You never fail to provide (in my opinion) the best kind of education on general chemistry, so a thousand times thank you for that! At 2:11 there is a slight error: this molecule is called "acetyl chloride", not "acyl chloride". "Acyl chloride" is a type of compound, whereas acetyl chloride is this specific compound. Acetyl chloride is a kind of acyl chloride. It's like with squares and rectangles: a square is a kind of rectangle.
Dammit - you're right of course. My modelling software automatically labelled it as [an] acyl chloride and that went into the script. I kept thinking there was something odd about it. It's not like I spent years using the stuff, though.* * I spent years using the stuff. Should have known better.
@@ThreeTwentysix I wondered why you were calling it "acyl chloride", as though you didn't already know that R was just CH3. And as though you had it written with an R.
When I studied chemistry we learned about electronegativity, bond energy, equilibrium ratios and the rules for bonding. But these were all just numbers and it was left to us if we wanted to try to visualise and understand the physical processes behind chemical reactions. This channel makes it all clear.
I understand almost nothing about chemistry, but I love your videos! Just a suggestion... could you keep the inline text for longer? I always have to pause the video to read them fully 😅
That's kind of deliberate. They're always a side comment so I don't want to distract from the main discussion, but if anyone really wants to know, they can pause the video.
@@ThreeTwentysix Dear Professor , thank you for the clear explanation of the chemical process. For me it is the first time when I get an idea of how a catalyzed reaction works. Could you please make a video about the electrolysis of a water solution with acetate ions, where two CH3 radicals unite to form ethane ?
I’ve watched a few of your videos recently, and I think that this one is a masterpiece which manages to touch so many points in sufficient details, despite that they all have their dedicated videos.
I stumbled upon your channel and I have to admit you are the only one that made me truly understand all the "exceptions" chemistry books try to hide 'underneath'. It's all about how well you understand what happens at a fundamental level. I discovered I'm really passionate about chemistry, but I'm working in software at the moment and I wish some day I will be able to work in this field. I think humanity needs to focus more on this kind of knowledge because this is what makes us progress as a species.
15:39 "*plus some minor details"... I spent probably a year getting through those "minor details" for my PhD thesis 😅. Have you ever considered making a video about TS as bottlenecks instead of active complexes? (to include reactions that happens without an energy barrier)
Ah, yes. 'Minor details' are the very stuff of PhDs 😄. I considered including a section on the differences between transition states and active complexes but it didn't make the cut. I had to cut out over 7 minutes of me blathering on as it was.
What a treat, thanks. And again, I learned something new. I am solving a related mechanistic problem for months now... I've read in some old articles that oxalic acid can be reduced by active (dissolving) metals despite this is generally not possible with carboxylic acids. I've done the experiment using magnesium in cold saturated oxalic acid. Indeed it produced glyoxylic acid - an aldehyde! And virtually no glycolic acid, glycolaldehyde or ethylene glycol - which is even more puzzling. To this day however, I still struggle with explaining the reaction. Indeed the aldehyde exists as a hydrate, the very reduction is possible because of the unusual electrophilicity of oxalic acid, saturation of the solution and low temperature, further increasing the polarisation of the molecule. What further helps is the acidity of oxalic acid, so we probably have slightly soluble magnesium binoxalate intermediate rather than insoluble oxalate. And finally, the magnesium glyoxylate is a soluble complex! It allows simply filtering off any magnesium oxalate left over and the filtrate is indeed strongly acidic, more than acetic acid, suggesting glyoxylic has been produced. I have even prepared its bisulfite adduct, confirming there is an aldehyde group. I will probably prepare this delicate compound using periodate cleavage of tartaric acid or by ozonolysis of fumaric acid (maleic would be ideal though I don't have it at hand). The simple and cheap preparation with magnesium and oxalic acid intrigues me and I still don't have full explanation - even AI chatbot is confused, sometimes confirming and sometimes denying - but experiment is king and at least this is very practical to quickly prepare glyoxylic acid for e.g. Hopkins-Cole test for tryptophan. In early days, the reagent has been prepared by leaving a bottle of acetic acid sit on a window on sunlight for couple days. The UV rays did its work and the little glyoxylic acid produced in the acetic was enough for the test to work.
