2-Minute Neuroscience: Deep Brain Stimulation
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 23 ก.ย. 2020
- Deep brain stimulation is a neurosurgical approach that involves the use of brain-implanted electrodes to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions. In this video, I discuss the uses, general procedure, and hypothesized mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.
TRANSCRIPT:
Deep brain stimulation is a neurosurgical approach that involves the use of brain-implanted electrodes to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions. It is primarily used to treat movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease, but has also been approved by the FDA for use in treating epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and is being studied as a potential treatment for a number of other disorders like chronic pain and depression.
Deep brain stimulation involves the insertion of an electrode into the brain. The electrode is connected to a wire that runs under the skin to a device called a pulse generator, which is usually implanted under the collar bone. When the pulse generator is turned on, it emits electrical impulses that alter neural functioning. In Parkinson’s disease, for example, the electrode is typically placed near structures like the subthalamic nucleus, whose overactivity in the disease is thought to contribute to movement problems like difficulty initiating movement. Modifying the activity of these overly excitable regions can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. It should be noted, however, that deep brain stimulation is major brain surgery, and thus there are risks associated with the procedure.
Despite numerous studies that have investigated the mechanism of deep brain stimulation, there is still a lack of clarity as to how the treatment leads to beneficial effects. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism, and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, deep brain stimulation may inhibit action potentials by causing prolonged depolarization of neuronal membranes, reduce neuronal activity by prompting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA, and disrupt abnormal rhythmic neuronal firing that might interfere with healthy brain function. But more research needs to be done to develop a clear understanding of the effects of this treatment on the brain.
REFERENCES:
Aum DJ, Tierney TS. Deep brain stimulation: foundations and future trends. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018 Jan 1;23:162-182. doi: 10.2741/4586. PMID: 28930542.
Herrington TM, Cheng JJ, Eskandar EN. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 2016 Jan 1;115(1):19-38. doi: 10.1152/jn.00281.2015. Epub 2015 Oct 28. Erratum in: J Neurophysiol. 2020 Mar 1;123(3):1277. PMID: 26510756; PMCID: PMC4760496. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Exactly the info I was seeking. Thank you for both being informative and not too drawn out. Thanks belly much for your efforts.
DBS for Parkinson Disease is associated with a 10-year survival rate of 51%. Survey data suggest that while DBS does not halt disease progression in Parkinson Disease, it provides durable symptomatic relief and allows many individuals to maintain ADLs over long-term follow-up greater than 10 years.👍
Can you contextualise this with the 10 year survival rate of other PD treatments?
Follow up of greater than 10 years? That's wonderful news for PD patients
There's also a link between the brain and the gut bacteria which is not spoken about enough, which has proven to have a dealing in Parkinson's, Depression,etc!
Your videos are beautiful sir, I aspire to be a neuroscientist too! :)
For pd the most likely candidates are, however, blood monocytes and microglia as key cells of the immune system. Microglia will be the future paradigm for a variety of neuropathologies of the cns (including schizophrenia but that's a secret 🤫), but we only now begin to develop technologies that enable a more thorough investigation of this cell type (due to its rarity in grey matter and low survivability (it really is hard to get your hands on appropriate postmortem brain tissues) and even more, lack of appropriate cell models that reflect the phenotype or function of this cell type at a behavioural/morphological, proteomic or transcriptomic level). So, if you are interested in the cross talk between the immune system and cns structures, I suggest you go into that direction, because it is not only most promising but also provides you with the greatest chance to actually deal with the brain and requires you to go into a field of highly advanced technogies.
Thanks and all the best in your pursuit of a neuroscience career!
@@hertzfall0 Wow sir, you are very well versed in neuropathology! I pursue Neuroscience because I have had experiences which are explained by standard physics models as a 'abnormal' phenomena. I believe the occurrence of the Biophotonic Emissions (2015) is system of interconnectedness between cells which provides live feedback on what the organism is feeling. The consciousness being a unification mode of all stimulus, may truly be explained as a series of photons shining through matter and being able to gather information regarding the observed, through complete assimilation BUT no interaction.
