Q1 फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति की शुरुआत किन परिस्थितियों मे हुई? फ्रांसीसी क्रांति की शुरुआत निम्न परिस्थितियों मे हुई 1- राजनैतिक कारण ******* सन 1774 ई मे लुई सोलहवा फ़्रांस का राजा घोषित हुआ | तब वह 20 वर्ष का था | वह एक सज्जन परन्तु अयोग्य शाषक था | उसका विवाह आस्ट्रिया की राजकुमारी एंटोऐनेत से हुआ था | उस समय प्रांतीय प्रसाशन दो भागो मे विभाजित था | 1- गवर्नमेंट 2- जनरेलिटी उस समय देश के विभिन्न भाग मे भिन्न भिन्न क़ानून लागु थे 14 जुलाई 1789 की सुबह सम्राट ने टुकड़ियों को पेरिस मे घुसने का आदेश दिया| इस प्रत्युत्तर मे पुरुष & महिला स्वयं की सशस्त्र टुकड़िया बना ली | ऐसे ही लोगो की सेना बास्तील किले को तोड़ दिया | इस प्रकार फ्रांसिसी क्रांति का प्रारम्भ हुआ | 2- आर्थिक कारण -************* राज्या रोहण के समय राजकोष खाली था ब्रिटेन के खिलाफ अमेरिका {13 उप्रवेसो } का राज्य पर कर था | जैसे - सेना का रख रखाव, सरकारी कार्यालय, इत्यादि को चलाने मे असमर्थ था | मजबूर होकर सरकार कर बढ़ाने मे बाध्य हो गई | फ्रांसीसी जनसंख्या मे भारी बढ़ोत्तरी के कारण इस समय खाद्यान्न की माँग बढ़ गई थी ! बढ़ती कीमतों तथा अपर्याप्त मजदूरी के कारण अधिकतर जनसंख्या जीविका वहन नहीं कर सकती थी | फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति की शुरुआत का यह भी एक कारण था | 3 सामाजिक कारण *********** फ़्रांस मे सामंतवादी प्रथा तीन वर्गों मे प्रचलित थी 1- पादरी वर्ग 2- कुलीन वर्ग 3- तीसरे वर्ग मे निम्न लोग आते थे डॉक्टर, किसान, व्यापारी, कर्मचारी, मजदूर, इत्यादि | पुरे आबादी मे लगभग 60% किसान थे | पहले &दूसरे वर्ग के लोगो को कर अदा नहीं करना पड़ता था ! सिर्फ तीसरे वर्ग के लोग कर अदा करते थे | 4 अगस्त 1789 को नेशनल असेंबली ने धार्मिक कर समाप्त कर दिया | सन 1791को क़ानून बनाने का अधिकार नेशनल असेंबली वालो को सौप दिया |
Q : - Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji ? Answer : - Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920. The various forms taken by the Non-Cooperation Movement in different parts of India are mentioned below : - (i) At Kheda in Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British. (ii) In tea gardens of Assam, labourers demanded an increase in their pay. (iii) In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed. (iv) In Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, “forest satyagrahs” were staged by the tribals and poor peasants who grazed their cattle in the forests without paying the grazing fees. (v) In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslims supported the Khilafat and the non-cooperation movement. (vi) In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement. (vii) In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove corrupt mahants, supported by the British, from their gurdwaras. (viii) In many other parts of the country, thousands of students left government schools. Many lawyers like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices. People surrendered their titles and boycotted legislatures. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. People thought of Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. Peasants believed that he would help them in their fight against zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them with the land.