PLEASE make a video about pyroelectric and thermoelectric materials you can also talk about piezoelectric materials but I’m specifically interested in pyro and thermo
Ya, these video provide exillent opportunity for us to deepen understanding about chemistry, we shouldn't access this channel for free. Thank you for the constant effort.
Excellent topic! In a past life I was an enzymologist using reaction kinetics and protein crystallography to discern how proteases catalyze peptide hydrolysis by stabilizing the highest-energy transition state(s). Typically, a perfectly-placed imidazole side-chain of a histidine residue polarizes a carbonyl-carbon of the peptide and allows and incoming hydroxide anion to expel the amino group of the peptide bond. The electron-withdrawing power of the imidazole is far weaker than that of BF3, but because the enzyme also grabs the target peptide and holds it (relatively) motionless, the probability of an incoming OH- to find its target is vastly increased, as in ~50,000-fold. Brilliant molecular machines, these enzymes.
It's always interesting to visualize how molecules form and the transition state. you made it easy to understand. I've always loved your videos. Thanks
Always interesting trying to understand something this complex, watching it from Three Twentysix! Would love to watch a series on learning Chemistry from you. Really struggle with Le Chatlier's principle. Although I do understand it to some degree. Just started today Organic Chemistry, and will have my first exam maybe sometime during the next month. Things I find hard; Identifying the limited reagent Redox reactions and redox numbers to name a few. (Yes, I am very new to this).
Thank you for continued improvements on molecular orbital theory. I am wondering, if you take my challenge to describe the molecular structure of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), Phospholipid DHA, and its process in phospholipid bilayer permeability. It is said to be a passive diffusion process, but there are some situation that prohibit the permeation. Human brain is said to be recycling 4mg of DHA per day. 7.33E+18 (or 7.33 quintillion) molecules per day. This is astronomical numbers, but I think if the molecule has oxidized at a double bond, the molecular orbitals are frozen and will not get through the membrane, which is called blood brain barrier (BBB). If you could calculate the shape (or cloud) of DHA or DHA in PLDHA state, and fix a molecule with one or two oxygens, (sometimes called resolvins) state, then people would start understanding the process.
How so? After all our computations are in order to get that electron density "map", highlighted in this video with colors, and then to predict intermediate and transition states of a reaction.
Thanks for your presentation! IMHO, you are the best chemist at any public stream! I'd like to ask you to make some lecture about Chernobyl explosions. There are several presenters about Chernobyl disaster, including HBO movie Chernobyl. But noone explained the disaster from chemistry point of view. The only chemist to study the accident was my manager that time Academic Legasov. All other researcher working on site at that time or trying to research the accident are nuclear physicist. No professional chemists were involved. It is easy to explain because it was a nuclear reactor accident. Your view of professional chemistry researcher would find some issues what physicist didn't pay much attention. What do you think about Chernobyl accident?
@@ThreeTwentysix IMHO, Chernobyl is more in your professional interest vs Fucusima. Chernobyl get 2 sequential explosions vs Fucusima get mechanical reactors distortion. My personal opinion about Chernobyl is Chernobyl 1st explosion has chemical nature, the 2nd one was nuclear. Fucusima disaster had have a very different nature. I used to work for Kurchatov IAE in Moscow as a engineer-researcher that time and accident had changed a lot in my country that time and in my professional work as an engineer at field of chemical physics. Respect your choice. Thanks
I saw your short on nitrogen bonds and wanted to say that I am interested in why nitrogen is held together so strongly. I work with plants and would like to understand more about the chemistry of n2 gas vs other forms and how its possible for small organisms can break them down into n3
Professor please make a video on a deep dive into covalent and ionic bonds. It may sound basic but the amount of misconceptions around this topic makes it just as necessary as any other topic.
If you add acetyl chloride to water, it reacts instantly and even somewhat violently. No catalyst needed. The rea tion doesn't take a relatively long period of time.
I love your passion about chemistry! Im doing a lot of experiments at home, but I am reaching a point where my basement lab cannot reach enough safety standards, so I would like to learn more theory. Do you know any resources on where to study more and more chemistry?
Possible error at 19:41 -- "If it gains one quantum of energy, it will fall onto the product side. And if it loses one quantum, it will fall back to the reactant side." Isn't it losing energy in either direction, as it gains or loses progress along the reaction coordinate?
