1950’S TRANSISTOR TRAINING FILM " SEMI-CONDUCTORS: DIODE AND TRIODE FUNDAMENTALS ” 43124
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 มี.ค. 2021
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Made for the U.S. Army, this late 1950s / early 1960s film features the fundamental principles of diodes and triodes. It was presented by The Bray Studios Incorporated (:11). It opens with diode fundamentals (:28) showing electron components comprised of semiconductor material (:34). A transistor (:42) is an amplifier serving with the same purpose as a triode vacuum tube. A crystal rectifier is shown (:51). A circuit is demonstrated to conduct current in a single direction (1:18) as a light bulb is lit. When the voltage is reversed, the light bulb remains off (1:25). Animation shows how the crystal of the crystal rectifier (1:41) is composed of semiconductor material such as silicon (1:49). A simple DC circuit is shown (2:17). Electrons within the wire current move towards the positive battery terminal (2:21). A close up shot shows the two halves types of the crystal (2:52) which have been chemically treated. One half of the material is called the N-type (3:06) and the other is the P-type (3:10). The N-type material (3:27). Foreign atoms are introduced and contribute free electrons to the crystal (3:46). These move about at high speeds (4:06). As the crystal is heated, the movement is increased (4:17) and it slows as the crystal cools (4:23). This rate of motion is thermal agitation (4:31). An example shows the whole crystal to be composed of N-type material (5:00). The current is seen flowing as voltage is applied (5:06). The crystals and wire contain free electrons (5:14). The other half of the material is zoomed in on (5:20). The P-type has also been chemically treated through the addition of atoms from another material (5:31). One positive particle is added by the foreign atoms (5:35). The free particles are referred to as holes (5:52). Holes act are positively charged (5:57) and are also thermally agitated (6:08). The positive side moves the holes towards the crystal in the opposing direction which the electrons would take (6:26). At the positive terminal, holes and electrons are formed in pairs (6:40). Electrons are seen moving through the wire as the positive particles move into the semiconductor (6:51). Holes meet at the negative terminal and then disappear in pairs (7:01). A demonstration follows depicting how the crystal acts as a rectifier (7:26). The PN junction is where the holes and the electrons meet (7:43). Holes are seen crossing into the N-type material (8:13) where they will encounter electrons (8:20). The charges combine and cancel one another out (8:28). Electrons are seen crossing into the P-type material (8:43) where they will meet and combine with holes (8:49). Disappearing particles are replaced by others entering the crystal (8:55). Forward voltage is applied and current flows (9:12). When reverse bias is applied, holes and electrons are moved to the terminals (9:24) resulting in no current flow. Triode fundamentals are then shown (10:28). When the cover is removed, three sections of a semiconductor crystal is seen (10:45). This may be either PNP transistors (11:07) or NPN transistors (11:16). Reverse bias is applied to the right hand PN junction (11:53) and no current flows. The collector circuit is the amplifier’s output circuit (12:13). The emitter base junction is the amplifiers input circuit (12:33). A forward bias enables electrons to cross the first junction (12:41). If the junction was thicker (12:58), no current moves across the base collector junction (13:12). When the base material is thin, electrons pass through avoiding holes (13:41). The collector terminal attracts holes across the collector junction (14:01). The emitter current of electrons crossing the junction (15:01). Electrons cross the second junction into the positive battery terminal (15:08). The collector current is electrons from the emitter (15:20). The collector current is determined by the voltage applied (15:28) and is controlled by the emitter voltage (15:34). Output voltage is increased (16:06). A high resistance load can be added in the output (16:47) providing a voltage drop. When the output voltage is bigger than the input voltage (17:04) there is amplification and power gain (17:09). Output voltage must be less than the bias voltage (17:45). When the voltage drops too low it cancels the collector bias voltage (17:50) and stops the action (17:57). An audio signal is added from a microphone (18:19). The output power could now be 150 times as large as the input (18:42). A Zenith Royal 760 compact transistor radio (18:59) as well as a digital computer with Nixie tubes (19:13) which appears to be a transistorized unit built by Bell Labs in the late-50’s. Some other applications are shown(19:18).
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive is available for licensing in HD, 2k and 4k via www.PeriscopeFilm.com
I'm still so in awe on how all of these old educational films explain how things work so much better than new ones. Seriously, these could be shown in High Schools and even some Colleges to explain things in a very easy to understand way.
Exactly. We've lost our rigor for cheap and easy. Outsourcing, planned obsolescence, school that teach rule of thumb rather than critical thinking, etc.
It’s literally largely because of our mentality that old=outdated=bad
@NYCeyes we defunded education.
That's why I'm watching them.
These old films even from the 70s and 80s are so much better than what's put now.
I think I saw this video in Avionics A School 50 years ago. I worked in a TV repair shop in high school and things had both tubes and semiconductors.
