I Love how they put so much Energy, Love and science in their Videos. I watched all Videos as i was Sick and this subscription is my best here on Yt. Thank you Garage54 Team 🎉 greets from Germany ❤
I had an International Scout II way back we used for off-roading. It had an oil pick up in the front and the rear of the oil pan. Never a problem with oil starvation.
@@kentworch They were great. I had a Scout during high school and traded it for a new 1973 upon graduation. Remember when you went into the dealership, sat down and went through all the options/extras with a salesman? I ended up owning five all together. Should have kept one. It would put my Jeep Grand Cherokee to shame off road. Thanks for the reply.
45 degrees is basically 1G......most road cars can't hit 1G. Race cars are about the only thing that has to worry about Gs and they use dry sumps anyways.
@@SageJMP i don't know how you arrived at that conclusion, but many wet sump cars have blown engines on track days due to oil starvation. Around fast long corners that pool of oil will slosh vertically and leave the oil pickup due to high g forces
in regular cars it doesn't mater that much because eve if it was violently thrown to one side, it would only be for a few/less than a second, and engines can work perfectly fine without begin supplied with oil for a few seconds, just with the thin layer of oil that remains in between parts, think about when you start your car and that few moments when the pump hasn't yet managed to push oil all the way through but your engine IS turning. It matters most for constant turning like in a race, which I think is faithfully represented in this setup.
Not sure about more modern cars, but older 4x4 have a lot deeper oil pans to compensate for cases like this - so I guess angles will be greater than those from the video
I guess I don't have to tell you guys, but many cars are designed to have the oil level filled and checked while the engine is running. Specifically because running the engine drains quite a bit of oil out of the pan. Also, although engine oil is probably the most important thing to maintain longevity of the engine, some car engines can run fine with *very* little oil in them, or run a short time with no oil at all. I had an old 1998 Toyota Camry and the thing used to leak and burn oil. I used to run the dipstick dry quite often. I know this is very bad, but the car kept running! I also used to put whatever oil I could get my hands on in the engine. I believe the car called for 5W-20, but I used to put 5W-30 or 10W-30 in the thing all the time. I think Toyota cars are just made to last! And the whole time, I never had the oil light come on. I'm pretty sure the sensor was bad. But I never had any problems with the engine. The car was finally junked at 190,000 miles when I moved out of state. But was still running mostly fine. It had a bunch of problems. It was pissing out coolant and I was putting water in the radiator. Also, 3rd gear was going. It would grind at just the right speed. I figure I had around 10,000 miles left. I had another experience with a 2011 Toyota Camry 2.5L I4. The idiots who did an oil change on it used a power tool to screw on the oil filter. This stripped the treads out on the engine case and caused all the oil to leak out. My dad was driving the car at the time and was just a few miles from home grocery shopping. The oil light came on and he drove home and checked the oil. The dipstick was dry. He refilled the oil and drove back to the shop quite angry. They fixed the damaged engine case (for free of course which would have been quite expensive on their part) but the damage was done. It took another 8 years and 35,000 miles before the engine damage became apparent. The car started making lifter ticking noise. Then the check engine light came on and the car didn't want to move. It had a lack of power and refused to drive faster than 70MPH. The mechanic I took it to said cylinder 3 was completely out. No compression. And cylinders 1 and 4 were misfiring/not sealing. The camshaft bearings were seized and some of the valves were stuck. Cost $8700 for an engine swap for a used engine with only 26,000 miles on it. I decided to do it because the car was in great shape otherwise. No rust or damage to the suspension or frame. Now the car runs fine. My point is, don't mess around with engine oil! Keep it filled and change your oil people!
i followed without subscribing actually these guys from day one, since then i never opened me tv to watch discovery channel. these guys are pure educational and sensational. these vids should be a good additive to some mechanical schooling. keep on going guys ! great job once again hero BMI russian. EDIT by the way, if these guys CANT fix your car, then no any other company could.
Super excited for this video haha I made a comment on the oil level post about this exact test as I off road a lot so thanks so so much for this it’s exactly helpful
I believe the pilots learn to fly in ways that keep the fuel and oil under positive G force most of the time. If they keep flying at -G's then even the pilot is wanting to come out of the seat.
I am both mortified and anxious about what they are doing this to this engine, but intrigued about the information they are collecting. Very cool video.
