Lecture #1: Stochastic process and Markov Chain Model | Transition Probability Matrix (TPM)

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 พ.ค. 2020
  • For Book: See the link amzn.to/2NirzXT
    This video describes the basic concept and terms for the Stochastic process and Markov Chain Model. The Transition Probability Matrix is also described with Illustrative examples.
    #OptimizationProbStat
    Other videos ‪@DrHarishGarg‬
    Lecture 1: Markov Chain & TPM: • Lecture #1: Stochastic...
    Lecture 2: Problems using TPM Part 1: • Lecture #2: Solved Pro...
    Lecture 3: Problems using TPM Part 2: • Lecture #3: Solved Pro...
    Lecture 4: Problems using TPM Part 3: • Lecture #4: Solved Exa...
    Lecture 5: Stationary Probabilities: • Lecture #5: Stationary...
    Lecture 6: Chapman-Kolmogorov Equation & Theorem: • Chapman-Kolmogorov Equ...

ความคิดเห็น • 163

  • @Vaibhav_Hanbar
    @Vaibhav_Hanbar 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    03:58 Understanding stochastic process and Markov chain model with transition probability matrix
    07:56 Stochastic process and Markov Chain Model
    11:54 Stochastic processes are not constant but change over time, represented by finite or countable infinite values.
    15:52 Markov chain depends only on the previous state, not on the remaining ones.
    19:50 Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) is a square matrix where each row represents past positions and each column represents present positions.
    23:48 Stochastic process and Markov Chain Model explained with Transition Probability Matrix (TPM)
    27:46 Construction of Transition Probability Matrix (TPM)
    31:40 Understanding Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) in Stochastic process and Markov Chain Model
    Crafted by Merlin AI.

  • @khadijanafees7426
    @khadijanafees7426 4 ปีที่แล้ว +46

    I must say that after watching alot of videos I finally found your channel. every single step is cleared now. Thanks

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +11

      My pleasure....
      Keep watching other videos too., definitely you will learn more.
      Happy learning

  • @SanjayVerma-mf4ch
    @SanjayVerma-mf4ch 3 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Giving relevant example is most beautiful part of your lectures 👍

  • @StudyStuff-pk7gv
    @StudyStuff-pk7gv หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This video is truly a life saver.
    I have an exam tomorrow, and this video explained me every basic thing about markov chain, process, and tpm, in such an illustrative way.
    THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR UPLOADING IT!

  • @mustafamarvat863
    @mustafamarvat863 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    These are the most difficult concepts to understand in the whole of probability theory but your style of teaching make it very easy to grasp it.

  • @monirulhaque8830
    @monirulhaque8830 2 ปีที่แล้ว +30

    The best lectures for stochastic process on youtube.

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Many thanks for the appreciation... Keep watching other videos too

    • @amanifadiagarroudji8976
      @amanifadiagarroudji8976 ปีที่แล้ว

      I agree thank you professor

  • @Brrriana
    @Brrriana 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    thank u! the breakdown of the topic is much easier to understand especially when the examples are well explained in a simple manner and is not complicated

  • @taruvarmittal1484
    @taruvarmittal1484 3 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Finally something went into my head for this topic ! Thanks a lot for this video !

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      You can watch other lectures also... You get 100% result....

  • @yorgundemokrat4615
    @yorgundemokrat4615 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    amazing content for my operation reserach class thank you kindly much respect and love
    thank you sir

  • @mukundachoudhury5785
    @mukundachoudhury5785 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    In one line Great Teaching skill.100% understable.. Really appreciate your teaching skill.

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Its my pleasure. .. Keep watching other parts too

  • @celebrities01
    @celebrities01 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much,Sir..❤❤
    Very clear explanation and you made it easy to understand.

  • @AdityaSingh-ql9ke
    @AdityaSingh-ql9ke 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    great lectures sir...plz continue to help students...as college teachers are not interseted in teachinf...espeacially in govt. college

  • @unnatishukla8513
    @unnatishukla8513 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    awesome collection of exampleas, thankyou sir, great video

  • @veenarajshekhar8145
    @veenarajshekhar8145 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent explanation about the subject... Thank you sir

  • @fouziakhan3356
    @fouziakhan3356 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Wonderful Video.
    I have seen all your videos and I would say the only Dr. on TH-cam with Zero Dislikes !!