Just because we can detect something, does that really mean it was there before we set things up to be able to detect it? Some electrons in the vicinity of a double slit might like to have a word with you about that. Or maybe not, if they're not there.
My suggestion is that before jumping to explain the topic diagrammatically you must write the simple equations stepwise and then explain the video .make it easy and systematic
What is energy differences between stages go like "+5 -8 +3" as actual best real-world reaction possible, as opposed to something like "+5 -6 +1" which is good but as turns out not optimal in real world due to e.g. cost?
I'm just wondering how hard it is to find the amount of energy, at least theoretically, for a particular arrangement of atoms in a molecule, and to find the lowest energy path to do a step of the reaction.
just a thought even though alot of concept of chemistry a lot of time our concepts do not align with what actually happens Pka values of Methanol and water HCOOH, C6H5COOH acidic strendth starting with the concept of resonance as presence of parallel p orbital and then saying resonance occuring in sulphonium ion
Ok, one last comment. In descriptions of reaction rates, it often sounds as though the energy levels of transition states only consist of an enthalpy, and no entropy. That's not correct, is it? That height is really a free energy difference, not an enthalpy difference?
i’m studying a level chemistry at the moment and they seem to gloss over the topic of solubility and what makes some solutes more or less soluble in some solvents, is there any clear cut way to explain solubility?
In your electrostatic potential plots, what determines the 2d surface that you colorize? It doesn’t appear to just be a constant distance from the nearest nucleus.
Could be wrong but I think it's a computer program that generates the ground state molecular orbital shape by approximating an answer to the (time independent?) Schrodinger equation that describes that molecule.
Seriously though, I see this as a step to explain how a catalyst works, and a lot more satisfying answer then "it's complicated" . Thank you and I'm looking forward to the next several videos! And being a bit scruffy looks more natural on you...
![[LIVE] : ONE ลุมพินี 88 | คู่เอก "ป้อมเพชร vs อัสลามจอน"](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1ZqTVVbMgbo/mqdefault.jpg)
In the category of science videos, I give this one an Oscar for screenplay and production. I also nominate the team for Noble price in education-
You are the best chemistry teacher...
Facts
@@shartokfancader8750 true! I adore his teaching style 😍
facts
This channel is so underrated! I was blown away from the animation of 3d Molecules down the 2D drawing of the same Molecules. This is genius!
You never fail to provide (in my opinion) the best kind of education on general chemistry, so a thousand times thank you for that! At 2:11 there is a slight error: this molecule is called "acetyl chloride", not "acyl chloride". "Acyl chloride" is a type of compound, whereas acetyl chloride is this specific compound. Acetyl chloride is a kind of acyl chloride. It's like with squares and rectangles: a square is a kind of rectangle.
Dammit - you're right of course. My modelling software automatically labelled it as [an] acyl chloride and that went into the script. I kept thinking there was something odd about it. It's not like I spent years using the stuff, though.*
* I spent years using the stuff. Should have known better.
@@ThreeTwentysix I wondered why you were calling it "acyl chloride", as though you didn't already know that R was just CH3. And as though you had it written with an R.
@@ThreeTwentysixthis is chemistry in a nutshells and exactly why Chemistry exams should be reformatted
@@ThreeTwentysix can you tell about the tools used for drawing structures?
When I studied chemistry we learned about electronegativity, bond energy, equilibrium ratios and the rules for bonding. But these were all just numbers and it was left to us if we wanted to try to visualise and understand the physical processes behind chemical reactions. This channel makes it all clear.
I understand almost nothing about chemistry, but I love your videos! Just a suggestion... could you keep the inline text for longer? I always have to pause the video to read them fully 😅
That's kind of deliberate. They're always a side comment so I don't want to distract from the main discussion, but if anyone really wants to know, they can pause the video.
@@ThreeTwentysix
Dear Professor , thank you for the clear explanation of the chemical process. For me it is the first time when I get an idea of how a catalyzed reaction works. Could you please make a video about the electrolysis of a water solution with acetate ions, where two CH3 radicals unite to form ethane ?
I’ve watched a few of your videos recently, and I think that this one is a masterpiece which manages to touch so many points in sufficient details, despite that they all have their dedicated videos.
I love how detailed you go into these topics.