The difference between Europe/US and russian. Someone asks: How much pitch before loosing oil pressure. Europe/US Engineers: Well my high technic computer simulation program says up to 45 degrees. Russia: We dont have that lets test it! Well i love the russian way. All the question we wanted to now get answered
The Russian's planted a space craft on planet Venus in 1954, they also planted an object on the moon before USA landed on the moon. The Russians invented the camera tube for television camera's, to name a few. they are by no means stupid, just their culture is different. Now they are competing with Rolls Royce, Bentley.
I think all these tests were at idle or slightly higher. But when driving a car on hills and such the rpm is usually 2-3 x that of idle which su is up a lot MORE oil.
I had a shortage of oil pressure in my old 70 Chrysler Valiant Pacer, from oil going to the rear of the engine too suddenly when accelerating a bit much, but it was an even older engine from a Dodge that had no windage tray/baffle, also it only started doing this after I replaced the differential with a limited slip type.
the oil sloshes around in the pan as the car moves. You can't simulate that, you have to put the clear oil pan on an engine in a car. That would be a fun experiment.
If you look at the design of the engine, you can see how the engineers already accounted for all of this. The pan/pickup is situated so as to ensure the engine maintains pressure at any angle the car can be expected to be at. At the angles the pump loses pressure, the car would be sliding on the road, and in the case of uphill/acceleration, where the design allowed for oil loss, the car can't generate enough G force under its own power to make it happen. The sump is situated to the front because braking induces stronger forces than acceleration. Sloshing is reduced by the baffle Vlad mentioned in the beginning, but when it happens, has the effect of only slightly lowering the average level. In other words, a properly filled engine in a typical passenger car will never lose oil pressure from extreme operating angle or pedal/steering induced G force effects.
In an Alfa Romeo 164 TS the oil pressure gauge is at the same time an 'engine remaining lifespan indicator'. When the oil pressure drops is when the engine blows up. Instantly 😅 Tested it 2 times 😜
All of the oil experiments I’ve seen in here are teaching me that you should always run at least one litre above the max limit. It won’t hurt, but will guarantee no starvation even more.
Honestly this would differ depending on the engine. One engine i have can get down under a quart and it still picks oil and has pressure. Another one if its at 1 quart it dont pick up properly.
Not that this channel tests things with any level of accuracy, but using the stock oil pressure is not a good way to see if the engine has enough oil pressure. Pretty much all of those switches are designed to turn on the light at like 3-5 psi. Your engine might survive for a little while at idle with that kind of pressure, but it will survive mere seconds if it is under any kind of load with that kind of pressure. That’s how people end up losing oil pressure and destroying their engine during track driving or even just doing donuts in a parking lot, and often the warning light will just flicker or not even come on. An actual pressure gauge would have been far, far more useful in this test.
You only got creases in t he transparent oil pan due to overheating the plastic before vacuum forming it, try a little less heat for a better resault still awesome tho
I wish you used a Land Rover engine for this test, because we off road freaks go up and down 45+ degree hills, and I often wonder at what point the engine would not be able to suck up oil. And boat engines supposedly is different in that they have to be able to suck oil at extreme angles.
What if you guys put a second gearbox to a lada, turn it around so the driving shaft faces the pinion shaft of the differential. The lower the gear on that gearbox, higher speed you'll have
The oil pressure will still pump ,, untill the tub comes out of the oil level the oil screan can come out of the oil but still the tub is in the oil ..?. If you had a swinging oil pickup tub you can run the engine at a 90 degree and tub still in the oil
Inverted engines do have issues with oil seeping past the pistons, so operators must be careful to inspect for hydrolock conditions before starting the engine for the day. Otherwise, they use a dry sump system, which utilizes a separate sump for dedicated, angle-independent oiling. The engine in the video is a wet sump.
And there's no water cooling. What tough engines these Ladas must have. I'm sure Nivas would climb more than 30degrees. They were very capable four wheel drives; certainly went more places than our N110 hilux. And a lot cheaper to run.
i was wondering if these fellas could help me settle an argument. i thought i have seen a video of someone bending steel rims in a hydraulic press in a way that it changes the wheel offset from positive towards negative for more aggressive stance. someone said this couldnt be done. Ive searched all i could and this is my last resort. lets go garage 54 !
