Hi, I'm an electrical engineer with a great interest for the nuclear physics. Thanks for your excellent work. You are very rigorous, but at the same time extremely clear. Thanks a lot!!!
Conservation of Spatial Curvature: Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree. String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. ===================== Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. --------------
@ 12:30 you described ionic bonding on covalent bond, where the electrons are shared. What you should have used was something like lithium chloride or sodium chloride.
Hi, excellent video, thanks!! You said during this video that you have another video that explains the strong interaction in more detail with pions mediating the force. Which video is this please? thanks.
So could a hadron collider be used to collide protons with antineutrons, and antiprotons with neutrons to yeild isolated quarks and antiquarks? And if so, could the resulting individual quarks/antiquarks be kept isolated in six seperate vacuums (one for each 'color' and the same for the antiquarks), such that each vacuum acts like a seperate accelerator track for the strongly repelling collected quarks/antiquarks? And if possible, could that arrangement of quarks/antiquarks be used to organize the strong nuclear force into a macroscopic field similarily to the electromagnetic force produced by current flowing through a conductive coil? That would be ideal because the inverse cube force:distance aspect of strong nuclear force could be useful in producing very high accuracy force fields, that unlike the electromagnetic force, could be used to easily suspend and manipulate neutral particles, maybe even neutronium. Or would that pion exchange mechanism you mentioned make such a system impossible?
If the quarks have a residual attractive force holding the nucleons together then what is the cause of them repulsive nuclear force at very short distances ( under .7 fm)?
12:21 I think it *does* explain why two nucleons get attracted... if different-colored quarks are facing each other from each nucleon, they will attract, right?
Okay, there's one thing bugging me: if at distance r=1.74 psi=1, then at that point there's a 100% probability of finding the nucleons! which means that regardless of psi's value anywhere else, the nucleons ARE 1.74 fermies apart, there's no way they are anywhere else. What did I miss?
these mathematical proofs and transpositions are lovely and fascinating.....but one is left to wonder whether the physics involved is a description of actual reality or whether the physics in actually a description of the mathematics itself, with little or no revelatory significance wrt mundane reality. the mathematics is all so circular and self-reinforcing and intermeshing that the fascination is in the mathematics itself.......a particle is actually just a wave function and a wave function is actually just an expression of probability.....it all becomes mathematics just describing itself in endless intermeshing loops of elegant equations derived from other mathematics is mundane reality just an equation, an elegant equation? or are equations actually just logical but empty ideas that are their own cause and effect, beginning and ending, question and conclusion? its akin to standing in front of a blue house with white trimmed windows. One sees it and knows it is a house and understands completely what a house is....even though one is seeing only blue colors and white colors of a distant object. in physics the mathematics allows us to see the surface blue color and white color of the universe but nobody really has any idea what matter is, or what energy is, or where they come from, or why there are quarks and why they ought to find each other and stick together even though they apparently do. Our mathematical understanding of reality and the universe is a 100 kilometers wide and 2 microns deep.
I guess mathematics applies to particles because they're very simple but for the rest.. I have these nagging questions too. How come the electron has precisely the same charge as a proton. And how can it emit a constant field since its a 'wavicle'. the whole thing doesn't seem to make much sense. I know a little bit about laplace and fourier transforms and all this 'voodoo' going on suggests to me we're living in the 'frequency domain' in fourier terms or something to that effect. So this 'space' is not the 'real space' it's a kind of transform. Anyway this whole 'space' thing seems difficult to understand because you're inside it like inside the box.
what is a quark? is it mass? is it energy? is it a totally new thing unrelated to mass or energy? is it a wave? does it have a frequency? does it have a diameter? is it a field?
Dude, You have no idea how much this means to me and other students. Keep up the good work. Your knowledge is pure gold.
I am hungry for more content!
I say this channel is one of the most important channels available on youtube! It's 2020 and still, no one can beat it.
Great Video! Really helped me understand Nuclear Force.
Hi, I'm an electrical engineer with a great interest for the nuclear physics.
Thanks for your excellent work. You are very rigorous, but at the same time extremely clear. Thanks a lot!!!
Best channel, keep up the good work.
Never stop posting!
All of your videos are great. I've learned so much. Thanks (anything coming on the Higgs Boson?
Have you seen this one? Higgs Boson and Higgs Field
thank you very much good sir!
thx man, never occurred to me the Schrodinger matter wave equation could explain this so beautifully :D
Crystal clear lecture. Thank u so much 😃
I watch these for fun. thank you so much dr physics
Conservation of Spatial Curvature:
Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.)
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree.
String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring?
What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
=====================
Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length )
The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge.
Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
--------------
So brilliant. Bummed out this channel stopped uploading. ):
@ 12:30 you described ionic bonding on covalent bond, where the electrons are shared. What you should have used was something like lithium chloride or sodium chloride.
thankyou for this
:)
Sir you are great I was able to understand full concept and I'm in class 9
Greetings from India 😊
Please dont stop making videos!!
Hi, excellent video, thanks!! You said during this video that you have another video that explains the strong interaction in more detail with pions mediating the force. Which video is this please? thanks.