Which explains the nature and behaviour of the humble 'photon' as a mass-less particle which is able to imprint the characteristics of the surface it is being reflected upon through omission of a certain % of its wavefunction.
If such is the case, the 'seat of consciousness' would be a gland that has some sort of photosensitivity, the pineal seems to satisfy that criteria as well as mythbusting 'why' that gland has photorecepetors whilst being in the depths of the brain.
Microbiology will probably be of a secondary independent research once and if I manage to get accepted into a University..
I come from a completely different academic background and this is a drastic change in my life but I feel more complete in the sciences!
You scientists have some of the best minds that go into bettering the state of affairs for the rest of the world. Truly honourable! I wish to become just like you! :D
@@7dnein944 As you say, you can take electromagnetism as a medium for information that contains and transmits it (that's the mechanism, by and large, working within the electrochemical paradigm of neuronal signaling but also explanatory of why oscillations of electrical activity can travel between biological tissues across non-tissue covered space).
Now, what you describe is interesting (though the biophoton emitted by reactions within biological tissues will have to interact with suitable particles if it wants to have any effect; I do have to throw in here that, as time is essentially space into which causality structures can propagate themselves, the perspective from the viewpoint of a photon may very well be a different one) - I was not aware that the pineal gland contains photosensitive receptors. We, for example, abuse photosensitive receptors by genetically re-engineering specific neuron types to express these receptors that are reactive towards a certain spectrum light, effectively enabling us to manipulate their activity by exciting these channels through literally shining light onto them.
Now, I like to throw away the term of consciousness because it is very unpragmatic to work with it. Rather, we can specify the degree of certain cognitive functions. But, nevertheless, referring to your hypothesis of the pineal gland being the seat of human consciousness (I really ought to say that if we implicate the highest significance of this term - which there would be something like 'human creation and propagation was, is, and will be the highest order at which the whole cosmos aims' - reducing its position to one mere structure seems rather disappointing), let's see whether a certain set of disruptions of this brain region were to exert any loss of human consciousness that would not be due to the loss of function this region generally supports: inhibition of a certain set of cells within this region, or even the precise destruction of this region.
There is just so tremendously much to discover and explain by a much wider framework than you might be able to think of right now, which only leads me to the conclusion: best of luck with your aims. I suggest a certain book to you which may help to develop some of your ideas: Gödel, Escher, Bach (by Douglas Hofstadter).
@@hertzfall0 Thank you very much for taking the time to look at my thoughts.
Although I do describe the pineal as 'the seat of consciousness'. I will need to specify that it is the region where a higher energy 'light' seems to enter and pass through, penetrating subsequent areas of the body.
This function does not seem to pertrain to a 'strict' physical foundation. Instead, I believe most glands and organs may process, or to the very least, access information from 'subtler morphic field(s)'. This higher order information is then, transmuted into, standard biological interactions.
When you stampede the functions of the pineal gland, the body does not receive as much information from the higher states of matter present and being processed by the subtler counterparts of the physical organs. as it shines through them.
Put more simply, the diminishing penetrating power of the photons ,entering the pineal gland are not able to transpose the optimal amounts of information offered by the biophotonic excitation of the rest of the organs. This could be also a reason as to the pineal's ability to signal changes to circadian rhythm,etc.
As a result, the person would have based their decisions and ideas less on their own "intuition". The outright removal of the gland would simply mean that, the person is locked from higher order information access. Although the individual may operate just fine, in their waking consciousness, some parts of their psychology will be skewed due to containing little base in their intrapersonal feedback.
Regarding raw physics, the photon does not interact with other photons, instead it rouses electrons and nuclei(γ- rays) into excitation, leading to the emission of more photons.
As the photon penetrates:
Hypothesis 1) A different quality wavelength may become emitted
OR
Hypothesis 2) The photon does not penetrate entirely and dissociates partially, leaving a reflection.
Alas, the emitted photons will go on to bounce off nearby molecules and so on and so forth, until the entirety of the biological system emits its own radiation.