"first we connect this chunk of metal to this chunk of metal, then this chunk to this chunk, and then this chunk of metal to this chunk... or maybe start by connecting this chunk to this" 😂chunk"
I Love how they put so much Energy, Love and science in their Videos. I watched all Videos as i was Sick and this subscription is my best here on Yt. Thank you Garage54 Team 🎉 greets from Germany ❤
I had an International Scout II way back we used for off-roading. It had an oil pick up in the front and the rear of the oil pan. Never a problem with oil starvation.
I seen an international 500 crawler that had a swinging oil pickup
Never seen it before but always used swinging pans and never had issues
Those internationals were excellent. I knew come that had a scout/ scout 2 back in the day. Those things were very well built.
@@kentworch They were great. I had a Scout during high school and traded it for a new 1973 upon graduation. Remember when you went into the dealership, sat down and went through all the options/extras with a salesman? I ended up owning five all together. Should have kept one. It would put my Jeep Grand Cherokee to shame off road. Thanks for the reply.
I remember ordering a new vehicle. But it certainly wasn't in high school. @@Colorado_Native
This channel is my childhood
Same😂
Indeed
I’m 21 but yea totally
same i used to watch this chanel in like 2016
🙄
The thing is when turning, the high g forces would swing the oil to the other end way more than just slowly tilting the engine does
45 degrees is basically 1G......most road cars can't hit 1G. Race cars are about the only thing that has to worry about Gs and they use dry sumps anyways.
True.
At hard breaking the whole oil would be horizontally on the front.
Fill the bottle with water, put it on the seat and watch what will happend.
@@SageJMP i don't know how you arrived at that conclusion, but many wet sump cars have blown engines on track days due to oil starvation.
Around fast long corners that pool of oil will slosh vertically and leave the oil pickup due to high g forces
in regular cars it doesn't mater that much because eve if it was violently thrown to one side, it would only be for a few/less than a second, and engines can work perfectly fine without begin supplied with oil for a few seconds, just with the thin layer of oil that remains in between parts, think about when you start your car and that few moments when the pump hasn't yet managed to push oil all the way through but your engine IS turning. It matters most for constant turning like in a race, which I think is faithfully represented in this setup.
@@SageJMP Who said? My car steering left gets 1g
That is one sketchy looking rig holding that running engine. I love this channel.
Bro how i tested an engine i picked up. Just hanging off a cherry picker by a rope. . i had the oil pan resting on a tire.
Handy info for people doing offroad type stuff for when they go up steep climbs or descend sharp drops... :P
just my thoughts as well!
Not sure about more modern cars, but older 4x4 have a lot deeper oil pans to compensate for cases like this - so I guess angles will be greater than those from the video
G'day Garage54 & BMI,
Thank you for taking us through the Ups & Downs of Engine Stress testing 😁
frfr
I guess I don't have to tell you guys, but many cars are designed to have the oil level filled and checked while the engine is running. Specifically because running the engine drains quite a bit of oil out of the pan. Also, although engine oil is probably the most important thing to maintain longevity of the engine, some car engines can run fine with *very* little oil in them, or run a short time with no oil at all. I had an old 1998 Toyota Camry and the thing used to leak and burn oil. I used to run the dipstick dry quite often. I know this is very bad, but the car kept running! I also used to put whatever oil I could get my hands on in the engine. I believe the car called for 5W-20, but I used to put 5W-30 or 10W-30 in the thing all the time. I think Toyota cars are just made to last! And the whole time, I never had the oil light come on. I'm pretty sure the sensor was bad. But I never had any problems with the engine. The car was finally junked at 190,000 miles when I moved out of state. But was still running mostly fine. It had a bunch of problems. It was pissing out coolant and I was putting water in the radiator. Also, 3rd gear was going. It would grind at just the right speed. I figure I had around 10,000 miles left.