  • @user-ko9yq7ek9i
    @user-ko9yq7ek9i 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Dr Harish, thank you so much. I'm definitely subscribing

  • @dr.sudanjha9505
    @dr.sudanjha9505 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent exemplifying examples. Keep going Dr. Garg

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      So nice of you. Keep watching and sharing other videos also

  • @TeenaMalhotra
    @TeenaMalhotra 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    finally i am at the right channel for clearing my Concepts. Thanks @Dr.HarshGarg

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks.... Keep sharing too with others

  • @sssskhan3
    @sssskhan3 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Clearly explained the concept by professor!!

  • @himangshuborah2889
    @himangshuborah2889 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you sir..for helping us...

  • @kneebrain9298
    @kneebrain9298 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    very helpful! thank you so much teacher ❤

  • @ramanuiet
    @ramanuiet 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great explanation sir

  • @georgepefanis9278
    @georgepefanis9278 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Continue the great work. Thanks for the help🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      My pleasure.... Check and watch the other beautiful lecture related to Markov Chain as Lecture #2, Lecture #3, Lecture #4 and Lecture #5

  • @nick20_s
    @nick20_s 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Thank you so much sir.... I'm grateful to you extreme from my heart. I've always considered stochastic as a difficult paper but this lecture really helped me.🙏🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Its my pleasure.... Whole probability and statistics subject is very easy... Watch others videos also for the simplest way to learn.

  • @user-ee3wg9fl7o
    @user-ee3wg9fl7o 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great explanation sir ❤‍🔥

  • @sohamrana891
    @sohamrana891 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Impressive doctor

  • @guruhugar177
    @guruhugar177 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you sir🙏

  • @michaelmarino4229
    @michaelmarino4229 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice explanation from Sri Lanka

  • @ashaynaik7540
    @ashaynaik7540 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    sir you are the best ❤

  • @RanjeetSingh-ul2rc
    @RanjeetSingh-ul2rc 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank from bottom of my heart

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Its my pleasure..... You may watch lectures 2-5 also related to Markov Chain... I guarantee that you again learn full this topic

  • @khushbootiwari6160
    @khushbootiwari6160 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you so much sir ....
    After so much of confusion finally its clear how can i make TPM.
    Would love to watch the further series by you😊

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      My pleasure..... Keep watching other video too to learn more concept and topics

  • @amit4Bihar
    @amit4Bihar ปีที่แล้ว

    Indian profs are on next level. All other lectures were fluffs and extremely boring. You nailed it for students.

  • @aa-gc3fg
    @aa-gc3fg 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you

  • @amanifadiagarroudji8976
    @amanifadiagarroudji8976 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this lesson can you do a videos about brownien motion?

  • @abhishekshukla2974
    @abhishekshukla2974 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very helpfull.

  • @gauravsuthar7699
    @gauravsuthar7699 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice one

  • @DD-bl8ql
    @DD-bl8ql ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks

  • @SaimasMagicalChannel
    @SaimasMagicalChannel 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Wowowow

  • @hoytvolker3
    @hoytvolker3 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks so much Dr harish

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      My pleasure ... Keep watching and learning
      Happy learning

  • @cjs8037
    @cjs8037 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Really it is very easy to understand, thank you so much ji 🙏🙏🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Many thanks.. Kindly share with others. Spreading education

    • @cjs8037
      @cjs8037 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg sure sir

  • @VARUNKUMAR-Up
    @VARUNKUMAR-Up 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    jo IIT ke professor nhi samjh pae aap kr diye🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for watching.... You may watch other videos for easy learning

  • @iamusmanshabbir142
    @iamusmanshabbir142 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    29:40 kya idhr apne glt nh llihka ? loss ki jgaha gain ana tha or gain ki jgah loss ana tha... Between your teaching method was wonderful Hats off for your efforts !!

  • @trusted_owners
    @trusted_owners 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    hats off

  • @TeenaMalhotra
    @TeenaMalhotra 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Your way of Explaining the Concept is Wonderfull. this content helped me a Lot...Many time THANKYOU for making such a brilliant lecture

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks...for watching... Keep watching other video too... I am sure you will enjoy and learn alot

  • @madhavramanathan7555
    @madhavramanathan7555 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks a lot, this really helped me

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure .. Thanks for watching... Keep watching other parts too for full topic

  • @learning4156
    @learning4156 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very well explained professor

  • @arify.1601
    @arify.1601 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thanks for lecture.

