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Back in the '70s, I would go out to look at the stars and wonder what was going on around those points of light. I'm glad to have lived long enough to start getting the answers.
I love the "Urgent Warning" headline in the ground news list about how Andromeda is heading straight for the Milky Way. Because 4.5 billion years is such an immediate threat. :)
Anton Petrov also covered it and in more recent measurements they got it wrong because motion of galaxies is hard to measure and in fact collision doesn't seem to be likely
@@conorbeech5914ah yes, Anton. Is he still failing to actually cite the scientists in his videos and literally just saying "the scientists" over and over again?
Trump is mostly likely to keep founding for Space exploration. More likely then blue 🔵💙 . . And personhood only forbids deliberate ☠️ of Zygote and Embryos and they can be kept alive in a petri dish
The audio and video has *finally* settled down in new adobe, making it a great watch. So celebrate that please have a pizza on me and keep up the good work 👍
4:50 This raises a huge question. Why is this planet wildly different from the expectations both in size and location and what does this mean for all the other planets we think we have detected? Would love to see a video about that. With respect to the size, I can see that the same wobble can be explained with different mass at different distances, though not sure how easy this would be as distance impacts orbital speed and consequently the wobble frequency. But I'm really flabbergasted by it being at the other side of the star then expected. Is their an explanation for this discrepancy between expectation and observation? And if we are so wrong with this one, how can we have confidence that all the other planets that we detected in a similar way are correct? Maybe it is too technical for this channel, but I would love to see a video explaining this.
@@MCsCreations I don't believe so. Each planet creates its own wobble in the star, those wobbles interfere and I guess in theory that could lead to wildly different properties than projected. Based on what I know about it the chance of that happening would be astronomically small.
@@larryloaf4938 This is based on what? Without a clarification of why prediction and observation divert so much impossible to say. There may have been some calculation error which wouldn't impact the others in the catalogue, but it may also be some model error that impacts all. The way I see it the wobbles are caused by something, so I guess something has to be there, but if the problem is located in the model, the predictions of what is there may be way off.
@@silentwilly2983 It's likely there are other planets, just not Jupiter-sized. Although this one seems to have a pretty eccentric orbit, which may hurt the chances.
They say it’s already started because they found we and andromeda are actually bigger than they thought. However, the really cool stuff won’t happen for a while. I’ll be 3,000,000,050 when it does. Looks like I should get a hobby until then.
@@Itsthatoneguy371I think you might be thinking of someone else. Andromeda is still 2.5 million lyrs away but there's a little thing tackling one of our outer arms right now. Forget the name. See if google assistant knows.
Dr. Becky - I love your work! Thank you so much for the insights you bring over to us on TH-cam and communicate them so wonderfully and with such a contagious excitement! :)
Thank you, Dr. Becky! You are transporting in every video and your book the enthusiasm with your topic like I had with computers in the early 80ies. Thank you very much! Love it all!
What's pitiful is that while watching this video, all I think about are the flat earthers saying "Nope, CGI, don't believe it" and missing out on all this cool stuff.
What I see is a flat earther trying to make sense of the universe using stationary frame physics. Gravity is not pulling force. Newton's 3rd law of motion. Action and Reaction. The force you feel is a Reactionary force. The resistance of the mass to being accelerated by an outside force. Galileo's ball drop experiments? Nasa's hammer&feather drop test on the moon? All the drop tests done in a vacuum? Why do you keep denying the science? There is no gravitational attraction. Flat earthers like Becky doesn't understand orbital mechanics. The planets get their motion from the primordial cloud. Not the mass at the center of the system. Do hurricanes have mass at their centers. What makes them rotate? You can see that the stars wobble doesn't come from the planets orbiting it. The Sun is the major and largest component of our solar system. It makes up for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the solar system. There is no way a Jupiter size object is pulling on the star.
@@Dewey_Cheatum_and_Howe ya the “Quality” of the claims is getting worse and the flerf 101 baby flerfs are so weak and repetitive we’ve heard it all before
Loved the video/the news: congratulations to Matthews & collabs for their work and discoveries. I was a little distracted by the bloopers this time around - actually, most times but for different reasons! I heard the motorbike AND the icecream man! Petty of me, but I was really quite pleased with myself. I watch & listen on both a v good quality TV and a reasonable laptop ... I very much doubt that I would notice either in the normal run of things if they ended up in the final cut. Have you had comments in the past, like "I heard a jet fly over, in the background!"? I shall return to my usual state at just being very amused by your frustration and face pulling gymnastics
Super interesting find, and yeah I definitely didn't hear about it, and I watch a lot of science youtubers. Always cool to hear about objects so close to us, places humanity almost certainly might see in person some day.
Dr. Becky is a wealth of knowledge. I enjoy the energy you bring to science. She always seems to explain things so us common folk can understand without feeling left out.
My consideration about galaxy collision is that it takes a very long time to happen and the edges of the galaxies aren't distinct. We don't live long enough to really be able to perceive the full extent of a galaxy merge.
Because of the large distances between stars it's not so much of a crash bang as a whoosh by star dance. Lot's of gravity interactions. Probably a lot of doubles and triples come out of it. Maybe a few more black holes and SNs.
3:50 Intresting: Jupiter is just 0.1% of the mass of the Sun, very far away and still able to have such a pull on the Sun that their baryonic center is outside the Sun. Impressive!
That's just how the math happens to work out. Jupiter is 0.1% (1/1000th) of the mass, so the center of mass is shifted by (approx. - see caveats below) 1/1000th of the distance between them. The distance between them is 780 million km, which makes the shift 780,000 km. The radius of the sun just happens to be about 700,000 km - so the point they both orbit is about 80,000km above the Sun's surface. (Caveats: > Calculating the shift of the center of mass isn't quite as simple as taking the mass ratio, but it should be close enough for back of the napkin calculations like this one. > Jupiter's orbit isn't a perfect circle, so the distance to the sun varies over the Jovian year - from a minimum of 740 up to a bit under 820 million km. > The numbers used in my calculations are not very precise. I got them by searching the web, and then rounding to 2 significant digits. For example, most sources said the average orbital distance is 777 million km, so I used 780 million).
