The Foundations of Classical Architecture: Roman Classicism

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 1 พ.ค. 2018
  • Watch as architectural historian Calder Loth explores the fundamental role that Roman classicism has played in the development of Western architectural traditions.
    Viewers may receive one continuing education (CE) and or AIA credit by watching this video and subsequently scoring at least 80% on a quiz that tests your understanding of the material. To learn more, click here: www.classicist.org/calder-lot...
    Read more: www.classicist.org/articles/t...

ความคิดเห็น • 257

  • @taylors5145
    @taylors5145 3 ปีที่แล้ว +197

    Ok. “Illiterate Building” is officially my new favorite slur. 😂💀

    • @MrRomiBajwa
      @MrRomiBajwa 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      😆

    • @BF-I-II-V-V-III-VII
      @BF-I-II-V-V-III-VII 2 ปีที่แล้ว +13

      As you see this building is illiterate.
      Everybody liked that.

    • @laureanosamuelolmoromero5756
      @laureanosamuelolmoromero5756 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      it's hard to understand why these “Illiterate Buildings” simply don't get demolished

    • @thinker9115
      @thinker9115 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      And when I next see one, I'll jolly well teach it to read!
      So informative and without playing irritating music all the way through.

    • @TaeKinzel
      @TaeKinzel ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@laureanosamuelolmoromero5756 It costs money?

  • @kiss6917
    @kiss6917 3 ปีที่แล้ว +63

    "Why???"
    "Because it looks better that way!"
    😂😂👌👌

    • @xv12commander
      @xv12commander 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      ahahah yes I like how he says that too

  • @user-zm1uj5ye2q
    @user-zm1uj5ye2q 3 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    So we know that the Ancients knew a lot more about humamity than we know about what they knew. Golden ration is the key to all the beauty. Bravo Prof.

  • @r.t.dominguez1717
    @r.t.dominguez1717 4 ปีที่แล้ว +212

    I have never seen an architectural video of this caliber let alone so historic in nature. I wish I've seen your videos 15-20 years ago. It would have helped me on my lectures tremendously. Great job Professor Calder Loth. I'm a fan. ❤️ Love from an American architect lecturing in the Philippines!

  • @Arquitaki
    @Arquitaki 4 ปีที่แล้ว +24

    I am a Mexican Architect, I have learned History and Theory in Spanish, and this amassing Professor has explained it just like the books I have read, now in US I am studying all over again in English, I am so lucky I have found him, and no, I won't get my License in this country, Its way to complicated and expensive, they don't focus in the basics but futurism which is not my interest! I design, remodel, renovate and build houses. I am fine with this.

    • @HectordanielGonzalez1
      @HectordanielGonzalez1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey! Where are you studying architecture? I am very curious to know :)

    • @javierpacheco8234
      @javierpacheco8234 ปีที่แล้ว

      Don't give up, I'm also in a contemporary design school where they hate traditional or classical architecture. Learn from old books such as the 4 books on architecture.

  • @nefwaenre
    @nefwaenre 3 ปีที่แล้ว +20

    TH-cam finally did it right and recommended me this. i had attended a MOOC from Sapienze College of Venice on this particular topic and so i'm absolutely delighted to watch this! Thank you!

  • @bryanjconlon
    @bryanjconlon 3 ปีที่แล้ว +43

    Superb. Attention to detail without being boring is what I love about these presentations. Explained perfectly and I love how the connection with ancient words/expressions is described

  • @VexaS1n
    @VexaS1n 4 ปีที่แล้ว +100

    This is education on the highest level. Thank you for this excellent resource!

    • @RockNRoll-wb8fn
      @RockNRoll-wb8fn 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      WHY DID THEY NOT TEACH THIS THINGS IN SWEDISH SCHOOLS? HISTORY IS EVERYTHING, ITS THE KEY TO MOVE FORWARD!

    • @pokerkramer1240
      @pokerkramer1240 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @@RockNRoll-wb8fn Because school nowadays only serves to graduate ignorant people who pride themselves on their stupidity

  • @sharranparkinson6928
    @sharranparkinson6928 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    This series is the best ever. I have a PhD in Comparative Arts and have watched Dr. Loth's videos over and over again. These are THE best lectures on understanding the foundations of Classical Architecture in a concise and deep way. I lived a few blocks away from Loth in the Fan (RVA) and always admired the way he kept his home and garden/alley so original. I could only aspire to emulate the way he taught and applied classicism in his everyday life, work, and career. Calder Loth is an American Treasure.