So could a hadron collider be used to collide protons with antineutrons, and antiprotons with neutrons to yeild isolated quarks and antiquarks? And if so, could the resulting individual quarks/antiquarks be kept isolated in six seperate vacuums (one for each 'color' and the same for the antiquarks), such that each vacuum acts like a seperate accelerator track for the strongly repelling collected quarks/antiquarks? And if possible, could that arrangement of quarks/antiquarks be used to organize the strong nuclear force into a macroscopic field similarily to the electromagnetic force produced by current flowing through a conductive coil? That would be ideal because the inverse cube force:distance aspect of strong nuclear force could be useful in producing very high accuracy force fields, that unlike the electromagnetic force, could be used to easily suspend and manipulate neutral particles, maybe even neutronium. Or would that pion exchange mechanism you mentioned make such a system impossible?
this is the best lecture in physics ive ever encountered..... whats hes name anyway? :)
Dr Bob Eagel
Thank you.
If the quarks have a residual attractive force holding the nucleons together then what is the cause of them repulsive nuclear force at very short distances ( under .7 fm)?
I love your videos but can you please use an HD camera?
It would look better
So how would you explain “nuclear force” in mathematical terms?
If I had a choice these vids would be my home movies. Maybe thats why my children never call me. C'est la vie.
very helpful! thanks!
Sir plz explain Yukawa theory of nuclear forces
There are no New videos right?
12:21 I think it *does* explain why two nucleons get attracted... if different-colored quarks are facing each other from each nucleon, they will attract, right?
I was also wondering the attraction of nucleons for a long time, and got the answer in this video. Very nicely explained. Thanks to Author
what is the wavelength of an individual photon....a photon is regarded as a wave, is it not?
exacty how much energy is released upon particle accelerator impaction?
according to my research, coulomb force is 2^12xcapaity x itself. how can this be?
Okay, there's one thing bugging me: if at distance r=1.74 psi=1, then at that point there's a 100% probability of finding the nucleons! which means that regardless of psi's value anywhere else, the nucleons ARE 1.74 fermies apart, there's no way they are anywhere else. What did I miss?
Where did I say that at r=1.74 then psi =1.
+Júlio César Caye go back approximately 2 steps my friend. if u indeed worked it, u will surely find this error
Please show us how to calculate v by Matlab 🙏
I want ask how to calculate min depth of potential
hi there, I cant solve for "Vo" at 42:02 can some one help me please! ..cant get it in explicit terms... how do you aprox..??
Psi squared is actually the probability density but nevertheless great video sir. Keep up the good work.
Y did u stop posting 🙄
Why color 0 rather than White?
Jakob Virgil ..... actually thats why they called it color charge :)
i love nuclear anything.
I love you too
isn't fm=femtometer m x 10^-15 ? Whats fermies?
Fermis are an alternative to femtometers. Same thing.
Invaderzerg Calling a femtometer a Fermi is just a tribute to Enrico Fermi.
Oh, ok, thx
these mathematical proofs and transpositions are lovely and fascinating.....but one is left to wonder whether the physics involved is a description of actual reality or whether the physics in actually a description of the mathematics itself, with little or no revelatory significance wrt mundane reality.
the mathematics is all so circular and self-reinforcing and intermeshing that the fascination is in the mathematics itself.......a particle is actually just a wave function and a wave function is actually just an expression of probability.....it all becomes mathematics just describing itself in endless intermeshing loops of elegant equations derived from other mathematics
is mundane reality just an equation, an elegant equation? or are equations actually just logical but empty ideas that are their own cause and effect, beginning and ending, question and conclusion?
its akin to standing in front of a blue house with white trimmed windows. One sees it and knows it is a house and understands completely what a house is....even though one is seeing only blue colors and white colors of a distant object.
in physics the mathematics allows us to see the surface blue color and white color of the universe but nobody really has any idea what matter is, or what energy is, or where they come from, or why there are quarks and why they ought to find each other and stick together even though they apparently do.
Our mathematical understanding of reality and the universe is a 100 kilometers wide and 2 microns deep.
I guess mathematics applies to particles because they're very simple but for the rest.. I have these nagging questions too. How come the electron has precisely the same charge as a proton. And how can it emit a constant field since its a 'wavicle'. the whole thing doesn't seem to make much sense. I know a little bit about laplace and fourier transforms and all this 'voodoo' going on suggests to me we're living in the 'frequency domain' in fourier terms or something to that effect. So this 'space' is not the 'real space' it's a kind of transform. Anyway this whole 'space' thing seems difficult to understand because you're inside it like inside the box.
lecturer i meant :)
what is a quark? is it mass? is it energy? is it a totally new thing unrelated to mass or energy?
is it a wave? does it have a frequency? does it have a diameter? is it a field?
G=6.67times10^-11
he approximated the value just to illustrate a point rather than to get the correct value . I think
9:50 ... I don't see how 1/3 + 1/3 - 1/3 = 1
+Daniel Jesús Valencia Sánchez Its 2/3 + 2/3 - 1/3 = 1