@@RottnRobbie Yup! The barycenter lies about 1.07 solar radii from the center of the Sun. Since the radius of the Sun is approximately 696,340 km, this places the barycenter roughly 74,500 km above the Sun's surface. d = (r * Mj) / (Ms * Mj) = 7.42 * 10^5 km
Maybe a dumb question/I'm not understanding something: You said @3:11 that the star 'wobbled around on the sky', which is what led to the theory that a planet was there, with the best-fit model indicating the size and location. However, since the planet that was imaged isn't in that location/there can't be another large Jupiter-like planet in the system to cause the wobbles initially observed, is there an explanation/theory for why the best-fit prediction was so 'off', since the only planet located was located 'on the opposite side of the star to what was expected'?
conservation of angular momentum. Changes in the distribution of the mass introduces a wobble in the rotation of the mass. Nasa's GRACE project shows how when the equatorial desert region goes from dry to wet, the Earth's wobble changes.
I knew astronomers can block the Sun to see the stars behind it. It's astounding how they can see planets orbiting distant stars! Can they do that to all (well, maybe not all) the stars in the known universe? By the way, a blooper leaked in 8:07. ;) I'm so glad I found your channel. I have never missed a video since then!
"Can they do that to all (well, maybe not all) the stars in the known universe?" no, probably not to all stars within the thickness (not diameter) of the Milky Way's disc - which is around 300 parsecs. That's still hundreds of thousands of stars though ; maybe approaching a million.
I was thinking myself that it could say interesting things about the temperatures of any rocky moons it has. My gut feeling is that they'd probably be unlikely to hold an atmosphere suitable for liquid water on the surface, but maaaaybe...
In 1966 our Schoolmaster Mr. Michael Gearty, aka "Sir" asked a random question in class: Is there any life out there? No one reacted except for me. I raised my hand and when Sir acknowledged that situation I blurted out: Please Sir, there HAS to be. Sir pondered this statement for a moment and replied: Maybe you are right. It's big enough anyway. I was 10 years old then and now we are getting close to finding the Answer.
I wonder if they commented on why the indirect detection was so much off, not only in the mass but also in the orbit and how this reflects on other planets discovered by this method.
Another really interesting video! Which, prompts a couple of questions: given the planet was found in an unexpected location relative to its star and that no other large planets were in the image, what are the chances that other planets were behind the star from our point of view or are in front of the star and therefore hidden by the coronagraph? How do astronomers compensate for such possibilities?
I'd have to check my SF lists, but Epsilon Indi was used as the home planet for Str Trek's Vulcans, or Known Space's Kzinti, or some such moderately alien creatures. I'm about to go off and update my "Interesting Stars" datasheet with Epsilon Indi's properties - and in particular the separation of Epsilon Indi A and the (implied) Epsilon Indi B (star, not this planet under discussion).
@@a.karley4672 - Vulcan was in orbit around 40 Eridani (I knew _that_ as a kid!). I just read an article that says a *actual* planet has been found in orbit around it, a "superEarth".
@@MossyMozart Not a Trekkie. But since the science is close to "the number of planets and stars in the Milky Way are similar", any random star a SF author picks to host $ALIEN$ is likely to have a planet around it.
Trump is more likely to keep funding for space exploration . Then 💙🔵 and personhood laws only forbids deliberate ☠️ of Zygote and Embryos. And they can be kept alive in a petri dish
In other words, radial velocity detection of exoplanets is utterly unreliable. That's a really important finding. But we should be taking all RV detections as 'very very tentative' or 'dubious'.
We found over 100 exoplanets - the first ones ever discovered - using only radial velocity measurements. A secure detection requires a full orbit to transpire.
No, not "utterly unreliable". The data you get from RV alone, particularly when you only have a fraction of an orbit, can be fitted by multiple combinations of orbit shape and phase. The more data you get, the fewer the number of orbit shape and phase combinations that reasonably fit the data. I note that the lead author of the "old" orbital solution was one of the junior authors of the current paper.
@@a.karley4672 Let's be clear. The new paper states the semimajor axis of the planet is 28 +10 -7 AU. The Feng et al. (2019) paper states the semimajor axis is 11.55 +- 1 AU. Thus the new paper gives an orbit that is inconsistent with the Feng et al., including the errors. One of them is wrong, and misrepresented errors. (Or, there are two planets.)
The solar system's barycenter moves relative to the Sun as the planets change their positions in their orbits. At times, this barycenter can lie outside the Sun's surface because Jupiter's gravitational influence is strong enough to pull the center of mass to a point beyond the Sun itself. The Sun therefore orbits this barycenter in a small loop, rather than remaining stationary or simply orbiting around the galactic center. The location of the solar system's barycenter varies based on the positions of the planets, particularly Jupiter and Saturn, whose alignments can have a noticeable effect. Generally, it can be found from the center of the Sun to up to roughly 2.2 solar radii away from it. Cool stuff.
08:05 I've got a question about TH-camr/video editor creative process: would be helpful if viewers pointed out editing mistakes, such as this restarted sentence, which should have probably been cut?
If Dr Becky were a full-time presenter, maybe. But she's a working astrophysicist, with this as a "side-hustle". It gets so-many hours per week, and that's it. Back to the day job.
😆 No. The Kelvin scale has the same intervals as the Celsius scale, and 0 K is -273.15 °C. There are no negative Kelvin values. The temperature was 275 K. Maybe you mistook the ~ with a -. Which means, the temperature is approximately 275 K.
It's so funny, I never hear the outside noises she's talking about. But I DID hear the tummy rumble ^^ But exciting stuff!! Also, wait, Andromeda's collision with the Milky Way is NOT necessarily inevitable?? I was always led to believe it was. Can we get some explanation as to why it might not ever happen? I am very intrigued!!!
How do I start the campaign to name the Habitable Worlds Observatory after Giordano Bruno? 'The Giordano Bruno Observatory.' People could call it 'Bruno' for short. It's just too poetic to have any other name.
I remember back before they confirmed exoplanets and we weren't sure if our solar system was a rare exception for even having planets. It's so cool to know and see all these exoplanets. But at the same time, it's sad that we'll never get to explore them in our lifetime, even with probes. It feels like living on the seashore, seeing many cool looking islands on the horizon but knowing the technology for boats in unattainable in your lifetime.
I had a little astronomy book written by Isaac Asimov when I was in HS back in the 1970's and it mentioned stars near earth that could have earthlike planets.This was back in the 1970's and Epsilon Indi was one of them. Always been a fan of that star every since. We see a lot of jovian /super jovian type planets all over the place and that has to figure into the Fermi Paradox because we aren't finding earthlike planets very often and if we do they are too close to their star or their star is a volatile red dwarf or so it seems.