  • @Pureexhiliration
    @Pureexhiliration 3 ปีที่แล้ว +36

    I took one year of architecture school, 20 years before giving up. Recently I started reading the 600 page architectural history textbook which i had saved all these years since I still love architecture very much. The textbook takes pages after pages of tedious explanation with very crude illustration to cover what you have here beautifully, in a very succinct and easy to follow manner . Thank you very much

    • @michaelmayen6240
      @michaelmayen6240 ปีที่แล้ว

      What book is it, if you please? Thank you!

  • @Clemeaux_
    @Clemeaux_ 3 ปีที่แล้ว +17

    This may be my favorite series of all time. I cannot wait to teach my kids this!

  • @mansardmanor3869
    @mansardmanor3869 4 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    As a remodeler of residential structures, I welcome this series, it's integrity assist me with a period correct Architecture to improve obsolete dwellings.

    • @itaintrocketscience
      @itaintrocketscience 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I’m with ya.
      I’m a remodeling carpenter as well

  • @christoskarakostas2656
    @christoskarakostas2656 4 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    i would give anything of the 20 and 21 century has to offer just to be able to live and walk in those wonderfull classical buildings.I was never a fan of history and architecture when i was young but traveling made me realise how much i adore greek and roman buildings and how sad i feel that so few survived...

    • @hellomate639
      @hellomate639 3 ปีที่แล้ว +10

      I'm watching this video because one of my life dreams is to do my best to revive ancient architecture and merge it with modernity in a way that is truly harmonious and beautiful.
      The beauty, the power, the grandeur, but also the nature.
      Modern imitations of classical architecture, even when done well, have so little of nature left in them. The nature is extremely tame. Roman/Greek architecture, the nature is still in the stone, I feel.
      With ancient architecture also has to come ancient symbolism, virtue and geometry.
      I feel that with modern technology, we should have built something that far outclasses Rome, but we've not figured out how to operate that way yet.
      Maybe we can start a movement.

    • @shield543
      @shield543 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@hellomate639 Wishing you the best of luck to accomplish your goal, we need more people like you. The world needs to remember what was lost (in terms of beauty), and adapt to what has been gained (in terms of technology)!

    • @hellomate639
      @hellomate639 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@shield543 Thank you for this reply.
      It's like a reminder of what I need to be aiming at.
      I have all sorts of pursuits right now centered around building systems in which people can more fluidly collaborate on building amazing projects.
      Still not sure how to accomplish it.
      But, whenever I mention it, people seem to light up, as if they never considered that it was a possibility...

  • @pux0rb
    @pux0rb หลายเดือนก่อน

    Extremely engaging and interesting, and packed with knowledge. This was a pleasure to watch!

  • @thetroytroycan
    @thetroytroycan 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Amazing Amazing Bravo Encore. I only knew three as a modest novice. Now I'm fluent. Will watch multiple times and now I want to explore the city and take pictures. This guy needs keys to some cities.

  • @Romasyd
    @Romasyd 4 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Thank you very much for this lecture series! I have never seen such an elaborate, yet accessible explanation of the rules of classical architecture. Hugely inspiring, and a great incentive to investigate more deeply the ancient traditions of the classical way of building.

  • @muri_tuvak
    @muri_tuvak 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I learned a lot just by watching this wonderful video! Thanks for releasing such an amazing content online for free.

  • @user-hs1ku7nd2l
    @user-hs1ku7nd2l 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Bravo! Bravissimo Mr. Loth! I was enjoying every minute of your video! The best lecture on architecture I`ve ever heard! Thank you so much!

  • @fareshajjar1208
    @fareshajjar1208 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am blown away. Thank you so much for producing this excellent series!

  • @kalayaskitchen
    @kalayaskitchen 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    As an amateur builder working in the tropics in some difficulty with making myself understood, I've been enriched by this video treatise.....thanks...

  • @OneDruid
    @OneDruid 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I took a history of architecture course once and I loved it. The teacher lady was so engaging explaining the technical aspects in the cultural context and philosophical. My point is, it is very easy to make these kind of lectures extremely dull. It is like the lecture is held by a clerk or an accountant.