Q 1 : - Who were the Moderates ? How did they propose to struggle against British rule ? Answer : - The leaders of Congress in the first twenty years of its formation were termed as moderate. They proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent manner. They wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They published many articles in the newspapers and journals highlighting about the increasing poverty of the country under the British rule. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public support. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and so would accept the just demands of Indians. Therefore, their main aim was to express these demands and make the government aware of the feelings of Indians. Q 2 : - How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates ? Answer : - The politics of the Radicals within the Congress were different from that of the Moderates in the following ways : - Radicals criticised the Moderates for their “policy of prayers”. They argued that instead of believing on the so called good intentions of the British, people should fight for swaraj. They advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions and goods. Some individuals also suggested “revolutionary violence” to overthrow British rule. Moderates, on the other hand, proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent manner. They wanted to follow the rules, the laws and the order posed by the British. Q 3 : - Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law ? Answer : - The British introduced a law stating that the Government had control over the manufacture and sale of salt. It also imposed a tax on the sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders argued that salt was an essential item of our food and hence it was wrong to impose a tax on salt. Moreover, the issue of salt was related to all, the rich and poor. Hence, in 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law. Q 4 : - Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s ? Answer : - The people were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s due to the following reasons: The British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people. In 1878, the Arms Act was passed under which Indians were not allowed to possess arms. Vernacular Press Act was also passed in 1878. This Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that was found “objectionable”. In 1883, there was a furor over the attempt by the government to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. But when white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill, Indians were enraged. Q 5 : - Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for ? Answer : - The Indian National Congress was composed of the representatives from all the sections of the Indian society. Therefore, the party wished to speak for all the people of the country. Q 6 : - What economic impact did the First World War have on India ? Answer : - The First World War had the following economic impact on India : - It led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of the Government of India. The government, in turn, increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices, which created great difficulties for the common people. The increased demands of industrial goods such as jute bags, cloth, rails, etc., made the business groups reap fabulous profits from the war. As the first world war caused a decline in imports from other countries into India that gave an opportunity for the expansion of the Indian industries. Q 7 : - What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for ? Answer : - The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for “Independent States” for Muslims in the Eastern and North-Western areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.
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Q1 फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति की शुरुआत किन परिस्थितियों मे हुई?
फ्रांसीसी क्रांति की शुरुआत निम्न परिस्थितियों मे हुई
1- राजनैतिक कारण *******
सन 1774 ई मे लुई सोलहवा फ़्रांस का राजा घोषित हुआ |
तब वह 20 वर्ष का था |
वह एक सज्जन परन्तु अयोग्य शाषक था |
उसका विवाह आस्ट्रिया की राजकुमारी एंटोऐनेत से हुआ था |
उस समय प्रांतीय प्रसाशन दो भागो मे विभाजित था |
1- गवर्नमेंट 2- जनरेलिटी उस समय देश के विभिन्न भाग मे भिन्न भिन्न क़ानून लागु थे 14 जुलाई 1789 की सुबह सम्राट ने टुकड़ियों को पेरिस मे घुसने का आदेश दिया|
इस प्रत्युत्तर मे पुरुष & महिला स्वयं की सशस्त्र टुकड़िया बना ली |
ऐसे ही लोगो की सेना बास्तील किले को तोड़ दिया |
इस प्रकार फ्रांसिसी क्रांति का प्रारम्भ हुआ |
2- आर्थिक कारण -*************
राज्या रोहण के समय राजकोष खाली था
ब्रिटेन के खिलाफ अमेरिका {13 उप्रवेसो } का राज्य पर कर था |
जैसे - सेना का रख रखाव, सरकारी कार्यालय, इत्यादि को चलाने मे असमर्थ था |
मजबूर होकर सरकार कर बढ़ाने मे बाध्य हो गई |
फ्रांसीसी जनसंख्या मे भारी बढ़ोत्तरी के कारण इस समय खाद्यान्न की माँग बढ़ गई थी !
