine intravenous and this one.
Or at least give us regular folks a little heads up before we began so we could have taken a few lines just to be more on the same level as you my friend.
Not only am I now even more ignorant on the subject. I think I may also have developed ADHD...
Fuck off. All his videos are like this and for those of us that watch his videos, we love it.
You sleepy, slow, piece of shit.
@@meowmix1569 who the fuck is we??? Were you also experimenting with the MCC spinal tap direct infusion?
See my previous response for explanation on MCC or meth/crack/coke mixture. Thanks
@@thomasbowen8929 Worst attempt at an Ad Hominem I've ever seen, maybe ever.
We is the nearly 100 THOUSAND subscribers and the vast majority of likes on his videos.
Perhaps my sleepy slow comment hit you on the chin. I bet it takes you fucking 5 minutes to read one page of a book with 5% comprehension.
Everest,
Love your videos man and have ask a few questions since finding them. But I have another for you!
In DWC, I am using a small 5 gallon tote that holds to my lever 3 gallons of water. I am currently trying to find my plants feeding EC by slowly raising the base of my EC to see where it will plateau (in-taking water, nutrients and dropping) all at the same rate (General Hydroponics Flora Series).
Now for the question.. How much is TOO much of a concentrated solution to pre-mix to add to my reservoir, which I might add there is no roots exposed as top / netpot are pulled out and set in an empty tote while I have a small recirc pump that I drop into the bucket for mixing.
My idea or what I have been doing the past few days is mix up 1/2 cup RO water, add my Micro at 2 parts, stir very well. Grow at 3 parts / stir and then my 1 part bloom. I have doubled this for a larger mixture when needed. Do you think I would run into a nute lockout issue with this method? I am trying to raise my EC in small increments and actually using PPM @ .5 (so increments of say 25-50).
Hi, what EC is recommended for tomatoes, cumcumbers, aubergines etc?
Thanks
Awesome, I love informative material on youtube that's to the point. Breath of fresh air.
Dear everest I can't understand when we mix nutritions together how we calculate Ms to PPM in mixed nutrition we have different types of conversion factors 🙈🙄🤔🤔😣 can you learn us the easy way
👍🏻 well explained.
Say I want to give a feeding of 200ppm but my source water is already 150ppm... Should I mix my nutes then till I reach a ppm of 350?
Do you have a video showing the actual process of how to check the nutrient solution?
Lisa Webster Hi Lisa. I have a video that shows me mixing up the nutrients, and another where I top up the reservoirs and change them out. But I definitely could do with making a video on nutrient solution maintenance and will hop right to it! :)
Well that was a really fast and complicated way to explain the metric system and converting units. But wheres the info on any of the content mentioned in the title?
Jordan Snyder hey Jordan, if you have any questions on TDS / PPM or EC (and conversion factors) that I didn’t cover in the video then please feel free to ask amigo. Peace.
i grow corn , can't talk to plants .. just goes in one ear and out the other
Lol.
Nice video. Question. What is the ideal ppm reading of my water before adding the nutrients?
Thanks Stallone. Zero is ideal. 0 ppms. Reverse osmosis is the way forward.
Everest Fernandez If you can't use a distiller....
My college professor showed this video in class! I'm in a greenhouse tech program
Wow-I'm honored to hear that +Xplodicon ! Hope it all made sense :)
Thanks for all your great videos!
I'm a complete beginner when it comes to growing so my question might be very stupid: is there another video that explains what desirable ppm levels are for given vegtables?
For sure this is the best video on the subject! Thanks for sharing
would you happen to know if it is possible to calculate certain macro and micro nutrients such as potasium, nitrogen, iron with just an ec meter?
Hi Jonathan. Thanks for your question. I'm not aware of any method using just a regular EC meter because it measures overall conductivity created by all the solutes. I am aware of meters that allow you to measure specific ions (e.g. CleanGrow dot com) so they may be worth checking out.
hi Everest what doe you think about Torus Hydro ph control ?
how do u adjust it, correct it
I have an apera ec20 , what would be my conversion for ppm?
So what should your TDS meter read when your plant is completely flushed? Hope you can help? Thanks
+tv76g Hi tv76g-t's more about your growing media than your plant. When your growing media (presuming it is inert) is completely flushed it will read the same TDS as the water you use to flush it. This is easier with some media (e.g. rockwool) than others (coco) - look for a low CEC (cation exchange capacity). I'm going to make a video dedicated to flushing (been promising it for a while now!) so look out for that soon.
oh forgot were I live its hard water and my PH has always been spot on every time I check?
I don't see the point of the ec meter the different shades of green tell me how much urine and ash I need to mix with water to feed my plants.
Great video. I learned a lot.