43, years for me, EM-A, "BEE" school navy.
Thanks for all your hard work preserving and posting all these videos! I love industry on parade, its like a retro version of how its made.
Thank you for the great video and preserving our history. It’s still very important. We need to see where we came from to know our future.
Well said!
I'm always impressed by the animated schematic diagrams in these old film reels. There were no graphics cards back then, so I assume an animator was manually creating these frames, maybe sometimes with some mechanical assistance.
Interesting that they described the transistor amplification in terms of a common base transistor and voltage amplification. Common base is uncommon except in some RF uses, and a transistor is normally thought of as a current amplifier, not a voltage amplifier. Just shows how the very early concepts can fairly quickly change to a different viewpoint.
If you are wondering how a transistor can be a current amplifier when they said there was no current gain, it is because the current gain in a common emitter circuit is measured as the difference between the emitter-base current (which is very small) and the emitter-collector current, which is relatively large. Typical current gains for small signal transistors are on the order of 100 to 400 times, which is vastly higher than the gain of a vacuum tube.
You are correct. Bipolar transistors (the type described here) are typically thought of a current-gain devices, although they can have voltage gain by means of the collector resistor which converts the changes in collector current into changes in voltage. A device which uses voltage alone to control a current is said to exhibit transconductance, which is a feature of vacuum tubes and Field Effect Transistors, not bipolar transistors.
Either we have changed the way things are taught or the understanding of semiconductors has changed over the years.
My understanding is that the "holes" are not positive particles (as this would make them antimatter i.e. positrons) but rather atoms who have space in their outermost shell to attract the extra electrons from the n type material.
True. From energy band theory, N type material has majorly electrons in conduction band & P type material has majority holes (in valance band, i.e. absence of electrons), those electrons move a little, so we say hole is passing in opposite direction.
Hey, please, is there any way to find all electricity related videos ordered somewhere? I have searched on your website to even try to buy a set of videos, but i only found books and some dvd's... I'm interested to find any video regarding electrical domain from Periscope. How can i do that?
These videos are too old for viewing. You can not view them every nobody can view them. NO OMG STOP why are you taking my hair
Who narrated this film?
Молодці
Сильно оно тебе в могилизации поможет, рагуль?
Play at 1.25x
I like watchin' your films, but it would be nice if you could shrink &/or move that big-ass counter. Maybe to one of the corners?
Here's the issue: Tens of thousands of films similar to this one have been lost forever -- destroyed -- and many others are at risk. Our company preserves these precious bits of history one film at a time. How do we afford to do that? By selling them as stock footage to documentary filmmakers and broadcasters. If we did not have a counter, we could not afford to post films like these online, and no films would be preserved. It's that simple. So we ask you to bear with the watermark and timecodes.
In the past we tried many different systems including placing our timer at the bottom corner of our videos. What happened? Unscrupulous TH-cam users downloaded our vids, blew them up so the timer was not visible, and re-posted them as their own content! We had to use content control to have the videos removed and shut down these channels. It's hard enough work preserving these films and posting them, without having to spend precious time dealing with policing thievery -- and not what we devoted ourselves to do.
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There you have it, the big ass counter stays.
And your dumba$$ got rekd.
@@that1electrician I concur. That was a stupid @$$ comment by that person.
@@PeriscopeFilm I've asked for this same thing, and I understand why it's there. However @albear972, it is NOT a stupid comment. MANY of these videos have critical information obstructed by a solid watermark. I also understand why you can't have a transparent watermark. So, periscope, how about this? Can you program that watermark so it moves up and down by its own height? In other words, if it takes up 10% of the height of the screen, and you folks have it positioned between 80 & 90%, can you float it between 70-80, and 80-90 % ? Or would the damn scammers still be able to program around that and remove the watermark?
I'm just looking for SOME way for us to view the missing info, that would still make it difficult for the scammers to programmatically remove your watermark?
Heck, I would be FINE with the watermark shifting around the inner 50% area of the screen at random 1 or 2 second intervals.
That would reveal what I would like to see, but might be very difficult for the scammers to remove?
Unfortunately, I'm not up on video technology and removing watermarks.
I would still some way to have that watermark moved, that doesn't remove you folks ability to profit from the work you do...
I would probably even be fine if you folks moved it HIGHER. there is so much text at the bottom of some videos that I would really like to see.
@@roberthousedorfii1743 probably because they're all original tapes and they aren't allowed to alter it in any way shape or form.
Let's just be thankful we're getting great content on hundreds of different topics for free.
So they skipped the equations
The past was more honest...
Im dissappinted that they didnt begin the film with a tribute to african americans who have contributed to electronics research.
Im going to ha e this flagged as racist!
Полупроводники, дырочная проводимость❤жалко что не на русском урок😢