I had another experience with a 2011 Toyota Camry 2.5L I4. The idiots who did an oil change on it used a power tool to screw on the oil filter. This stripped the treads out on the engine case and caused all the oil to leak out. My dad was driving the car at the time and was just a few miles from home grocery shopping. The oil light came on and he drove home and checked the oil. The dipstick was dry. He refilled the oil and drove back to the shop quite angry. They fixed the damaged engine case (for free of course which would have been quite expensive on their part) but the damage was done. It took another 8 years and 35,000 miles before the engine damage became apparent. The car started making lifter ticking noise. Then the check engine light came on and the car didn't want to move. It had a lack of power and refused to drive faster than 70MPH. The mechanic I took it to said cylinder 3 was completely out. No compression. And cylinders 1 and 4 were misfiring/not sealing. The camshaft bearings were seized and some of the valves were stuck. Cost $8700 for an engine swap for a used engine with only 26,000 miles on it. I decided to do it because the car was in great shape otherwise. No rust or damage to the suspension or frame. Now the car runs fine. My point is, don't mess around with engine oil! Keep it filled and change your oil people!
Only channel from the many thousands I subscribed to that I know I can like even before the video loaded on my screen
I love the “Rolf” oil can, its like they wanted to make it sound as german as possible.
I ALWAYS read it as ROLMFAo
"Your Garden is over-grown and your cucumbers are soft!"
-Rolf
These guys are the kings of see through engine parts 😅
Love these Russians. Ive spent many hours being entertained by these guys. Cheers fellas
This TH-cam channel teaches me about the parts and how a car engine works I will subscribe to this channel from now on 👍
i followed without subscribing actually these guys from day one, since then i never opened me tv to watch discovery channel. these guys are pure educational and sensational. these vids should be a good additive to some mechanical schooling. keep on going guys ! great job once again hero BMI russian. EDIT by the way, if these guys CANT fix your car, then no any other company could.
That was a fun and informative test!
Way awesome as always, and thanks again to mr translator, oil cools first, second it keeps off rust then it might lubricate
Super excited for this video haha I made a comment on the oil level post about this exact test as I off road a lot so thanks so so much for this it’s exactly helpful
I wonder how the pressure is kept for an aircraft engine ? Those stunt planes go at all crazy angles !
I guess they run a dry sump and have a separate oil reservoir that can supply oil to the pump at all angles. I might be wrong.
I believe the pilots learn to fly in ways that keep the fuel and oil under positive G force most of the time. If they keep flying at -G's then even the pilot is wanting to come out of the seat.
The best real world oil level video on TH-cam it really educated me. Good work
I’m enjoying all the videos you post. I hope to be able to buy some merch before too long.
I am both mortified and anxious about what they are doing this to this engine, but intrigued about the information they are collecting. Very cool video.
you should try the "dimple or golf-ball Piston top" and see if it makes a difference
The difference between Europe/US and russian. Someone asks: How much pitch before loosing oil pressure. Europe/US Engineers: Well my high technic computer simulation program says up to 45 degrees. Russia: We dont have that lets test it! Well i love the russian way. All the question we wanted to now get answered
The Russian's planted a space craft on planet Venus in 1954, they also planted an object on the moon before USA landed on the moon.
The Russians invented the camera tube for television camera's, to name a few.
they are by no means stupid, just their culture is different.
Now they are competing with Rolls Royce, Bentley.
The Soyus(II) space craft is pretty much the best space craft ever.
Let's hang around this running engine with a clear oil pan we made with no eye protection and tilt it forward and back to extreme angles
Russian way is also faster
@@AxionSmurf its save aslong as they dont overrev the engine
I think all these tests were at idle or slightly higher. But when driving a car on hills and such the rpm is usually 2-3 x that of idle which su is up a lot MORE oil.
Well done making that sump , made it look easy
Interesting stuff. I would like to see a dry-sump system working in a clear tank/sump etc.
Oh shit , i never seen it without you guys, oil also cleans worn metal out of the way, oil turns black when its burnt, foamy with air
Cool story bra
Excellent video! Good work! Very informative, congratulations, keep up the good work!!
I would love to see the test again with an oil accumulator installed!
My most favorite channel now
I had a shortage of oil pressure in my old 70 Chrysler Valiant Pacer, from oil going to the rear of the engine too suddenly when accelerating a bit much, but it was an even older engine from a Dodge that had no windage tray/baffle, also it only started doing this after I replaced the differential with a limited slip type.
2 things learned: Maintain good oil level and reverse uphill when climbing mountains.
😂
Or just.. maintain good oil level.
Assuming your pickup tube is oriented in the same way.
it would have been more interesting to have a gauge and idiot light
frfr
Boxer engines don’t even need inclines to starve 😅😭
Here for BRZ/GR86 oil starvation issues 😂
@@JupiterxBlues bruh thats a blocked pickup
They just keep answering my questions 😅
Is it possible to make an engine turn backwards and using the exhaust port as the intake and the intake port as the exhaust?