Josh E Thanks Josh E. Please sub the channel for regular, educational videos! Thanks for the positive feedback. Much appreciated.
OK, it did cover the subject, but in such a manner that the average person cannot make notes useful for later. It also did not provide links to printed material for later use. Their goal was only to show their knowledge, and I'll bet they didn't do it without notes.
OMG u got to slow down.
THY CHEA Lol. SORRY THY! Are you a native English speaker? Would it help if I put some English subtitles on it?
nar it fine am i understand you but not the ppm stuff the vid seem to get faster and faster but it all good just watch over and over , good vid.
THY CHEA Thanks Thy. If you have any questions that remain unresolved or need anything clarifying then please, just ask. Happy growing!
Impressive
One thousandth is "milli" NOT as you spelt it
Thanks Graham. That one still catches me out!
you made me so confusede right now :O
+Happy Life That's NOT what I wanted Happy Life! Please hit me up with any questions. Happy to help.
So EC is the same as PPM or TDS ? Just different math ?
*****
EC meters measures electrical conductivity and express it in milisiemens.
TDS meters measures electrical conductivity, but they have built in software that converts the milisiemens into ppm(parts per million). The "problem with TDS meters is that they don't all multiply with the same values and therefore different TDS meters will give different readings, while all EC meters will give the same readings..
In example: If an EC meter gave a reading of 3, and the software on one TDS meter would multiply by 4 to to give you the reading in ppm, it would read 12 ppm, but the software on another TDS meter multiplies by 5 and will therefore read 15 ppm.
In conclusion a TDS meter is an EC meter with software, that makes people confused and misunderstand eachother.
William Hansen Thanks William. That's it in a nutshell! In Europe, growers go by EC and save themselves a whole lot of potential confusion!
I just bought an EC pen and it’s measuring “1486” EC. Assuming this is 1.4?
JORDAN DAVIES Yes amigo, your EC meter is displaying its reading in microsiemens: 1486 microsiemens = 1.486 milisiemens.
BEAST! Best video anywhere on the web about TDS/PPM/EC Period! went into my weed 101 playlist!
Thanks so much for your feedback OSO! Hope you subscribe! :)
can I just test the pH an adjust the ph
dev bachu Yeah but you have to test the pH after the nutrients are in. If your PPM/EC is too high you'll have to add more nutrient free water and/or start over again if your pot/bucket is already to its limit with the amount of water it can hold...even if the pH is correct.
Gracias Señor Fernandez I needed a clear explanation and you delivered
MrCincopete Glad to be of service Señor Cincopete! Thanks for subbing the channel.
Just wanted to say that I love your videos Everest just the way they are! I understand some people may have a hard time processing all the information you throw at them, but that is exactly why others have pointed out the fact that the video speed can indeed be slowed down. So problem solved! Anyways, I truly appreciate your delivery because it helps me cram a bunch of stuff into a short study time, especially for quick refreshers when I have a brain fart. Thanks man and keep up the excellent work!
Thanks so much miggy! This positivity is exactly what I need when preparing and researching for the next season of vids! Thank you again. ✊
This video is fantastic. Thank you!!!
You're very welcome Ayla-thanks for your feedback! :)
which one should I buy please
Helllo, good afternoon!! Can I use this equipments to measure a home made fertiliser? I love your job! Class!
Thanks my head just exploded
I use bluelab truncheon , | understand that in blulab truncheon we have ec .2 to.3.6 ms and NACL conversion factor tds 500 ppm,which is= ms x1000 x .5 and natural water conversion factor 700 ppm which is = ms x 1000x .7.
when i read in fertilizer 4 18 38 , conductivity 1500 ppm , is that nacl or natural water conversion factor? thanks
Bluelab's truncheon (great piece of kit!) actually shows EC, x0.5 and x0.7 scales.
+Dan Fox Yup I have one and they come pre-calibrated. I played with it last night checking the PPM on my tap water vs purified water.
Tap water was 260-270 and purified was 0 PPM. Pretty cool stuff.
Great content this guys giving a degree to grow online for free keep it up
You just uploaded the 1.5 x version on the actual video so people don't have to change video speed :)
great breathing technique
Sorry, too many espressos that morning :)
I think the simplicity warrants the speed. I meant it as a good thing. I appreciate the range of info in the time frame.
Awesome video. Is an EC test supposed to be able to tell you which nutrient is out of balance in your water? Or does it just tell you if your mixture needs topping up or diluting?
Hi Zeroizeable. An EC test is a good indicator of the total dissolved solids in your source water and you can usually make some reliable inferences about your water's hardness (typically calcium and magnesium carbonate and bicarbonate content) for example. As you mention, it can also indicate the concentration of your nutrient solution but it does not give you any data on specific mineral ions or nutrient balance. There are some more sophisticated meters on the market that do this, usually for commercial growers making up their own stock solutions.