Thus, I suspect that the permittence of photons through own molecules, may be the way the body understands itself. The described phenomena, could account for the empirical sensation of live feedback, trailing and even guiding our stream of attention. There are many similarities to external vision, because we see objects as a result of their reflection.
Furthermore, it is possible that the described biophotonic interactions, may prime the hyposound frequencies of brain resonance, associated with certain states of mind! (Does this not make sense, if we consider that the gland is found to excrete melatonin, at low light environments AND regulate various internal biological rhythms?) If we are to associate Maxwell's concepts of e/vity with the particular states of sound frequency, we have the conversion of light into its more minute manifestation, sound! Perhaps sound is indeed light collapsed into a wave duality as it is forced to travel across living matter.(Although I do not believe this light - sound link has been established yet) In all sincerity, it is shown that awareness over the double slit experiment causes the collapse of the wave particle duality, therefore, IS IT NOT safe to assume that Light collapses into the form of 'sound' as it travels through our body, as it comes to contact with rays from own biophotonic field?
Understanding the functions behind the forces of the cosmos, allows us to modify the circumstances which gave rise to the expression of the forces. We can never change the force itself, we simply change the 'vector' of propagation.
If force occurs to satisfy a certain 'natural' need...what need would biophotonics have to fulfill? What is the nature of photons and what are some of their functions in a biological system?
I need to note that I'm neither a physicist nor a medic, I study English Language and Literature and I may head into Medicine, if I pass a series of exams.
I took note of the books you recommended! You have my utmost gratitude for reading my post, I do hope I make sense... I haven't spoken to anyone about this topic yet.
I LOVE your videos! Thanks so much
Great video! Would love to see a future video on CJD, prion diseases or the effects of exercise on the brain
Me too Aamir! 🧠☀️🙏 maybe the brain tools on my channel would be of great help to you - and I’m going to cover the link between exercise and the brain 😁🧠👍 wishing all the best!
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Not me thinking this video will stimulate my brain and watching it before an exam, just to realize it’s a medical procedure
For closed caption tap on the 3 dots on upper right and sect ‘turn on closed caption’
what is the difference with vagal nerve stimulation?
Cool. Thx
What happens if you have this implanted against your will then who has responsibility
What about the neuralink?
Ap ki atnini vdiyoz hai 2 72 bht ziyada hain or sabzkriebar kam meri tarah bht kam kiya h but
cost
Very interesting
Nice
Can you make a video about how the electrodes actually connected and what they are mAde of
Stupid pfp
Free Palestine!
Computer chip in the brain
Interesting
👀
Neuralink is just that...
Yes but a next gen that took the technological development a step farther. Advanced focused ultrasound will likely be the step after due to non-invasiveness of the procedure
Eduroam
Harassment with a computer
Beware of surgical procedures for chronic pain, because many chronic pain patients do NOT want to get better.
What a stupid comment to write, you don’t have a clue about people suffering.
What a foolish and evil generalization to make. Be careful, you may some day find yourself on the receiving end of that same judgement you project. I've been harmed by more dismissive doctors than I care to remember.
@@crystalk9313 lmao you’re so exaggerated in the way you speak😂😂 you people have to always speak in hyperbole don’t you
@@jackandrews7878 care to explain why it was over exaggerated
for the most part I think this is highly untrue. I do think though that many people with chronic pain eventually get tired of trying new ways to help themselves and none of them working, and people also get depression since you become unable to do things and are constantly in pain which obviously sucks which may appear to someone as though they don't want to get better but in actual fact they just don't have any motivation to do so and get stuck in negative thoughts of thinking there isn't any possibility of them improving anyway.
another option is that when someone is trying to vent their feelings such as them being tired of always being in pain, but haven't asked for advice, and they are constantly given uninvited advice which they have most likely heard before instead of just having someone listen to them and try to understand them then they may get defensive and say no that won't work or whatever because you've made them feel inferior or stupid or something and that might make it seem like they don't want to get better, even if they do.