Yes it is possibile, but that's quite a big job.
You need to change the rotation of the oil and water pumps.
You guys are awesome. Please tell me there's a ventilation hole/hood in the roof of that shop 'cuz I'd like to see you KEEP making videos. :D :D
Awesome video, something I've always been curious about.
I just took the corner hard at high rpm with one of those engines and lost oil pressure. The level was right between full and empty
That’s the “ideal” level but it’s better to have too much than too little.
This is why I check my oil level with the engine running. Covers the amount it drops. Don’t care if it’s a little high when it’s not running.
This video ist really interesting. Nice!
the oil sloshes around in the pan as the car moves. You can't simulate that, you have to put the clear oil pan on an engine in a car. That would be a fun experiment.
If you look at the design of the engine, you can see how the engineers already accounted for all of this.
The pan/pickup is situated so as to ensure the engine maintains pressure at any angle the car can be expected to be at.
At the angles the pump loses pressure, the car would be sliding on the road, and in the case of uphill/acceleration, where the design allowed for oil loss, the car can't generate enough G force under its own power to make it happen. The sump is situated to the front because braking induces stronger forces than acceleration.
Sloshing is reduced by the baffle Vlad mentioned in the beginning, but when it happens, has the effect of only slightly lowering the average level.
In other words, a properly filled engine in a typical passenger car will never lose oil pressure from extreme operating angle or pedal/steering induced G force effects.
In racing application the forces would shuffle the oil around and it would starve the engine... I see this data useful only for off-road 😅
In an Alfa Romeo 164 TS the oil pressure gauge is at the same time an 'engine remaining lifespan indicator'. When the oil pressure drops is when the engine blows up. Instantly 😅 Tested it 2 times 😜
@16.27 so that's how you throw a rod when turning right in old 90s hatchbacks
Thank a lot. Good demonstration 👍👍👍👍👍
All of the oil experiments I’ve seen in here are teaching me that you should always run at least one litre above the max limit.
It won’t hurt, but will guarantee no starvation even more.
Did vlads coffee not kick in today?🤣🤣🤣🤣 great video as always you guys have ideas most of us would never even think of great videos 🤘🤘👍👍👍👍
They don’t have coffee in communist countries… only crude oil.
I clicked on this video, excited to see that yellow SUV doing the test work for us to watch!! I wish there wasnt any clickbait used! ☹️
Oh i love the chunk on the chonk on my chonk.
If you take 1g of lateral acceleration that's equivalent to 45°...
lol
Only if you turn your head and cough..
Honestly this would differ depending on the engine.
One engine i have can get down under a quart and it still picks oil and has pressure. Another one if its at 1 quart it dont pick up properly.
You should see if you can make the steering column wrap around the whole car lol let’s see how long you can make it
Not that this channel tests things with any level of accuracy, but using the stock oil pressure is not a good way to see if the engine has enough oil pressure. Pretty much all of those switches are designed to turn on the light at like 3-5 psi. Your engine might survive for a little while at idle with that kind of pressure, but it will survive mere seconds if it is under any kind of load with that kind of pressure. That’s how people end up losing oil pressure and destroying their engine during track driving or even just doing donuts in a parking lot, and often the warning light will just flicker or not even come on. An actual pressure gauge would have been far, far more useful in this test.
You could start as a developer at nascar or jeep and landrover
Could you mount a engine to a kids play ground swing?
Brilliant idea!!!
Thats a very good content
This guys advanced age is his childhood.
centrifugal force... Is there.
You only got creases in t he transparent oil pan due to overheating the plastic before vacuum forming it, try a little less heat for a better resault still awesome tho
I wish you used a Land Rover engine for this test, because we off road freaks go up and down 45+ degree hills, and I often wonder at what point the engine would not be able to suck up oil.
And boat engines supposedly is different in that they have to be able to suck oil at extreme angles.
How many times can you turn the wheel side to side in a stationary position until the tire goes flat?
Oh man, that sounds as tedious as the video they did where they lowered the oil from max to min by checking it repeatedly!!
@volvo09 That's the video that had my brian turning. The dedication in that was wild
Depends on tire/rubber, surface, temperature and weight/force on the wheel.