  • @bhartley1024
    @bhartley1024 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The etymologies of the architectural terms were super helpful to me. It really helps me remember a word if I can connect it to other words I know.

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for your comment. My source for the etymologies of architectural terms is the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. It's the best I've found.
      Calder Loth

  • @kenkarsonn
    @kenkarsonn 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Not sure if it’s some deep-seated psychological thing or just me getting older, but seemingly out of nowhere I’ve developed a fascination with architecture, particularly of the classicist variety. Thank you for this awesome video.

  • @RikoJAmado
    @RikoJAmado 3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    I just discovered a new interest that I never knew I was interested in before. And as a bonus, may I say that you Sir look and sound exactly as I would imagine a classical architecture professor to be. (PS: I a almost sure those latin and greek terms will all be in the midterm test.)

  • @hannibalbarca6510
    @hannibalbarca6510 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent. So many life-long questions answered in one video.

  • @walterwally983
    @walterwally983 ปีที่แล้ว

    Listened to Dr.Loths lecture on bricks and so glad I heard this one....absolutely amazing! Thank you!

  • @ARKK777
    @ARKK777 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    A treasure of profound educational content to inspire all coming artists. Thank you

  • @FernandoPizzani
    @FernandoPizzani 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Thank you, sir, for a very engaging, inspiring and information-rich presentation.

  • @natl7700
    @natl7700 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    THIS is the informative, intelligent, well-presented video on classical architecture that I have been craving....the hour just flew past...thank you Prof and everyone involved in putting this excellent video together...can't wait to watch the other three parts 😊🙌🏛

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you for your positive comments. I hope you will find the other three parts equally informative.
      Calder Loth

  • @NarcissusDied
    @NarcissusDied 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was so interesting! What a delightful video to stumble on!

  • @itaintrocketscience
    @itaintrocketscience 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    What a beautifully presented video.
    Phenomenal content.
    Thank you very much

  • @amadigidigaula771
    @amadigidigaula771 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Outstanding explanation of the classical orders.

  • @6exG
    @6exG 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Many thanks for giving the insight on the wooden construction

  • @reuelmelville5232
    @reuelmelville5232 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! This is exactly what I have been looking for. Perfect, accessible introductions with all sorts of fascinating "by-the ways" and great humour. My favourite bit of humour was the observation that mummies were wrapped in ribbons and not in tape-worms.

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you for your comment. It's really heartening to learn that the series communicates coherently. A primary aim of the series is to help people appreciate the wonderful classical architecture that we find most everywhere, and learn how to read the details on anything from a front porch to a state capitol.
      Calder

  • @Illawarra13
    @Illawarra13 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What a wonderful video and beautifully told!

  • @renatomp1964
    @renatomp1964 5 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    Excellent! Very instructive.

  • @insurmountablemind2467
    @insurmountablemind2467 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm whole heartedlly thanking you for this video. THANK YOU SO MUCH

  • @jean-pierrewalker5517
    @jean-pierrewalker5517 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    WOW! that was informative. excellent video! good pacing, well constructed, organized, and very interesting

  • @TheHolyMongolEmpire
    @TheHolyMongolEmpire 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love this video, what’s super cool is that most of his American examples I’ve driven to and photographed. I love classical architecture.

  • @07Lucena
    @07Lucena 4 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    I can not thank you enough for posting this video

  • @sheenalee7602
    @sheenalee7602 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I learned so much from this video!

  • @tinychud6327
    @tinychud6327 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    calder loth is THE MAN

  • @TaeKinzel
    @TaeKinzel ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely breathtaking!

  • @JTD95
    @JTD95 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much for this video!

  • @vladimirkraynyk
    @vladimirkraynyk 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you so much for this.

  • @GuyFrogs
    @GuyFrogs 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I am too ADHD. I keep coming back here every time I need to do laundry and blast it like I'm at a rave. (I listen to all four parts)

  • @abubakarrdeentarawally1317
    @abubakarrdeentarawally1317 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you very much sir for this wonderful lecture

  • @gotujzdrowo7089
    @gotujzdrowo7089 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video, thank you.

  • @ImpeRiaLismus
    @ImpeRiaLismus 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for this great video!

  • @bcccl569
    @bcccl569 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    thank you for this masterful series. today more than ever it is important to understand our past which we are losing to ignorance.