I stumbled upon your channel and I have to admit you are the only one that made me truly understand all the "exceptions" chemistry books try to hide 'underneath'. It's all about how well you understand what happens at a fundamental level. I discovered I'm really passionate about chemistry, but I'm working in software at the moment and I wish some day I will be able to work in this field. I think humanity needs to focus more on this kind of knowledge because this is what makes us progress as a species.
Ahh thank you for the clarification on transition states and intermediate products
Sir you are the best, I have hated chemistry then tried to understand it and now After learning from you, I love it.❤
15:39 "*plus some minor details"... I spent probably a year getting through those "minor details" for my PhD thesis 😅. Have you ever considered making a video about TS as bottlenecks instead of active complexes? (to include reactions that happens without an energy barrier)
Ah, yes. 'Minor details' are the very stuff of PhDs 😄. I considered including a section on the differences between transition states and active complexes but it didn't make the cut. I had to cut out over 7 minutes of me blathering on as it was.
Your videos have amazing info density while still being very digestable
What a treat, thanks. And again, I learned something new.
I am solving a related mechanistic problem for months now... I've read in some old articles that oxalic acid can be reduced by active (dissolving) metals despite this is generally not possible with carboxylic acids. I've done the experiment using magnesium in cold saturated oxalic acid. Indeed it produced glyoxylic acid - an aldehyde! And virtually no glycolic acid, glycolaldehyde or ethylene glycol - which is even more puzzling. To this day however, I still struggle with explaining the reaction. Indeed the aldehyde exists as a hydrate, the very reduction is possible because of the unusual electrophilicity of oxalic acid, saturation of the solution and low temperature, further increasing the polarisation of the molecule. What further helps is the acidity of oxalic acid, so we probably have slightly soluble magnesium binoxalate intermediate rather than insoluble oxalate. And finally, the magnesium glyoxylate is a soluble complex! It allows simply filtering off any magnesium oxalate left over and the filtrate is indeed strongly acidic, more than acetic acid, suggesting glyoxylic has been produced. I have even prepared its bisulfite adduct, confirming there is an aldehyde group.
I will probably prepare this delicate compound using periodate cleavage of tartaric acid or by ozonolysis of fumaric acid (maleic would be ideal though I don't have it at hand). The simple and cheap preparation with magnesium and oxalic acid intrigues me and I still don't have full explanation - even AI chatbot is confused, sometimes confirming and sometimes denying - but experiment is king and at least this is very practical to quickly prepare glyoxylic acid for e.g. Hopkins-Cole test for tryptophan. In early days, the reagent has been prepared by leaving a bottle of acetic acid sit on a window on sunlight for couple days. The UV rays did its work and the little glyoxylic acid produced in the acetic was enough for the test to work.
PLEASE make a video about pyroelectric and thermoelectric materials you can also talk about piezoelectric materials but I’m specifically interested in pyro and thermo
I love this man, always making chemistry fun and digestible
Ya, these video provide exillent opportunity for us to deepen understanding about chemistry, we shouldn't access this channel for free.
Thank you for the constant effort.
Thank you.
Man your vids help so much with my organic chemistry.
This is insane content, I'm so happy to have discovered this at the exact right time when this channel is active.
Excellent topic! In a past life I was an enzymologist using reaction kinetics and protein crystallography to discern how proteases catalyze peptide hydrolysis by stabilizing the highest-energy transition state(s). Typically, a perfectly-placed imidazole side-chain of a histidine residue polarizes a carbonyl-carbon of the peptide and allows and incoming hydroxide anion to expel the amino group of the peptide bond. The electron-withdrawing power of the imidazole is far weaker than that of BF3, but because the enzyme also grabs the target peptide and holds it (relatively) motionless, the probability of an incoming OH- to find its target is vastly increased, as in ~50,000-fold. Brilliant molecular machines, these enzymes.
That stuff always blows my mind.
Absolutely amazing video! Thank you for your work!
Have I known all of this for a million years? Yes. Have I watched this video anyway purely for the pretty pictures? Hell yes!
It's always interesting to visualize how molecules form and the transition state. you made it easy to understand. I've always loved your videos. Thanks
I have found your channel recently. And as a chemistry student i can say with certainty that you're channel is absolutely great
Soo enlightening, especially with the 3D modeling animation!
Always interesting trying to understand something this complex, watching it from Three Twentysix!
Would love to watch a series on learning Chemistry from you.