+Everest Fernandez (Just4Growers) Thanks. Is it normal or common to use an EC test to check your nutrient solution levels, or is the test more about checking your source water's suitability?
+zeroizeable Both-but growers commonly used an EC meter to test their nutrient solution's conductivity, infer the concentration, and verify that it's suitable to feed to their plants.
Keep reading, you'll answer yer own ?
Thanks I always love watching
+west denver Thanks WD!
Hi am in the uk and use a blue lab truncheon, and I like you said only do my EC readings by my canna nutrient chart, is this wrong? or am I fine
by using the example you made using the 0.5 NaCI conversion factor, if you were to get that reading from a solution, will it make that calculation to 300ppm automatically or does every reading taken need to be multiplied by the conversion factor (0.5) to determine the real ppm for that meter? So for example, If you were to get a reading of 1000 PPM on a regular TDS meter using the 0.5 conversion factor, is that the final reading or does that need to be multiplied by 0.5 to get the reading of 500ppm? What's the actual reading of the solution? 1000 or 500?
+NBAXXX Hi NBAXXX thank you for your question. To take your example, if you use a TDS meter to measure the PPMs of your nutrient solution and it says 1000 PPMs then stop right there. 1000 PPMs is your reading. You don't need to multiply it by anything. But here's the thing---your TDS meter isn't actually measuring the concentration of mineral solutes in your nutrient solution. (The only scientific way of doing that would be to evaporate away the water in your nutrient solution and measure what was left as a solid residue. Not very practical!) Your TDS meter is actually measuring electrical conductivity. The more electricity your nutrient solution conducts, the more minerals are dissolved in it. Electrical conductivity is measured in Siemens, not PPMs--so the "conversion factor" I talk about is a way of converting the "real" measurement of electrical conductivity into the reading you see on your TDS meter. The X 0.5 conversion factor works like this. Your 1000 PPM reading was the result of this sum:
Electrical conductivity (in microsiemens) X 0.5 = 1000
We can rearrange this equation to determine the original electrical conductivity reading:
Electrical conductivity = 1000 / 0.5
So our EC was 2000 microsiemens
Or 2.0 milisiemens
Growers in Europe, Australia and New Zealand think in these native terms of EC whereas most growers in North America think in terms of PPMs.
My advice? Train yourself to think about your nutrient solution conductivity in milisiemens or microsiemens rather than an inferred concentration in PPMs as this is what your "TDS" meter is actually reading. Then no conversion factors are required.
I hope this helps and clarifies! Thanks for watching.
+Everest Fernandez (Just4Growers) +Everest Fernandez (Just4Growers) Thanks for breaking that down. That was very helpful and makes more sense now.
Just a couple of more questions. If you're using a TDS meter and received a reading of 975 ppm, is that considered to be 1.9 milisiemens or 2.0 milisiemens seeing as that reading falls between 1.9 and 2.0. Am I wrong to say that it doesn't matter which reading you choose because it's not a precise way of measuring to begin with.
Also, I see some people using a TDS meter in the run off of their organic soil mediums. Is this pointless? It seems the ppms can drastically fluctuate depending on how much runoff you choose to test. A 100ml runoff could read 400ppm but a 500ml runoff of water could read at 800ppm. Which reading is the correct reflection of your soil's ppm? Is an EC meter more suited for an organic soil medium or does it make no difference?
+Everest Fernandez (Just4Growers) No one seems to know the answers to this. Do you have any idea?
+NBAXXX Hi NBAXXX, sorry I just saw your previous message. Organic potting mixes have an EC, just as a nutrient solution does. You can buy specialist soil EC meters or you can mix some potting mix with some distilled or RO water to create a slurry and test that. You should test your run off after 25 - 30 percent of the volume of your feed solution has come out of the bottom of the pot. At first the EC will be higher (especially if you let the potting mix dry out a bit) but it should gradually come down as more run-off passes through the media. Testing the EC of your run-off is always a good idea, no matter what growing media you are using.
That's okay, thank you for explaining that. I found it difficult to find a straight answer on forums. I guess the approach to EC readings and feeding different plant genera is somewhat a trial and error process unless there is a EC/PPM chart that i'm unaware of available for each vegetable.
At 2:55 it says 600 milisiemens but I think it’s supposed to say 600 microsiemens
Just tell me what's the difference between TDS and PPM ????
This didn't start to make any sense until I toked on some Blueberry.
Just put the playback speed on 0.75
Great vid, easy to comprehend and memorise. Thanks
Just use ec. It’s simple.
If Tds says 1200، what is that in ppm ?
The tds device says it’s up to usa epa !