  • @coolclouds7055
    @coolclouds7055 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is high quality presentation 👍💯

  • @synon9m
    @synon9m ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank you Mr. Loth

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 ปีที่แล้ว

      And thank you for letting me know you appreciated this video lecture. It's always encouraging to learn when people find classical architecture of interest. I hope you can now see building with a more informed eye. They have much to tell.
      Calder Loth

  • @vitalyborisenko659
    @vitalyborisenko659 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you very much for this video!

  • @mrmosquito9683
    @mrmosquito9683 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Can someone tell me what college the library at 15:53 belongs to?

  • @AjaySingh-cr4wc
    @AjaySingh-cr4wc 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Superb Explanation.

  • @arlenehutchinson9259
    @arlenehutchinson9259 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank-you very much.

  • @leslieseale9761
    @leslieseale9761 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wonderful! Beauty derives from balanced proportion. You just know when it doesn’t look right yes! Calming like music, + the music needs a place to rest.

  • @kayharker712
    @kayharker712 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    - All roads lead to Rome, or so they say. Not the A57. I drove along it the other day and ended up in Worksop.

  • @behoovingmoving
    @behoovingmoving 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I taught the subject for years, even led study tours through Italy, but I didn't know the subject in such detail. Still, it's a little like knowing how to properly tie your toga or cure common ailments by letting out blood.

  • @JeanieCP
    @JeanieCP 5 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Love this video, when will the next parts be uploaded?!

    • @svedishfisk
      @svedishfisk 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      www.classicist.org/education/#video
      They have part 2, they just haven't uploaded it to TH-cam.

  • @mariacrivell79
    @mariacrivell79 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you!!

  • @loony5174
    @loony5174 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What made this more superb was this felt like Albus Dumbledore is giving me lessons on History

  • @banditcats6630
    @banditcats6630 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks!! Good job!!

  • @pierren___
    @pierren___ 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I hope theyll do one about germanic architecture antique medieval

  • @matejsvoboda9438
    @matejsvoboda9438 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    What about polychromy in classical architecture ? A BIG point that wasnt mentioned and maybe changes a lot of the explanations. For example the, "showing" of structural firmness could be turned around. Most of these classical buildings were, as the greek ones, painted and veiled in cloth. That could be the act of "covering" the structural/construction elements.

  • @WilliamCooper2005
    @WilliamCooper2005 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This is wonderful

  • @karmathegiant
    @karmathegiant 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is so interesting! I’m subscribed!

  • @AntPDC
    @AntPDC 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    27:37 But the crown moulding IS carried across the base of the pediment of that Charleston church. A mistake, surely.

  • @ashuri8184
    @ashuri8184 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    0:52 Learning Objectives
    1:10 Classicism (Roman Classicism)

  • @Celtopia
    @Celtopia ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so very much .

  • @huahindan
    @huahindan 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Many thanks!

  • @yeyintthura8792
    @yeyintthura8792 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What books should I use top study with these videos?

  • @JeremyThomas_Environmentarian
    @JeremyThomas_Environmentarian 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Amazing information and even a few jokes if you pay attention (I spotted some around the 24 minute mark)... enjoy :)

  • @hdn4nd
    @hdn4nd 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I watch the whole thing wanting to hear this guy say “cool-whip.”

  • @Vukuzenzele
    @Vukuzenzele 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What materials are the mass-produced capitals and columns typically made of?

  • @sandeepattawar5046
    @sandeepattawar5046 ปีที่แล้ว

    Exceptional teacher

  • @gutowantan
    @gutowantan 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow this is amazing thankss!!

  • @bertharius9518
    @bertharius9518 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good video, shame about the poor sound quality though.

  • @dentza1642
    @dentza1642 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you very much

  • @jstantongood5474
    @jstantongood5474 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    At 15:55 is this st. Mary's college of Maryland ??? In st Mary's city?

  • @sandeepatwalspeaks
    @sandeepatwalspeaks 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can a non-US citizen can participate in the quiz and get credit and certification?

  • @sarahellaithy7100
    @sarahellaithy7100 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you

  • @kaloarepo288
    @kaloarepo288 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I like the idea that the Romans added non functional details to their buildings just to give them more character and interest -something that goes completely against the bland functional architecture that probably started with the Bauhaus in the early Twentieth Century.