Really struggle with Le Chatlier's principle. Although I do understand it to some degree. Just started today Organic Chemistry, and will have my first exam maybe sometime during the next month.
Things I find hard;
Identifying the limited reagent
Redox reactions and redox numbers
to name a few.
(Yes, I am very new to this).
"Really struggle with Le Chatlier's principle."
COMING SOON!
This is so underrated!
Brilliant and simply explained. Thank you for sharing your valuable time and knowledge.
Thank you, Jon Anderson.
Im in awe.What a great video
I just wanted to thank you for your great Videos. I´m so glad i found this channel.
You are incredible, man, i really enjoy watching your videos, do you plan anytime soon to do a video on enzymes? like you said, they are truly amazing
Thank you for continued improvements on molecular orbital theory. I am wondering, if you take my challenge to describe the molecular structure of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), Phospholipid DHA, and its process in phospholipid bilayer permeability. It is said to be a passive diffusion process, but there are some situation that prohibit the permeation. Human brain is said to be recycling 4mg of DHA per day. 7.33E+18 (or 7.33 quintillion) molecules per day. This is astronomical numbers, but I think if the molecule has oxidized at a double bond, the molecular orbitals are frozen and will not get through the membrane, which is called blood brain barrier (BBB). If you could calculate the shape (or cloud) of DHA or DHA in PLDHA state, and fix a molecule with one or two oxygens, (sometimes called resolvins) state, then people would start understanding the process.
As a computational chemist, this video hits hard
How so? After all our computations are in order to get that electron density "map", highlighted in this video with colors, and then to predict intermediate and transition states of a reaction.
WOOOOH!!! Thank you for another video!!
Please, please do a video about polarity with electron density and dipole moments!
Thanks for your presentation! IMHO, you are the best chemist at any public stream! I'd like to ask you to make some lecture about Chernobyl explosions. There are several presenters about Chernobyl disaster, including HBO movie Chernobyl. But noone explained the disaster from chemistry point of view. The only chemist to study the accident was my manager that time Academic Legasov. All other researcher working on site at that time or trying to research the accident are nuclear physicist. No professional chemists were involved. It is easy to explain because it was a nuclear reactor accident. Your view of professional chemistry researcher would find some issues what physicist didn't pay much attention. What do you think about Chernobyl accident?
Chernobyl and Fukushima would be fascinating. Added to the list. (But it's a long list).
@@ThreeTwentysix IMHO, Chernobyl is more in your professional interest vs Fucusima. Chernobyl get 2 sequential explosions vs Fucusima get mechanical reactors distortion. My personal opinion about Chernobyl is Chernobyl 1st explosion has chemical nature, the 2nd one was nuclear. Fucusima disaster had have a very different nature. I used to work for Kurchatov IAE in Moscow as a engineer-researcher that time and accident had changed a lot in my country that time and in my professional work as an engineer at field of chemical physics. Respect your choice. Thanks
❤ I was waiting
I can't wait for the enzymes video!!!
Please make a video explaining freezing and its sticking similarity of supercooling to superheating of boiling process❤❤❤
I saw your short on nitrogen bonds and wanted to say that I am interested in why nitrogen is held together so strongly. I work with plants and would like to understand more about the chemistry of n2 gas vs other forms and how its possible for small organisms can break them down into n3
My best chemistry teacher! Please make video about quantum chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry first but not sure the difference
@@qzh00k True teacher! It is nuclear chemistry
I enjoyed your story telling. wonderful!
Love your videos!!
Professor please make a video on a deep dive into covalent and ionic bonds. It may sound basic but the amount of misconceptions around this topic makes it just as necessary as any other topic.
"There's no such thing as an ionic bond!" is a title already on my list. But it's a very long list. 😄
@@ThreeTwentysix can't wait.
Hmmm does a molecule whose atoms are strongly-bonded and with sharp electric potential gradient make a good candidate for a catalyst?
CARBOCATION REARRANGEMENT MY BELOVED
If you add acetyl chloride to water, it reacts instantly and even somewhat violently. No catalyst needed. The rea tion doesn't take a relatively long period of time.
i'm still wainting on your explanation of why molecular oxygen doesn't have a double bond
Sir i love how you present your videos, in a simple way with great facts and funny line. Love from India
Amazing video sir,
Can you make the textbook educational videos like this a little slower these videos need a time to process
Thanks and love
Thank you!!!!!
