"Off the shelf anti-electrons" I haven't been using the storebought variety since my favourite brand went out of business. All the ones out there now use corn syrup :/
I just realized I love how you speak freely and don't need jump cuts or many cuts at all. Watching and listening to you feels so fluently. Even though you are not the classical youtuber, people should takes notes.
It would annihilate, producing what's known as a Parker-photon, a curious photon-like particle that travels at almost the speed of light, unlike proper photons.
That's not the Dirac Equation, that's the Klein Gordon equation! Each part of the Dirac equation satisfies the Klein Gordon equation, but the solutions to the Dirac equation have some extra constraints, and the components mix when rotated. There's some chirality business too. Fun fact: the Dirac equation predicts negative energy solutions, which is what Dirac thought they would be, but, when you actually do quantum field theory, these negative energy solutions get converted into positive energy anti-electrons. Negative energy stuff in QFT are called ghosts and are to be avoided when possible.
The "chunky blocks" mentioned at 4:10 that does the slowing down of the particles in the accelerator is the RF cavity and it is visible at 4:38 (the bulky thing covered in shiny film and with red cables coming out of it). And since asking for corrections in the description is just an invitation to get hailed on by pedants: The difference between the two antimatter gravity experiments mentioned (Gbar and Aegis) has nothing to do with the additional deceleration of antiprotons by ELENA (the small ring seen in the video), and both experiments need antihydrogen at energies many orders of magnitude smaller than the ejection from ELENA. They simply have two different strategies for measuring something as small as the gravitational acceleration of a single atom. Some more info on the cool experiments going on here: The antiproton mass is determined by ASACUSA by swapping out one of the electrons in a helium atoms with an antiproton, and then doing laser spectroscopy on it before it annihilates, home.cern/about/experiments/asacusa ALPHA has done the measurements of internal energy levels of antihydrogen by trapping the antihydrogen in a magnetic field and keeping it around long enough that it can be measured with lasers and microwaves, alpha.web.cern.ch/ The BASE experiment does precise measurements on single antiprotons at a time, and was the first experiment to ever measure something on antimatter better than it has been measured on ordinary matter, base.web.cern.ch/
I literally went in the same building last month in a university society trip to CERN. I can't believe I missed Matt by so little (ARGHH). The place is awesome, I saw the anti-hydrogen accelerator, pretty damn dope.
Spent the last 12 years of his life at Florida State University (except for escaping to Cambridge in the summer when the heat got too oppressive). There’s a memorial plaque near Newton’s tomb in Westminster Abbey but Dirac’s grave is in Tallahassee... so I guess he ended up as Florida Man?
Hey Matt, great video! Just one small detail at 10:30, in physics, the term anti-matter/anti-particle is basically used to refer to particle with fliped charges (and an another quantity that allows us to talk about neutral particles like anti-neutrinos), but the name anti-particle does not include a flip on the sign of the mass of the particle, so, as the anti-particles have the same king of mass as the normal particles, both of them would behave the same way on a gravitational field. When we want to flip the mass of something, we refer to that as "negative matter", and it does have some pretty interesting cinematic solutions for the gravitational force due to its negative mass (assuming that the Newtons Laws also works for them, of course), you should take a look at that! Thanks for all the great videos!
7:34 I love the fact that Matt also took the time to edit the video so that when a car passes by it doesn't only cover his image but also the equation's, too.
Your overview of the Dirac's equation was super interesting, thanks a lot. I never expected anyone to be able to simplify it and break it down without actually missing out any important details.
Lol. So is it called an anti accelerator or a decelerator? Lol. Ur joke was witty. I know some things about heydron colliders but am doing some looking up of anti matter.
Awesome Matt :) You are doing great stuff. I also recently read your book-things to make and do in fourth dimension. It was thought provoking and full of fun.
I got to visit the antimatter complex at the cern open days in 2019 and man what a day it was! Once this pandemic is over I definitely have to go back to cern, there is still so much left to see and everyone there was so amazingly nice
Power of strong force carrying Antiproton still underestimated but it's (mc^2)^2 specified as Einstein his famous formula squared. Unbelievably powerful with exceptional responsibility.