At JWST wavelengths, you are not seeing reflected light from Eps Ind Ab. It is thermal emission. Completely different emission mechanism. You almost had it correct, but please get this right.
@@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 It seemed counter-intuitive to me a few years back, when Brown & Batygin were publishing their estimated properties for their "Planet 9". But they worked through the sums, and convinced me (and more importantly, the directors of various "light bucket" telescopes they applied for time on, to survey for their proposed P9) that such a planet would still be radiating mostly it's "primordial" heat, generated by it's assembly. Which would be pretty independent of it's composition, and mostly a function of it's mass. FYI, Earth (the most massive "terrestrial planet") is radiating about half-and-half primordial and radiogenic heat. Mars, OTOH, about 1/10th Earth-mass, has lost almost all it's primordial heat, and is cold and dead because it is relying on radiogenic heat. "Planet 9 (Brown & Batygin), at around 10 Earth masses would still be radiating primarily primordial heat, so it's temperature is predictable *regardless* of it's composition, and variable primarily on the basis of it's atmosphere. Which leaves a range of temperatures and surface areas which put it's *intrinsic* IR luminosity in the range of *current* instruments on *existing* telescopes. Which is why Brown got telescope time for his survey. It was a very instructive argument to watch played out in papers on the Arχiv. Very educational. At some thousands of Earth masses, and an Earth-like age (you get this from astroseismology) this Epsilon Indi Ab planet too, would be radiating it's primordial heat. Which estimate can be calibrated against the two brown dwarves in the system (E.I.Ba and E.I.Bb), which are still glowing in the red-visible with their primordial heat.
I honestly enjoy your videos. I love seeing the latest updates about what’s being seen out there. There is only one thing I would ask you to consider. Like we refer to other space telescopes by their name, most famously, the Hubble, you refer to the Webb in a 4 letter blur. There’s nothing wrong with referring to it as the Webb or the Webb telescope. I’m not trying to be a dick here. It just doesn’t sound right to refer to such a great telescope the way you currently do. I apologize if you’re offended.
??? You are critiquing for saying Webb to refer to the telescope when that's its name? You want her to say James Webb space telescope every time referring to it or something? I don't get it
@@Jesse-cw5pv No. You have it exactly backwards. Nobody refers to the other space telescopes by their initials. They are referred to by a shortened version of their names, Hubble and Chandra and Spitzer so let’s refer to this one as the Webb or the James Webb. Just the four initials blurred together into one sound doesn’t feel right. That’s all.
Possible subject for future video. What is the likelihood for Earth to become like Venus if the current climate progression goes unchecked?? Maybe you have covered this already
Very interesting Dr Becky, however another first observation occurred during this video, I have never observed a speaker pull and twist their hair during a presentation!!😉☺🤔🤔
To quote a song of the 1960s, "All the highest notes / Neither Sharp Nor FLat / The ear can't hear as high as that / Still I ought to please any passing bat / With my High Fi-Del-I-Ty!" You can't win with the audiophile fraternity. It is pointless even trying. There will always be someone complaining about the sound quality.
In the "Bobiverse" series of books by Dennis E Taylor, one of the eponymous "Bobs" visits Epsilong Indi, and discovers a big old Jovian there with a somewhat habitable moon that has an orbit and rotational period at 90 degrees to the planet. The Jovian is nicknamed "Big Top" and the moon "Klown Kar Planet" or KKP for short.
if its further out than they expected, does that mean there are maybe other planets also wobbling that sun? what would it take for us to deduce something (like size, or location) about any other possible planets?
I didn't catch how they reconciled finding the planet not where it was expected. If you observe the star wobbling, doesn't that tell you where the planet should be? Maybe the mass is much more than expected and that makes the calculations come out right?
" If you observe the star wobbling, doesn't that tell you where the planet should be?" Clearly, no. What they got, by the radial velocity method, was a series of speeds the star had at different times, towards or away ("radial") from us. With the * assumption* that this body is in *approximately* (there is about 10 degrees variation in the Solar system) the same plane on the sky ("inclination") as the already-known pair of brown dwarf stars, you can predict the "phase" of the body. But you'd often get two possible solutions one with the inclination at, say, 40 degrees to the line of sight, and one with the inclination at 130 degrees to the line of sight. Correspondingly, the bodies would be in different positions on the sky too. The "best fit solution" does not mean the "only" solution - but adding more data will eventually resolve the uncertainty. If they'd observed a transit (as the Kepler satellite did, repeatedly) then they'd have had the extra information to resolve these two similar models . But with about 40 degrees inclination to the line of sight, that's not going to happen. "Maybe the mass is much more than expected and that makes the calculations come out right?" Nope. As Galileo and his (proverbial) cannonball and feather, or Harrison Schmidt (?) with his literal rock hammer and feather, or the myriad of satellites of different masses in geostationary orbit not colliding with each other amply demonstrate, the motion of a (small) body under gravity does not depend on it's mass , but on the mass of the "primary" (largest) body in the system. Even at 10s of Jupiter masses, this planet would still be less than 2% of the mass of the system. It's the tail, *not* wagging the dog.
Can you do one on hawking radiation? I feel like I'm missing a crucial piece of how it causes the black hole to evaporate. If particles form on the horizon and one falls in and one escapes, that would increase the mass inside the black hole, wouldn't it? Plus, the particle that escapes would be trapped in orbit without infinite energy, doomed to redshift into oblivion?