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure.... You may watch lecture #2-#5 for more interesting one to learn Markov process

  • @gauravrai7791
    @gauravrai7791 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir u r very good teacher...mai shocked ho gaya aapka content dekhkar...ki itna accha padhane wale log bhi hai utube ar

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thanks .... Kindly subscribe and watchjng other videos too. You will enjoy and definitely learn.
      Happy learning

    • @gauravrai7791
      @gauravrai7791 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg sir maine Allahabad University se maths, stats lekar graduation kiya hai aur i.s.s ki prepration kar raha hoo econometrics ke lecture chaiye mujhe...please uspar banaiye...maine aapke chanel already subscribe kar liya hai aur friends se bhi karwa raha hoo 😊🌸🙏🏻

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Dear topic please

    • @gauravrai7791
      @gauravrai7791 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGargSir mujhe to basic se padhna hai...economatrics ka abc bhi nahi pata...par ab maine padhna suru kar diya hai🙏🏻.

  • @kheramathshub4348
    @kheramathshub4348 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanku sir.... Hats of u

  • @jairamsinghal1424
    @jairamsinghal1424 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent lecture

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks for liking the content

  • @poojaprasad5653
    @poojaprasad5653 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    vry nice explanation sir....thanks a
    lot

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks .... My pleasure. Keep watching other content too and share with others.

  • @Songvbm
    @Songvbm 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    how do you get the probabilities at 15:06 ?

  • @sourabhdhiman5189
    @sourabhdhiman5189 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks a lot sir...

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      My pleasure... Happy learning

  • @shraddhaprabhakar4365
    @shraddhaprabhakar4365 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much sir, really very helpful

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Many thanks for watching ... Watch other lectures on markov Chain.. You will definitely enjoy and learn alot from the series of 5 lectures on Markov chain

    • @shraddhaprabhakar4365
      @shraddhaprabhakar4365 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg yes sir,I'm watching the next part right now and I'm sure I will get good marks in these topics

  • @lathabathyala1
    @lathabathyala1 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir,I have 1 problem on marcov transition probability matrix can you please solve??
    Can I share that problem??

  • @Stewie_official
    @Stewie_official 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks sir🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure always ... Keep watching

  • @devyaninitturkar8662
    @devyaninitturkar8662 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent

  • @nishakatakval2998
    @nishakatakval2998 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Well explained sir 👌👌👌👌

  • @agyapalsingh2385
    @agyapalsingh2385 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for the superb content. Can you please also create videos on Martingales theory. It is so tough to understand now. Thanks

  • @sumedha5340
    @sumedha5340 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much sir

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Its my pleasure.... Keep watching other parts too

  • @vinitakumari5394
    @vinitakumari5394 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very well explained tq sir 🙏

  • @rutujajadhav9407
    @rutujajadhav9407 ปีที่แล้ว

    Tomorrow will be my exam... Thank you sir for helping me... Everything you clear 🥰🥰

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  ปีที่แล้ว

      That's my pleasure... Keep sharing with other students as well... Happy learning g and best of luck

  • @AbhishekPatel-fs3bt
    @AbhishekPatel-fs3bt 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    awesome❤

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure. ...keep watching

  • @ShivamGupta-cx3hy
    @ShivamGupta-cx3hy 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    😄😄😄😄😄 Thank You Sir

  • @chinmayarao2464
    @chinmayarao2464 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you sir

  • @sai_teja.
    @sai_teja. 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, very well explained tqsm

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks ... Kindly share with other too ...

    • @sai_teja.
      @sai_teja. 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Sure sir👍👍👍

  • @abhishekgaurav6928
    @abhishekgaurav6928 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice explanation🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks a lot... Keep watching and sharing with others too

  • @karthikaikannan4766
    @karthikaikannan4766 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very useful

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Many thanks ... Keep watching other parts also to learn full Markov chain concept

  • @AmitKumar-pt7hb
    @AmitKumar-pt7hb 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    sir can i mail u my assignment question of markov chain..can't do it?

  • @abrarajazwani2942
    @abrarajazwani2942 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This is so nice and delicately explained. MashaAllah, keep the good work up!

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks dear... I hope you watched other videos too and share as well with others

  • @komalzehra3380
    @komalzehra3380 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great lectures, plz upload more lectures

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You can found the others lectures from my channel. All are available.

    • @komalzehra3380
      @komalzehra3380 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg ok thanku so much
      Ur lectures are awesome and easy to understand

  • @ritanshitrivedi4278
    @ritanshitrivedi4278 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much sir🙏

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Its my pleasure.... Watch other parts also on Markov chain... I am sure that you will learn full on the Markov chain topic.... Share with others also

    • @sai_teja.
      @sai_teja. 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      😄

  • @cjs8037
    @cjs8037 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir can you tell me the question of that TPM example which you have given sir, because I don't know about that values, that how it may came...
    That 6x6 matrix values I need sir

    • @fredrickkimani8002
      @fredrickkimani8002 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      I think the values where given, u just check from the transition diagram

  • @subham16
    @subham16 ปีที่แล้ว

    Class above mean recurrence time ??