This a very enjoyable video to watch. My favorite part of the video was when you broke down the equation of the electrons movement I find it hard to read some of these equations because of the overwhelming amount of symbols used in a lot of the formulas but you mad it quite easy to understand. Thanks!
This was a GREAT episode!! Really enjoyed going over PAM Dirac's formula! I'm one of those, just interested nerds. That's doing whatever I can to advance physics. All my heroes are in a picture on my wall at home, the 1927 Solvay conference. Thanks for doing this one!
You should never have Tom Scott with you. I believe, what Tom Scott loves even more than math and physics, is Tom Scott. An obnoxious little turd, there I said it.
You mentioned that we do not know how exactly antimatter behaves in a gravitational field. If antimatter were repelled by gravity as opposed to matter being attracted by gravity, could we assume that most of the antimatter was slung to the far reaches of the universe just after the big bang, and then continue accelerating away (from everything)? In that way, antimatter would be something of a "super gas" which would make it very difficult to get close enough to form atoms/molecules. Would also the matter of the universe be gravitationally attracted to this antimatter "shell" thus causing the expansion of the universe? Just a couple idle thoughts popping through my head on their way to the far reaches of the universe :)
lol this sound like the right way some of theory of physics pop up, would be cool for somebody to simulate some possible properties in a super computer.
The mathematics of Physics is literally my favourite thing ever! Please do more videos where you go through the actual equations. I’d love to see one where you discuss how Einstein derived his field equations
Who would dislike this video, to me that is perplexing. You kind of know what you get in to when you click "Inside an Antimatter Factory" by "Stand-up Maths" or is it just me? :)
How can we remotely tell if a celestial object is matter or antimatter? At 11:24 you make it sound very definitive that we know. Could we empirically check if, say, another galaxy were made of matter or antimatter using spectroscopy? Shouldn't anti-hydrogen release the same frequency of light from the same excitation states?
If part of the universe was matter and another part was antimatter, then on the border there would be a ton of particles and antiparticles annihilating each other and emitting light, which would be pretty easy to spot.
Thanks so much for your optimism and contagious enthusiasm. For those in the USA, similar opportunities are available with NASA though they aren't talked about much. In high school, our physics teacher worked out a deal for students to go there and work on projects. Mostly these were "slave labor" type things like counting fruit flies (Life Sciences), measuring the diameter of fiber optic materials in different solutions over time (once a week measure how much 12 different materials increase or decrease diameter - Engineering Physics) but really this just got you in the door and opportunities were available all around in Space Sciences and unbelievable projects (I'd tell you but you wouldn't believe it). See, scientists are a different breed, especially physicists though some biologists and even occasionally chemists and engineering types, don't really care what letters come after your name. They care how you can help the projects along. All sorts of skills and talents are useful, even the ability to drill a hole (something apparently rare among graduate students) or sketch up experiment designs. They love what they are doing and love to spread that enthusiasm. They don't really have too much time to hold your hand so you have to be able to go find answers, solve problems, walk around and ask people who may know where to point you. Which is fabulous because then you meet more and more wonderful people; not just the scientists but support people from great number cruncher mercenary mathematicians to maintenance people who have been around and seen more science than most people alive and can tell you where to find free equipment and teach you to use it. There will be the occasional peacocks who are condescending and obsessed with status (lot of chemists, but in fairness they are often dependent on grants year to year for their positions and more desperate for status) but don't worry about it, they really have no authority over you but best to be tactful (took me a while to figure that out). How to get started? That physics teacher I mentioned was excellent at picking the right people, not just based on test scores but on their independence, ability to get things done and cooperate, to keep their wits about them and not be hand holders. If that's you then call a science place and ask if there's anyone using or needing students for labor. Get a teacher or someone qualified to vouch for you, references. Be persistent! Get an interview or meeting with anyone, a PR person, a janitor, community relations, whatever. Once you're there keep asking who to talk to. Always be available to help whoever. Remember that for every brick wall posing as a person there are many others who love science and are the kindest, most helpful people in the world.
I would guess that the amount of anti-hydrogen is less than one one-trillion-trillionth of the hydrogen in all the ocean’s, sea’s, lakes, and rivers in the world, but that’s only a guess.
Whoever invented the Hadron Collider really knows how to make a cool name. Imagine just walking up to someone and going "yeah I invented the Hadron Collider, no biggie."
this was awesome! thanks so much for the tour and also the higher level explanations about Dirac's equations and his historic role in theoretical physics!