Stephen Hawking observed that black holes must have temperature, and as such, must radiate energy, and thereby lose mass. Which seems to contradict the principle that nothing can escape from inside the event horizon, because nothing can go faster than light speed. However: The temperature of a black hole depends on its size: The bigger, the cooler. And astronomically black holes (which are the only ones we know about) are so cool, they actually _gain_ mass from the cosmic background radiation. (Not much, but still.) That still leaves the question unanswered how Hawking radiation works. A small black hole would still explode, and as the universe expands, eventually all black holes would evaporate. How? Leonard Susskind found a solution: Virtual particles. According to Heisenberg and Feynman, infinitely many virtual particles form all the time. The more energy one has, the shorter it is in both extent and duration. Inversely, they can be arbitrarily big if they have next to no energy. Now imagine a virtual particle twice as large as the event horizon of a black hole, forming around a black hole. Half of it would be inside the black hole, and not be able to leave, while the other half would be outside. But that outer half, being smaller than the original particle, also has twice the energy. Where did it come from? It came from the hole. Thus, the hole loses energy, and thusly the equivalent in mass, which then manifests in thermal radiation, the virtual particle becoming an actual photon. This aligns perfectly with the thermodynamic behaviour that Hawking predicted. Although, like anything in quantum physics, it is not at all intuitive. And despite CERN's best efforts, we have not been able to observe a black hole evaporating yet, so we don't even know that any of this is fact. Pretty convincing though, consistent with everything we can observe. Although it has some even more unintuitive implications (which are, however, consistent with theoretical computer science, so there). It also gets more complicated again when you consider the Kerr metric and quantum superposition. But that's neither here nor there.
A couple of thoughts: You can't be a Trekkie, since you didn't mention that Epsilon Iradini II is also known as Planet Vulcan. Also: You would REALLY fit in on the Big Bang Theory! Keep it alive!
"You can't be a Trekkie," You say that as if you didn't think it was a good thing. "since you didn't mention that Epsilon Iradini II is also known as Planet Vulcan" I was only 80% sure of that, but not being a Trekkie either, I wasn't bothered to look it up. I think it's also the Kzinti homeworld, which is much harder SF then "Wagon Train Meets Hornblower In Space" ever aspired to be.
Wow That Is Huge! I Think. Just Goes To Show You That We Have A Lot Of Things That Are Sure A Thing But Have Changed With More Data (This To Me Is Like Watching A Tennis Match Then Celestial Science).
I hope i am right but we find xoplanets because as they pass in front of a star the light from the star is reduced? and you said most of planets found are about size of Jupiter. The nearest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri suppose we were on an earth like planet orbiting with our current techology would we pick up planet earth as it passes across the face of the sun ?
Something that just occurred to me, the Rare Earth answer to the Fermi Paradox sometimes says that Jupiter is needed for life to exist on earth. Well, Jupiter-sized planets seem to common.
It is entirely possible that P9 (as per Brown&Batygin 2016, amended) does not exist, and their "weird alignment of distant Sednoids" is due to either pure chance, or the effects if a stellar close encounter in the last few million years. We _do_ get stars flying through the Oort Cloud most million-years.
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Dr. Becky, I'd love to take you to dinner.
Rather take Sabine to dinner😊😊😊😊😊
Back in the '70s, I would go out to look at the stars and wonder what was going on around those points of light. I'm glad to have lived long enough to start getting the answers.
This comment makes me happy.
Look up HD 80606b. The planet's a damn bomb!😂
@@jamesgreen3154 Me too 😊
Perhaps you were just drunk 🥴
@kenbattor same is true for me, and I still do👍
I love the "Urgent Warning" headline in the ground news list about how Andromeda is heading straight for the Milky Way. Because 4.5 billion years is such an immediate threat. :)
Anton Petrov also covered it and in more recent measurements they got it wrong because motion of galaxies is hard to measure and in fact collision doesn't seem to be likely
@@conorbeech5914ah yes, Anton. Is he still failing to actually cite the scientists in his videos and literally just saying "the scientists" over and over again?
Right wing fear factory clickbait title
2 billion years, how terrifying.😱🤦♂️
The sun will probably have swelled into a supergiant like Aldebaran or Arcturus by then.
Never get tired of your updates on the latest discoveries! I believe this was the first star to have its parallax accurately measured.
Trump is mostly likely to keep founding for Space exploration. More likely then blue 🔵💙 .
.
And personhood only forbids deliberate ☠️ of Zygote and Embryos and they can be kept alive in a petri dish
your stomach calling and the ice cream truck answering was outstanding
The audio and video has *finally* settled down in new adobe, making it a great watch. So celebrate that please have a pizza on me and keep up the good work 👍
David Kipping will no doubt be examining this planet for exomoons.
4:50 This raises a huge question. Why is this planet wildly different from the expectations both in size and location and what does this mean for all the other planets we think we have detected? Would love to see a video about that. With respect to the size, I can see that the same wobble can be explained with different mass at different distances, though not sure how easy this would be as distance impacts orbital speed and consequently the wobble frequency. But I'm really flabbergasted by it being at the other side of the star then expected. Is their an explanation for this discrepancy between expectation and observation? And if we are so wrong with this one, how can we have confidence that all the other planets that we detected in a similar way are correct? Maybe it is too technical for this channel, but I would love to see a video explaining this.
Perhaps there could be more planets there, "balancing" things?
Totally different from expectations but still believe the current claims are facts and not estimates
@@MCsCreations I don't believe so. Each planet creates its own wobble in the star, those wobbles interfere and I guess in theory that could lead to wildly different properties than projected. Based on what I know about it the chance of that happening would be astronomically small.
@@larryloaf4938 This is based on what? Without a clarification of why prediction and observation divert so much impossible to say. There may have been some calculation error which wouldn't impact the others in the catalogue, but it may also be some model error that impacts all. The way I see it the wobbles are caused by something, so I guess something has to be there, but if the problem is located in the model, the predictions of what is there may be way off.
@@silentwilly2983 It's likely there are other planets, just not Jupiter-sized. Although this one seems to have a pretty eccentric orbit, which may hurt the chances.
£2 for the ice cream van lol, love your content Becky really great work, I get absolutely mesmerised i really wish I had a job like yours.
I am just learning that you're from Chorley, as am I. You're an incredible communicator. THE best thing to come out of our town! Keep doing us proud.
Milky Way-Andromeda collision. Oh boy! I can't wait to see that.
I wouldn't hold my breath.
They say it’s already started because they found we and andromeda are actually bigger than they thought. However, the really cool stuff won’t happen for a while. I’ll be 3,000,000,050 when it does. Looks like I should get a hobby until then.
@Itsthatoneguy371 Try rc stuff, if possible with FPV. Or woodworking... It's pretty cool as well.
4th of July on steroids. Major spectacle, yeah... Redraw the constellation maps afterwards probably.
@@Itsthatoneguy371I think you might be thinking of someone else. Andromeda is still 2.5 million lyrs away but there's a little thing tackling one of our outer arms right now. Forget the name. See if google assistant knows.