  • @dragonmartijn
    @dragonmartijn 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    31:43: the "wooden original"

  • @LiwaySaGu
    @LiwaySaGu 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    can anybody explain 27:40 not quite sure as ge didn't explain gable, pediment etc

  • @seanmcguire7974
    @seanmcguire7974 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Did they use wood timbers for ceiling rafters?

  • @haroldmclean3755
    @haroldmclean3755 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interesting 👍

  • @leonardodavid2842
    @leonardodavid2842 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    It should be noted, when Vetruvius listed the Doric, he listed the Roman Doric.
    A style which is more similar to Tuscan, practically indistinguishable, than to the Greek Doric.

  • @urixcorp4919
    @urixcorp4919 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Where can we find the images used in this video?
    Please help me.

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Many of the photographs of buildings and details are my own. Some I found on the net. The images of engravings of architectural forms and details were scanned from pattern books, most of which are available in inexpensive reprints. Since the illustrations are used in the ICAA video lecture, I assume the ICAA would have to approve the use of the illustrations for publication or other such communication. I recommend you contact the ICAA about downloading and reusing any of the images.

  • @vaughangarrick
    @vaughangarrick 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Brilliant. Second time I'm watching

  • @architectkashif6400
    @architectkashif6400 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Superb..

  • @illuminatedsinger
    @illuminatedsinger 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Insanely entertaining

  • @muskduh
    @muskduh 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks

  • @radomirkobryn-coletti1145
    @radomirkobryn-coletti1145 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    amazing

  • @Cacacos
    @Cacacos 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    wonderful

  • @user-ic7ik4ee9w
    @user-ic7ik4ee9w 4 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Classical architecture is sublime. Why don’t they do it like this anymore?

    • @AntPDC
      @AntPDC 3 ปีที่แล้ว +14

      Many modern architects hate beauty - they think it's wicked. Also, they arrogantly desire to impose their own stamp, regardless of any sense of classical beauty.

    • @danesovic7585
      @danesovic7585 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      It's considered fascist nowadays. No joke.

    • @quetzalcoatl3242
      @quetzalcoatl3242 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Because it´s impractical and outdated.

    • @pierren___
      @pierren___ 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@quetzalcoatl3242 not really. Of course de have to readapt them. I think a "old outiside- new inside" style would bd perfect

    • @javierpacheco8234
      @javierpacheco8234 ปีที่แล้ว

      The modernists of today are haters and socialist heavy that is why.

  • @jeff__w
    @jeff__w 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    27:37 “Notice in the pediment, the front gable, that the crown molding is not carried across the base of the pediment.”
    Wait, I’m not getting that. Is that a reference to the crown molding appearing to jut out slightly from where the pediment is (at least the way I see it)? It looks like in the “illiterate building” the crown molding is exactly aligned with the pediment, as shown by the charcoal triangle “outline.” Am I understanding the point correctly?

    • @calderloth6058
      @calderloth6058 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Jeff, The crown molding is employed here only on the raking (A-frame) angles of the pediment. The crown molding is not seen on top of the fascia, the plain molding at the bottom of the pediment. Look at the portico of the Pantheon or the Supreme Court Building. Perhaps the angle of the photograph exaggerates the effect. Thank you for your comment. Calder Loth

    • @jeff__w
      @jeff__w 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@calderloth6058 Wow, thank you for your response! Looking at the video again _and_ the pediment of the Pantheon _and_ your detailed ICAA page on “Architectural Etymology,” well, lots of times, with reference to your explanation, I think I finally got it. I’m just a regular person, not anyone with any sort of expertise in architecture, and, before watching your superb series, would not have known, say, my _fascia_ from my _taenia_ 😳- it’s been quite a journey but a delightful one - so I appreciate your careful and kind reply.

  • @r.t.dominguez1717
    @r.t.dominguez1717 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dear Professor Loth, ICAA: My name is Romeo Ty. Member of AIA and C1PRC but living in the Philippines. I'm also a classical Lecturer. I would like to be a member of ICAA. How can I become a member? Thank you!

    • @ClassicistORG
      @ClassicistORG  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you for your interest in our programs! Please visit our website for more information: www.classicist.org/

  • @amendingamerica
    @amendingamerica 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Is there a good app where people can design classical buildings with?

  • @insurmountablemind2467
    @insurmountablemind2467 ปีที่แล้ว

    SUBSCRIBED!