Probably thousands of time.
Same tire, neutral temp between 21°-30°.
One tire on asphalt, other on cement.
Amd naturally the car being a lada
What if you guys put a second gearbox to a lada, turn it around so the driving shaft faces the pinion shaft of the differential. The lower the gear on that gearbox, higher speed you'll have
Great shit man xD Greetings from Uruguay!
The oil pressure will still pump ,, untill the tub comes out of the oil level the oil screan can come out of the oil but still the tub is in the oil ..?. If you had a swinging oil pickup tub you can run the engine at a 90 degree and tub still in the oil
Watch the freaking gauge/light!
You need to check your link it's not working at least in usa please check other than that cool channel keep it up
23:30 is what you need😂
It would be interesting to test a different brand. For example we know Toyota V6 engines fail at like 15 degrees uphill.
could just use old cement mixer
👌😎👍that actually was a good experiment!
Chrysler 440 v8 has lot problems with low oil pressure on unbaked corner at anything over 50.
Great video.👍
Im going to assume no lada can corner so hard that the oil will get this (7:28) far to the side.
So how do these inverted aircraft engines work, this could be something to figure out.
Inverted engines do have issues with oil seeping past the pistons, so operators must be careful to inspect for hydrolock conditions before starting the engine for the day. Otherwise, they use a dry sump system, which utilizes a separate sump for dedicated, angle-independent oiling. The engine in the video is a wet sump.
And there's no water cooling. What tough engines these Ladas must have. I'm sure Nivas would climb more than 30degrees.
They were very capable four wheel drives; certainly went more places than our N110 hilux. And a lot cheaper to run.
Could you do a how long will it run episode, start it and leave it until it dies.
It would be cool to do g force instead so how much g experienced before the oil was pushed to the side and starved the engine.
Transparent Clutch cover to see how it works?
i was wondering if these fellas could help me settle an argument. i thought i have seen a video of someone bending steel rims in a hydraulic press in a way that it changes the wheel offset from positive towards negative for more aggressive stance. someone said this couldnt be done. Ive searched all i could and this is my last resort. lets go garage 54 !
So having a little over max will never damage the engine
What are they using for cooling?
Solid!
Top KEK!
Peace be with you.
This is not a human form of communication
@@lamp7746 Solid!
You should try using paint as motor oil
The engine pretty quickly seizes up.
the paint cooks and hardens in the rings and the engine locks up.
Does a Lada Niva use a regular Lada engine?
This is amazing
I remember my little brother unassembling his toys to see how it works
Amazing how dark the oil gets after short use.
2 stroke entered the chat 😅
If I were him , I will at least wear a safety glasses
I get low oil pressure when engine gets to operating temperature on BMW ,what could that be
It’s a piece crap bmw
@@RickHarrison-ss1kq YEs i know ,its my weekend car ,not much reliable but looks awsome and fun to drive
It's because its a BMW
It may be a worn out oil pump, or excess clearance on the crank and/ or rod main bearings, among other things.
Maybe oil too thin when hot.
Can you run a petrol engine without a throttle body using a high pressure pump to control it.
That's diesel, petrol engines can only be metered by air
@@chiefdenis with a throttle body but metered by fuel is how cummins does their spark igited cng engine
They already have done that
th-cam.com/video/K7LHBWr7Kkg/w-d-xo.htmlsi=lvnCQ7uq-MA-nH1X
@@erkinalp while cng/lng engines work similarly to petrol engines, they're not exactly the same thing
Tilting is not good, you tilt engine fort and rear not left right. In corenr oil will go from left to right lenght vise not front rear
I don't know if the laws of physics work differently in Russia, but if your engine is leaning at 45 degrees you are probably drinking on two wheels.
Would've been funny to see them wire in the low oil pressure light to the shift light of an RPM gauge
Try intercooling a turbocharger using an A/C condenser!
best smartphone around 40k video chai...❤💛
"first we connect this chunk of metal to this chunk of metal, then this chunk to this chunk, and then this chunk of metal to this chunk... or maybe start by connecting this chunk to this" 😂chunk"
My Engine is about a half a quart 😂 it starts to lose oil pressure on corners
At a 45 degree angle you will rapidly end up at 90 degrees unless you are Joie Chitwood.