Dr. Becky - I love your work! Thank you so much for the insights you bring over to us on TH-cam and communicate them so wonderfully and with such a contagious excitement! :)
Calling the possible collision with Andromeda "urgent" in any sense of the word is just hilarious. :-D
But, yeah! You might want to plan your 4B year wedding anniversary to hang out in the LMC for a couple million.
Thank You DR. Becky, for the fabulous report. The Universe is truly amazing.
Thank you, Dr. Becky! You are transporting in every video and your book the enthusiasm with your topic like I had with computers in the early 80ies. Thank you very much! Love it all!
love the enthusiasm!
What's pitiful is that while watching this video, all I think about are the flat earthers saying "Nope, CGI, don't believe it" and missing out on all this cool stuff.
Ya it’s sad and kinda hilarious. I think you’re a fellow MC toon fan?
@@altrucker18 Big time and FTFE but I'm getting bored of the same old "Nuh Uh"
What I see is a flat earther trying to make sense of the universe using stationary frame physics.
Gravity is not pulling force.
Newton's 3rd law of motion.
Action and Reaction.
The force you feel is a Reactionary force. The resistance of the mass to being accelerated by an outside force.
Galileo's ball drop experiments?
Nasa's hammer&feather drop test on the moon?
All the drop tests done in a vacuum?
Why do you keep denying the science?
There is no gravitational attraction.
Flat earthers like Becky doesn't understand orbital mechanics. The planets get their motion from the primordial cloud. Not the mass at the center of the system.
Do hurricanes have mass at their centers. What makes them rotate?
You can see that the stars wobble doesn't come from the planets orbiting it.
The Sun is the major and largest component of our solar system. It makes up for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the solar system.
There is no way a Jupiter size object is pulling on the star.
@@Dewey_Cheatum_and_Howe ya the “Quality” of the claims is getting worse and the flerf 101 baby flerfs are so weak and repetitive we’ve heard it all before
You should probably stop thinking about flat Earthers.
Thanks for the news site recommendation.
Thanks for REAL CHECKABLE information. Much appreciated.
Loved the video/the news: congratulations to Matthews & collabs for their work and discoveries.
I was a little distracted by the bloopers this time around - actually, most times but for different reasons! I heard the motorbike AND the icecream man! Petty of me, but I was really quite pleased with myself. I watch & listen on both a v good quality TV and a reasonable laptop ... I very much doubt that I would notice either in the normal run of things if they ended up in the final cut.
Have you had comments in the past, like "I heard a jet fly over, in the background!"?
I shall return to my usual state at just being very amused by your frustration and face pulling gymnastics
Cheers from the Pacific West Coast of Canada.
Fantástico vídeo, excelentemente documentado, como siempre.
Saludos!
~12 light years away? We should be able to image Vulcan fairly soon then... (40 Eridiani A, ~16 light years away...) 🖖
Super interesting find, and yeah I definitely didn't hear about it, and I watch a lot of science youtubers. Always cool to hear about objects so close to us, places humanity almost certainly might see in person some day.
Thanks Dr. Becky... From 🇳🇵 🇳🇵 🇳🇵 🇳🇵
Dr. Becky is a wealth of knowledge. I enjoy the energy you bring to science. She always seems to explain things so us common folk can understand without feeling left out.
Just a thank you to Dr. Becky for being such an astronomical super star of the astrophysical show.
My consideration about galaxy collision is that it takes a very long time to happen and the edges of the galaxies aren't distinct.
We don't live long enough to really be able to perceive the full extent of a galaxy merge.
Either way, it's so far into the future that it isn't really worth fretting over. Humanity will have either left earth or gone extinct by that time.
Because of the large distances between stars it's not so much of a crash bang as a whoosh by star dance. Lot's of gravity interactions. Probably a lot of doubles and triples come out of it. Maybe a few more black holes and SNs.
@@briebel2684Leaving Earth isn't really going to get us out of the line of fire.
Galaxies do not collide, they merge.
Loved the video. I sent it to my grandsons to watch. They love your videos.
3:50 Intresting: Jupiter is just 0.1% of the mass of the Sun, very far away and still able to have such a pull on the Sun that their baryonic center is outside the Sun. Impressive!
That's just how the math happens to work out. Jupiter is 0.1% (1/1000th) of the mass, so the center of mass is shifted by (approx. - see caveats below) 1/1000th of the distance between them.
The distance between them is 780 million km, which makes the shift 780,000 km. The radius of the sun just happens to be about 700,000 km - so the point they both orbit is about 80,000km above the Sun's surface.
(Caveats:
> Calculating the shift of the center of mass isn't quite as simple as taking the mass ratio, but it should be close enough for back of the napkin calculations like this one.
> Jupiter's orbit isn't a perfect circle, so the distance to the sun varies over the Jovian year - from a minimum of 740 up to a bit under 820 million km.
> The numbers used in my calculations are not very precise. I got them by searching the web, and then rounding to 2 significant digits. For example, most sources said the average orbital distance is 777 million km, so I used 780 million).
@@RottnRobbie Yup! The barycenter lies about 1.07 solar radii from the center of the Sun. Since the radius of the Sun is approximately 696,340 km, this places the barycenter roughly 74,500 km above the Sun's surface. d = (r * Mj) / (Ms * Mj) = 7.42 * 10^5 km
Thanks, dr. Becky! 😊
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
Maybe a dumb question/I'm not understanding something:
You said @3:11 that the star 'wobbled around on the sky', which is what led to the theory that a planet was there, with the best-fit model indicating the size and location. However, since the planet that was imaged isn't in that location/there can't be another large Jupiter-like planet in the system to cause the wobbles initially observed, is there an explanation/theory for why the best-fit prediction was so 'off', since the only planet located was located 'on the opposite side of the star to what was expected'?
conservation of angular momentum. Changes in the distribution of the mass introduces a wobble in the rotation of the mass. Nasa's GRACE project shows how when the equatorial desert region goes from dry to wet, the Earth's wobble changes.
Forget the universe and black holes dr becky, love your blue eyes and watching your videos, lots of hugs from California with al do respect 😊😊
Thank you Dr. I’ve been away from the channel for a while. I like your new studio background.
I knew astronomers can block the Sun to see the stars behind it. It's astounding how they can see planets orbiting distant stars! Can they do that to all (well, maybe not all) the stars in the known universe?
By the way, a blooper leaked in 8:07. ;)
I'm so glad I found your channel. I have never missed a video since then!