  • @NABARUNCHAKRABORTY-gu2lr
    @NABARUNCHAKRABORTY-gu2lr 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sir if you can make a video on Brownian motion before GATE 2024...it will be very helpful for us

  • @gourabchanda8328
    @gourabchanda8328 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir Thanks a lot for the video series its really helpful . I have one question how we are finding the probability in the TPM . for example in cola example it's 90% that they will not switch to other brand but I want to know how we are getting 90% in real life problems??. Thank you

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks.
      Its a priori probability.... If it is not given then you can compute it based on distribution function (concept of random variable).

  • @srishtiasthana2838
    @srishtiasthana2838 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    sir ur vedio is very nice but the needs to be more loud.

  • @kalyben285
    @kalyben285 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dr. Harish Garg when are you releasing videos on Discrete Time Markov Chain(DTCM) and Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC)😢

  • @sameennoor9678
    @sameennoor9678 ปีที่แล้ว

    I just say best of all

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks and My pleasure... Keep sharing with other students too so that they will also learn with easiest manner... Happy learning...

  • @rohanbiswas3388
    @rohanbiswas3388 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you very much Sir. These 5 videos of Stochastic Process helped me a lot. Need another help - Can you or anybody suggest me a good book of Stochastic Process? From where, I can solve some problems myself. Thank you in advance.

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      For Book: See the link amzn.to/2NirzXT

    • @rohanbiswas3388
      @rohanbiswas3388 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg Thank You .

  • @SaimasMagicalChannel
    @SaimasMagicalChannel 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    😮😮😮

  • @knowntounknowns5135
    @knowntounknowns5135 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, i have a doubt. Is P(x_3=2,x_2=3,x_1=3,x_0=2) and
    P( x_3=2/x_2=3,x_1=3,x_0=2)
    and Px_3=2/x_2=3) all are same?

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      If it belong to Markov chain, then only 2nd and 3rd are same.
      While in terms of conditional probability, all are different.

  • @sangitpradhan6818
    @sangitpradhan6818 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    the sum of the coloumn should be 1 right? or can we assume any?

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      For TPM, sum of each row is 1, column sum may or may not be 1

  • @vaishaliranjan4862
    @vaishaliranjan4862 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much for giving us the example of ladies using a lipstick. Tht was easiest part to understand overall concept of tpm

  • @archanawaghmare1730
    @archanawaghmare1730 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir which of the books use

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      For Book: See the link amzn.to/2NirzXT

  • @y0ake77
    @y0ake77 22 วันที่ผ่านมา

    11:35

  • @sivakrishnadasari7470
    @sivakrishnadasari7470 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent Sir...Can you please share the PPT

  • @subham16
    @subham16 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir also take a class above positive recurrent and null recurrent

  • @Aamirphysics
    @Aamirphysics ปีที่แล้ว

    Plz deliver full playlist plz

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  ปีที่แล้ว

      See the full videos on Markov Chain from below playlist
      Probability & Statistics: th-cam.com/play/PLO-6jspot8ALyrofp0fWp0fOb19NcFS4V.html

  • @nitishgupta169
    @nitishgupta169 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir , please upload Continuous time Markovian Chain , Limting Distributions, Birth Death process , Queueing Model M/M/1, M/M/c

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Limiting Distribution is already available... See Steady State Probability for Limiting Probability (lecture 5)

    • @nitishgupta169
      @nitishgupta169 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrHarishGarg found it sir🙂

  • @sivaranjani2504
    @sivaranjani2504 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Pls will u give me a 5*5 matrix examples in tpm

    • @DrHarishGarg
      @DrHarishGarg  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      6x6 matrix is already given in the lecture...

  • @abhijeetkumarmaurya4697
    @abhijeetkumarmaurya4697 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir please suggest a book for this topic...

  • @moueed66
    @moueed66 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    i love you

  • @khadijanafees7426
    @khadijanafees7426 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    i want to ask some queries related to HMM can you plz send me your email?

  • @ImFeRiOTV
    @ImFeRiOTV ปีที่แล้ว

    Bal tu

  • @HarshitJain-cy7nd
    @HarshitJain-cy7nd 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    bakwaaaas awaz hi nhi aa rhi hai aapki

  • @rashminegi8328
    @rashminegi8328 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Speak hindi please