बढ़ती कीमतों तथा अपर्याप्त मजदूरी के कारण अधिकतर जनसंख्या जीविका वहन नहीं कर सकती थी |
फ़्रांसिसी क्रांति की शुरुआत का यह भी एक कारण था |
3 सामाजिक कारण ***********
फ़्रांस मे सामंतवादी प्रथा तीन वर्गों मे प्रचलित थी
1- पादरी वर्ग
2- कुलीन वर्ग
3- तीसरे वर्ग मे निम्न लोग आते थे
डॉक्टर, किसान, व्यापारी, कर्मचारी, मजदूर, इत्यादि |
पुरे आबादी मे लगभग 60% किसान थे |
पहले &दूसरे वर्ग के लोगो को कर अदा नहीं करना पड़ता था !
सिर्फ तीसरे वर्ग के लोग कर अदा करते थे |
4 अगस्त 1789 को नेशनल असेंबली ने धार्मिक कर समाप्त कर दिया |
सन 1791को क़ानून बनाने का अधिकार नेशनल असेंबली वालो को सौप दिया |
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Q : - Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji ?
Answer : - Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920. The various forms taken by the Non-Cooperation Movement in different parts of India are mentioned below : -
(i) At Kheda in Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British.
(ii) In tea gardens of Assam, labourers demanded an increase in their pay.
(iii) In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
(iv) In Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, “forest satyagrahs” were staged by the tribals and poor peasants who grazed their cattle in the forests without paying the grazing fees.
(v) In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslims supported the Khilafat and the non-cooperation movement.
(vi) In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.
(vii) In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove corrupt mahants, supported by the British, from their gurdwaras.
(viii) In many other parts of the country, thousands of students left government schools. Many lawyers like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices. People surrendered their titles and boycotted legislatures. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.
People thought of Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. Peasants believed that he would help them in their fight against zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them with the land.
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Q 1 : - Who were the Moderates ? How did they propose to struggle against British rule ?
Answer : - The leaders of Congress in the first twenty years of its formation were termed as moderate. They proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent manner. They wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They published many articles in the newspapers and journals highlighting about the increasing poverty of the country under the British rule. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public support. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and so would accept the just demands of Indians. Therefore, their main aim was to express these demands and make the government aware of the feelings of Indians.
Q 2 : - How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates ?
Answer : - The politics of the Radicals within the Congress were different from that of the Moderates in the following ways : -
Radicals criticised the Moderates for their “policy of prayers”. They argued that instead of believing on the so called good intentions of the British, people should fight for swaraj.
They advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions and goods.
Some individuals also suggested “revolutionary violence” to overthrow British rule.
Moderates, on the other hand, proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent manner. They wanted to follow the rules, the laws and the order posed by the British.
Q 3 : - Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law ?
Answer : - The British introduced a law stating that the Government had control over the manufacture and sale of salt. It also imposed a tax on the sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi and other national leaders argued that salt was an essential item of our food and hence it was wrong to impose a tax on salt. Moreover, the issue of salt was related to all, the rich and poor. Hence, in 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law.
Q 4 : - Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s ?
Answer : - The people were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s due to the following reasons:
The British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people.
In 1878, the Arms Act was passed under which Indians were not allowed to possess arms.
Vernacular Press Act was also passed in 1878. This Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that was found “objectionable”.
In 1883, there was a furor over the attempt by the government to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. But when white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill, Indians were enraged.
Q 5 : - Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for ?
Answer : - The Indian National Congress was composed of the representatives from all the sections of the Indian society. Therefore, the party wished to speak for all the people of the country.
Q 6 : - What economic impact did the First World War have on India ?
Answer : - The First World War had the following economic impact on India : -
It led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of the Government of India.
The government, in turn, increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.
Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices, which created great difficulties for the common people.
The increased demands of industrial goods such as jute bags, cloth, rails, etc., made the business groups reap fabulous profits from the war.
As the first world war caused a decline in imports from other countries into India that gave an opportunity for the expansion of the Indian industries.
Q 7 : - What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for ?
Answer : - The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for “Independent States” for Muslims in the Eastern and North-Western areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.
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Mam aap jo vi chapter padhati hain uska pdf telegram pe phle de dijiye...
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