"Can they do that to all (well, maybe not all) the stars in the known universe?" no, probably not to all stars within the thickness (not diameter) of the Milky Way's disc - which is around 300 parsecs.
That's still hundreds of thousands of stars though ; maybe approaching a million.
Great video, Dr. Becks!
Love the Defender 90 Lego at the back
Still impresses me how well JWST is working. Giving us more questions than we could ever imagine. 👏🏻
I always enjoy your vids! 👍🏻😎
Cool vid. Love the bloopers at the end, lol.
2 degrees C sounds pleasant compared to other planets!
I was thinking myself that it could say interesting things about the temperatures of any rocky moons it has. My gut feeling is that they'd probably be unlikely to hold an atmosphere suitable for liquid water on the surface, but maaaaybe...
In 1966 our Schoolmaster Mr. Michael Gearty, aka "Sir" asked a random question in class:
Is there any life out there?
No one reacted except for me.
I raised my hand and when Sir acknowledged that situation I blurted out:
Please Sir, there HAS to be.
Sir pondered this statement for a moment and replied:
Maybe you are right. It's big enough anyway.
I was 10 years old then and now we are getting close to finding the Answer.
I wonder if they commented on why the indirect detection was so much off, not only in the mass but also in the orbit and how this reflects on other planets discovered by this method.
I admit, this all goes above my head but it's so interesting. I love the outtakes 😄
Another really interesting video! Which, prompts a couple of questions: given the planet was found in an unexpected location relative to its star and that no other large planets were in the image, what are the chances that other planets were behind the star from our point of view or are in front of the star and therefore hidden by the coronagraph? How do astronomers compensate for such possibilities?
Love this Exoplanet update! I noticed you have two 3 Body Problem games on your shelf behind you. Is that what I observed?
It's only 12 light years away and has a 45 year orbit, that rings a bell.
I'd have to check my SF lists, but Epsilon Indi was used as the home planet for Str Trek's Vulcans, or Known Space's Kzinti, or some such moderately alien creatures.
I'm about to go off and update my "Interesting Stars" datasheet with Epsilon Indi's properties - and in particular the separation of Epsilon Indi A and the (implied) Epsilon Indi B (star, not this planet under discussion).
@@a.karley4672I was thinking in geometric constants given that specific distance with that time cycle. Maybe Spock knows?
@@a.karley4672 - Vulcan was in orbit around 40 Eridani (I knew _that_ as a kid!). I just read an article that says a *actual* planet has been found in orbit around it, a "superEarth".
@@a.karley4672 The Kzin home world is the third planet orbiting the star 61 Ursae Majoris.
@@MossyMozart Not a Trekkie.
But since the science is close to "the number of planets and stars in the Milky Way are similar", any random star a SF author picks to host $ALIEN$ is likely to have a planet around it.
3:26 they actually pull on each other with exactly the same force
I love Ground News ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Trump is more likely to keep funding for space exploration . Then 💙🔵 and personhood laws only forbids deliberate ☠️ of Zygote and Embryos. And they can be kept alive in a petri dish
Andromeda's galaxy is already "colliding" with our galaxy. Just the most outer most stars are slightly interacting.
In other words, radial velocity detection of exoplanets is utterly unreliable. That's a really important finding. But we should be taking all RV detections as 'very very tentative' or 'dubious'.
It's like any observation, the more data the better.
We found over 100 exoplanets - the first ones ever discovered - using only radial velocity measurements. A secure detection requires a full orbit to transpire.
No, not "utterly unreliable". The data you get from RV alone, particularly when you only have a fraction of an orbit, can be fitted by multiple combinations of orbit shape and phase. The more data you get, the fewer the number of orbit shape and phase combinations that reasonably fit the data.
I note that the lead author of the "old" orbital solution was one of the junior authors of the current paper.
@@a.karley4672 Let's be clear. The new paper states the semimajor axis of the planet is 28 +10 -7 AU. The Feng et al. (2019) paper states the semimajor axis is 11.55 +- 1 AU. Thus the new paper gives an orbit that is inconsistent with the Feng et al., including the errors. One of them is wrong, and misrepresented errors. (Or, there are two planets.)
I wasn't aware that the barycenter of our solar system is actually outside of the sun. Huh.
The solar system's barycenter moves relative to the Sun as the planets change their positions in their orbits. At times, this barycenter can lie outside the Sun's surface because Jupiter's gravitational influence is strong enough to pull the center of mass to a point beyond the Sun itself. The Sun therefore orbits this barycenter in a small loop, rather than remaining stationary or simply orbiting around the galactic center. The location of the solar system's barycenter varies based on the positions of the planets, particularly Jupiter and Saturn, whose alignments can have a noticeable effect. Generally, it can be found from the center of the Sun to up to roughly 2.2 solar radii away from it. Cool stuff.
sounds like a good exomoon observation target
4:51 Something off about this image. I don't think stars really look like that 🤔
Can't wait for the next time México has a schedule with JWST, we found the fingerprint galaxy :D
08:05 I've got a question about TH-camr/video editor creative process: would be helpful if viewers pointed out editing mistakes, such as this restarted sentence, which should have probably been cut?
If Dr Becky were a full-time presenter, maybe. But she's a working astrophysicist, with this as a "side-hustle". It gets so-many hours per week, and that's it. Back to the day job.
8:25 My online temp converter says that -275K is around -548C or -955F. Is that right? If so, it is also colder than Jupiter.
😆 No. The Kelvin scale has the same intervals as the Celsius scale, and 0 K is -273.15 °C. There are no negative Kelvin values. The temperature was 275 K. Maybe you mistook the ~ with a -. Which means, the temperature is approximately 275 K.
It's so funny, I never hear the outside noises she's talking about. But I DID hear the tummy rumble ^^
But exciting stuff!! Also, wait, Andromeda's collision with the Milky Way is NOT necessarily inevitable?? I was always led to believe it was. Can we get some explanation as to why it might not ever happen? I am very intrigued!!!
Um ... at 8:26 doesn't that say "-275K". I thought 0K was the lowest temperature, should it have been degrees F?
That's a tilde, indicating an approximate value.
@@michaelsommers2356 Ahhh, thank you - a tiny symbol on my screen, and being short-sighted!
@@SimonJM It definitely looks like a minus sign at first.