I love your passion about chemistry! Im doing a lot of experiments at home, but I am reaching a point where my basement lab cannot reach enough safety standards, so I would like to learn more theory. Do you know any resources on where to study more and more chemistry?
so basically they all stick together and twist around and contort and thats how catalysts make your products faster. neat.
Thanks
Thanks!
Do a video on entropic forces
Possible error at 19:41 --
"If it gains one quantum of energy, it will fall onto the product side. And if it loses one quantum, it will fall back to the reactant side."
Isn't it losing energy in either direction, as it gains or loses progress along the reaction coordinate?
I hold much intrest regarding this topic
another LIFE video, yay
Just because we can detect something, does that really mean it was there before we set things up to be able to detect it? Some electrons in the vicinity of a double slit might like to have a word with you about that. Or maybe not, if they're not there.
My suggestion is that before jumping to explain the topic diagrammatically you must write the simple equations stepwise and then explain the video .make it easy and systematic
15:40 Transition Point
Kindly make the detailed video of why nitrogen so stable as you promised
I did promise that, and it's on the list. But it's a very long list!
@@ThreeTwentysix hmm Sounds Good long list more videos directly proportional to more knowledge
Great video!
All the subtitles are a little bit ahead though, its a bit distracting 😅
What is energy differences between stages go like "+5 -8 +3" as actual best real-world reaction possible, as opposed to something like "+5 -6 +1" which is good but as turns out not optimal in real world due to e.g. cost?
Please do a video on enzymes eventually
I'm just wondering how hard it is to find the amount of energy, at least theoretically, for a particular arrangement of atoms in a molecule, and to find the lowest energy path to do a step of the reaction.
A video on spontaneous and non spontaneous reaction
Why would a carbonyl oxygen want to bond with B with a -1 formal charge? I thought it would need a partial positive.
Please make video on Aromaticity please
We probably need to dissect one to find out. Or waterboarding might work.
just a thought even though alot of concept of chemistry a lot of time our concepts do not align with what actually happens
Pka values of Methanol and water
HCOOH, C6H5COOH acidic strendth
starting with the concept of resonance as presence of parallel p orbital and then saying resonance occuring in sulphonium ion
My takeaway from this video is, my shocking grade in Chemistry was down to my textbooks.
Ok, one last comment. In descriptions of reaction rates, it often sounds as though the energy levels of transition states only consist of an enthalpy, and no entropy. That's not correct, is it? That height is really a free energy difference, not an enthalpy difference?
What program did you use to model the electron density blobs?
Ask the supreme being to help you BEND THEM TO OUR WILL.
i’m studying a level chemistry at the moment and they seem to gloss over the topic of solubility and what makes some solutes more or less soluble in some solvents, is there any clear cut way to explain solubility?
In your electrostatic potential plots, what determines the 2d surface that you colorize? It doesn’t appear to just be a constant distance from the nearest nucleus.
Could be wrong but I think it's a computer program that generates the ground state molecular orbital shape by approximating an answer to the (time independent?) Schrodinger equation that describes that molecule.
@@danieladams4097So it’s a surface of constant electron density (ie equal |Ψ|^2)? That’s plausible.
Weirdly relevant to what I’m studying right now although enzymes in this case but they act as catalysts so close enough.
I’d never thought of oxygen as a thug and fluorine as a psycho, but these are actually very good descriptions.
Can you explain electron spins please? 😅
yes yes yes
Can you synchronize the subtitles?
*Acetyl-Chloride?
Why can’t boron fill its valance shell with covalent bonds?
Oh it only has 3 valances electrons… poor borons got to hustle. I know the feeling. 😢
I could not find clear differences between activated complexes, intermediates and transition state
Florite is when the dog catches its tail, then explodes.
You Just got a haircut, so in a transition state back to your classic look.
Seriously though, I see this as a step to explain how a catalyst works, and a lot more satisfying answer then "it's complicated" . Thank you and I'm looking forward to the next several videos!
And being a bit scruffy looks more natural on you...
👍
Please
based
BEND IT
Me in the beginning: why not use NaOH
Someone could do a video on textbook errors and easily burn 2 hours on the intro.
Werner ziegler
Me want aronaticity
Fiiiiiiiiiiiiiirst❤