How do I start the campaign to name the Habitable Worlds Observatory after Giordano Bruno? 'The Giordano Bruno Observatory.' People could call it 'Bruno' for short.
It's just too poetic to have any other name.
The Vatican will have to apologise to him, too, then.
It really is the most fitting name, I support your motion.
Hello!
Wow, I've never been this early.
I remember back before they confirmed exoplanets and we weren't sure if our solar system was a rare exception for even having planets. It's so cool to know and see all these exoplanets. But at the same time, it's sad that we'll never get to explore them in our lifetime, even with probes. It feels like living on the seashore, seeing many cool looking islands on the horizon but knowing the technology for boats in unattainable in your lifetime.
EpSHilon... I thought you were doing Sean Connery as an astrophysicist lol.
Some day we're going to photograph little green man... But we won't even know we did. 😂
I had a little astronomy book written by Isaac Asimov when I was in HS back in the 1970's and it mentioned stars near earth that could have earthlike planets.This was back in the 1970's and Epsilon Indi was one of them. Always been a fan of that star every since.
We see a lot of jovian /super jovian type planets all over the place and that has to figure into the Fermi Paradox because we aren't finding earthlike planets very often and if we do they are too close to their star or their star is a volatile red dwarf or so it seems.
Earth-size planets are MUCH harder to detect than super-Jupiters. *How* much harder ... is a tricky question. But *much* harder is a matter of record.
With our current tech, we wouldn't be able to detect Earth from a lightyear away.
@@davidwuhrer6704 (for the audience) The closest star to Earth is about 3.5 ly away.
My MSc Electromagnetic Radiation in Astrophysics professor in the paper you mentioned in your video? Amazing! (He's the second author)
"And as this world gets older, and colder, it's good to know where the journey ends"
Is it a transiting exo, and if it’s not, how would we be able to get reliable spectra of the atmosphere?
What would happen if your hands were tied while you were presenting the astronomical news?
I love the information that you present.
At JWST wavelengths, you are not seeing reflected light from Eps Ind Ab. It is thermal emission. Completely different emission mechanism. You almost had it correct, but please get this right.
Couldn't it be reflected NIR and IR? I'd think that would be much stronger than planet generated EMR.
Then how do you explain its spectrum? Please get this right next time.
@@michaelsommers2356 I don't recall DrBecky mentioning the spectrum at all.
Listening again ... no mention of a spectrum.
@@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 It seemed counter-intuitive to me a few years back, when Brown & Batygin were publishing their estimated properties for their "Planet 9". But they worked through the sums, and convinced me (and more importantly, the directors of various "light bucket" telescopes they applied for time on, to survey for their proposed P9) that such a planet would still be radiating mostly it's "primordial" heat, generated by it's assembly. Which would be pretty independent of it's composition, and mostly a function of it's mass.
FYI, Earth (the most massive "terrestrial planet") is radiating about half-and-half primordial and radiogenic heat. Mars, OTOH, about 1/10th Earth-mass, has lost almost all it's primordial heat, and is cold and dead because it is relying on radiogenic heat. "Planet 9 (Brown & Batygin), at around 10 Earth masses would still be radiating primarily primordial heat, so it's temperature is predictable *regardless* of it's composition, and variable primarily on the basis of it's atmosphere. Which leaves a range of temperatures and surface areas which put it's *intrinsic* IR luminosity in the range of *current* instruments on *existing* telescopes. Which is why Brown got telescope time for his survey.
It was a very instructive argument to watch played out in papers on the Arχiv. Very educational.
At some thousands of Earth masses, and an Earth-like age (you get this from astroseismology) this Epsilon Indi Ab planet too, would be radiating it's primordial heat. Which estimate can be calibrated against the two brown dwarves in the system (E.I.Ba and E.I.Bb), which are still glowing in the red-visible with their primordial heat.
@@a.karley4672 Download the paper linked in the description.
Jay Dubbs never disappoints.
I honestly enjoy your videos. I love seeing the latest updates about what’s being seen out there. There is only one thing I would ask you to consider. Like we refer to other space telescopes by their name, most famously, the Hubble, you refer to the Webb in a 4 letter blur. There’s nothing wrong with referring to it as the Webb or the Webb telescope. I’m not trying to be a dick here. It just doesn’t sound right to refer to such a great telescope the way you currently do. I apologize if you’re offended.
??? You are critiquing for saying Webb to refer to the telescope when that's its name? You want her to say James Webb space telescope every time referring to it or something? I don't get it
@@Jesse-cw5pv
No. You have it exactly backwards. Nobody refers to the other space telescopes by their initials. They are referred to by a shortened version of their names, Hubble and Chandra and Spitzer so let’s refer to this one as the Webb or the James Webb. Just the four initials blurred together into one sound doesn’t feel right. That’s all.
Possible subject for future video. What is the likelihood for Earth to become like Venus if the current climate progression goes unchecked?? Maybe you have covered this already
Very interesting Dr Becky, however another first observation occurred during this video, I have never observed a speaker pull and twist their hair during a presentation!!😉☺🤔🤔
Some days are better than others...😅
Goodstuff
Bonus points for the Titanic reference!
The outside noise must've been quite loud...Doesn't translate to the camera. Content creation is never a dull moment
To quote a song of the 1960s, "All the highest notes / Neither Sharp Nor FLat / The ear can't hear as high as that / Still I ought to please any passing bat / With my High Fi-Del-I-Ty!"
You can't win with the audiophile fraternity. It is pointless even trying. There will always be someone complaining about the sound quality.
Rise up against the compressors!
Dr. Becky, what is the reason for the discrepancy between the predicted position, mass etc. and the actual position in the image?
Thank you. 💙🌻💙
Since we now know what to look for with this new planet, how many more studies will be the focus of it?
I wonder how long until we'll be able to spot exoplanets that are like the Earth
If all goes well, maybe another twenty years.
In the "Bobiverse" series of books by Dennis E Taylor, one of the eponymous "Bobs" visits Epsilong Indi, and discovers a big old Jovian there with a somewhat habitable moon that has an orbit and rotational period at 90 degrees to the planet. The Jovian is nicknamed "Big Top" and the moon "Klown Kar Planet" or KKP for short.
if its further out than they expected, does that mean there are maybe other planets also wobbling that sun? what would it take for us to deduce something (like size, or location) about any other possible planets?
Yes - That is definitely a possibility: additional planets inward.
I didn't catch how they reconciled finding the planet not where it was expected. If you observe the star wobbling, doesn't that tell you where the planet should be? Maybe the mass is much more than expected and that makes the calculations come out right?
" If you observe the star wobbling, doesn't that tell you where the planet should be?"
Clearly, no.
What they got, by the radial velocity method, was a series of speeds the star had at different times, towards or away ("radial") from us. With the * assumption* that this body is in *approximately* (there is about 10 degrees variation in the Solar system) the same plane on the sky ("inclination") as the already-known pair of brown dwarf stars, you can predict the "phase" of the body. But you'd often get two possible solutions one with the inclination at, say, 40 degrees to the line of sight, and one with the inclination at 130 degrees to the line of sight. Correspondingly, the bodies would be in different positions on the sky too.
The "best fit solution" does not mean the "only" solution - but adding more data will eventually resolve the uncertainty.
If they'd observed a transit (as the Kepler satellite did, repeatedly) then they'd have had the extra information to resolve these two similar models . But with about 40 degrees inclination to the line of sight, that's not going to happen.
"Maybe the mass is much more than expected and that makes the calculations come out right?"
Nope. As Galileo and his (proverbial) cannonball and feather, or Harrison Schmidt (?) with his literal rock hammer and feather, or the myriad of satellites of different masses in geostationary orbit not colliding with each other amply demonstrate, the motion of a (small) body under gravity does not depend on it's mass , but on the mass of the "primary" (largest) body in the system. Even at 10s of Jupiter masses, this planet would still be less than 2% of the mass of the system. It's the tail, *not* wagging the dog.
I’m surprised, I probably shouldn’t be, that left and right leaning news sites report news regarding very distance events are different. Sigh.
Different worldviews. (This is not meant as a pun.)
Only 12 Lj? Guess that's gonna be my next holiday trip.
You said this could be another solar system? Cool 👌👏
Can you do one on hawking radiation? I feel like I'm missing a crucial piece of how it causes the black hole to evaporate. If particles form on the horizon and one falls in and one escapes, that would increase the mass inside the black hole, wouldn't it? Plus, the particle that escapes would be trapped in orbit without infinite energy, doomed to redshift into oblivion?
Stephen Hawking observed that black holes must have temperature, and as such, must radiate energy, and thereby lose mass.
Which seems to contradict the principle that nothing can escape from inside the event horizon, because nothing can go faster than light speed.
However: The temperature of a black hole depends on its size: The bigger, the cooler. And astronomically black holes (which are the only ones we know about) are so cool, they actually _gain_ mass from the cosmic background radiation. (Not much, but still.)
That still leaves the question unanswered how Hawking radiation works. A small black hole would still explode, and as the universe expands, eventually all black holes would evaporate. How?
Leonard Susskind found a solution: Virtual particles. According to Heisenberg and Feynman, infinitely many virtual particles form all the time. The more energy one has, the shorter it is in both extent and duration. Inversely, they can be arbitrarily big if they have next to no energy.
Now imagine a virtual particle twice as large as the event horizon of a black hole, forming around a black hole. Half of it would be inside the black hole, and not be able to leave, while the other half would be outside. But that outer half, being smaller than the original particle, also has twice the energy. Where did it come from?
It came from the hole.
Thus, the hole loses energy, and thusly the equivalent in mass, which then manifests in thermal radiation, the virtual particle becoming an actual photon.
This aligns perfectly with the thermodynamic behaviour that Hawking predicted. Although, like anything in quantum physics, it is not at all intuitive.
And despite CERN's best efforts, we have not been able to observe a black hole evaporating yet, so we don't even know that any of this is fact. Pretty convincing though, consistent with everything we can observe.
Although it has some even more unintuitive implications (which are, however, consistent with theoretical computer science, so there).
It also gets more complicated again when you consider the Kerr metric and quantum superposition. But that's neither here nor there.
A couple of thoughts: You can't be a Trekkie, since you didn't mention that Epsilon Iradini II is also known as Planet Vulcan. Also: You would REALLY fit in on the Big Bang Theory! Keep it alive!
"You can't be a Trekkie,"
You say that as if you didn't think it was a good thing.
"since you didn't mention that Epsilon Iradini II is also known as Planet Vulcan"
I was only 80% sure of that, but not being a Trekkie either, I wasn't bothered to look it up. I think it's also the Kzinti homeworld, which is much harder SF then "Wagon Train Meets Hornblower In Space" ever aspired to be.
Epsilon Eridani is a different star system from Epsilon Indi.
Thank you young lady very cool..
A do-it-yourself eclipse.. nice hehehe. Cool data!
How much mass is required before a planet such as Jupiter or Epsilon Indi Ab collapse into a brown dwarf star?
Wow That Is Huge! I Think. Just Goes To Show You That We Have A Lot Of Things That Are Sure A Thing But Have Changed With More Data (This To Me Is Like Watching A Tennis Match Then Celestial Science).
Did we just get a free extra blooper? 😂
The average galaxy has 200 million stars ! X that by 1 trillion galaxy's with at least each star having a minimum of 4 planets is mind boggling !
You're off by a factor of a thousand.
Commenting to feed the algorithm 🙃
I hope i am right but we find xoplanets because as they pass in front of a star the light from the star is reduced? and you said most of planets found are about size of Jupiter. The nearest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri suppose we were on an earth like planet orbiting with our current techology would we pick up planet earth as it passes across the face of the sun ?
Something that just occurred to me, the Rare Earth answer to the Fermi Paradox sometimes says that Jupiter is needed for life to exist on earth. Well, Jupiter-sized planets seem to common.
Most of them are inside the habitable zone meaning they cleared the system of any earth size planets.
Tip for Dr.Becky:
Put some noise-cancelling materials in your recording-room, so you don't spend so much time getting annoyed with noisy vehicles.
Is there a certain multiple of mass of Jupiter where the formation results in a star rather than a gas giant?
13 Jupiters make a Brown Dwarf that has limited fusion potential. 80 will result in a proper star with a self sustaining fusion core.
It's so crazy that we can see these far away worlds, but we can't find planet nine.
It is entirely possible that P9 (as per Brown&Batygin 2016, amended) does not exist, and their "weird alignment of distant Sednoids" is due to either pure chance, or the effects if a stellar close encounter in the last few million years. We _do_ get stars flying through the Oort Cloud most million-years.