Hello, physicist here who has worked at x-ray synchrotrons. Just a small point on the reason the LHC is so big. Accelerating charged particles give off radiation. Where going around a bend counts as accelerating due to the changing of direction of the velocity vector. Sharper bends, more acceleration and more energy radiated from the particles. You would then need lots more energy to maintain their speed. Bigger ring, less acceleration so less energy required to get the particles to higher and higher speeds.
I've now been there, it's AWESOME. Managed to go with college and got to go into the tunnels because it was off for maintenance. If anyone gets the chance to go to cern, do it, there's so much amazing stuff
@@orchdork775 the observable universe is 14 billion years old, and verifiably at least equally large in all directions, it would be pretty ridiculous to assume that there isn’t or hasn’t been life out there somewhere. (I.e. the Fermi Paradox) Even the most conservative/pessimistic estimates imply that the chance that our planet is the home of the only life, ever is low. Not that a shred of that can be proved, but knowledgeable people making best guesses at the missing bits in the Drake equation are still fun to think about In my super amateur estimation, the chance of actually ever being able to contact other life is the unlikely part…
Yes. Any particle/anti-particle pair will annihilate if they are close enough to each other. Every known particle in physics has an anti-particle, accepting that bosons (a photon is a boson) are their own anti-particles. E.g. an anti-particle of light would have all the properties of a photon, except opposite charge, but photons do not have electric charge, so an anti-photon is indistinguishable from a photon.
Out of curiosity, what would happen in more complex structures? e.g. antihydrogens and oxygen - I'm curious as to the role of polarity in these kinds of systems
not a physicist, but antihydrogen would be pozitron orbiting an antiproton, and thus orbitals would have net positive charge. Oxygen would have regular electrons with negative charge in orbitals. So they would immediately anhilate instead of bonding.
Fair enough, I was thinking about the orbital energy levels as a scalar - somehow it didn't occur to me that they'd actually have a charge themselves. Cheers =)
This is a bit nit-picky, but just to clear up confusion: Energy is a scalar. The "orbitals" do not have charge, as such. The particles occupying those shells would have positive charge, rather than negative in the anti-H atom. So when the anti-H atom was near the O atom, their outer-most particles interact. Since their outer-most particles are anti-particles, they would not form a covalent bond, but would annihilate. In theory, 2 anti-H atoms could form covalent bonds with an anti-O atom and create anti-water.
I really haven't got a clue what he's talking about, that math is way above my skills, but it's like watching a musician, I have no clue how they come up with great music but I love to listen to and watch them perform it. I imagine it in my mind and I love the thought of Dirac working out all this math, which somehow, explains an electron, and then he points out that since two parts of the equation are squared it means it can be either positive or negative. I do understand the dual solution for squares, so I'm like, "Yeah! I get it!" . . . . . . . so anyway, I love when you work on something and finally get it and then you realize it means two great things instead of one and the second is just as useful. 2 for 1. Okay, so maybe I'm geeking a bit too much on this but I seriously love it!
One of my friends (undergrad students of physics) is going to work at cern this summer! He's doing his BSc in Particle Physics so it works out nicely :)
I think it's pretty cool that those CERN drivers didn't want to interrupt the video, and also that Matt didn't make them wait. I also didn't know that anti-matter was predicted before it was observed, nor that the math behind it was accidental. Neat video.
of course, our host is a lot less massive - while he will react with some small portion of the factory, the rest will only have to feel the wrath of energy of a few hundred nukes going off.
Only a few hundred? I'm not sure about the mass of the factory, but it would be a lot more since for every kilogram there would be 8.9875518 * 10^16 joules of energy (The tsar bomb was 2.092 * 10^17 joules). And not to mention, each kilogram of the factory will annihilate itself with another kilogram of regular matter.
The Terrarian not necessarily, they said his mass is smaller, not the mass of the factory. Every atom of anti matter only reacts to another atom of matter. It is a 1:1 ratio to explode, or else scientists wouldn’t say it is a 100% efficient explosion Edit: as for the original point of it being more than I few hundred, I have to agree
Thank you for explaining the individual mathematical symbols, Not that I understand them but it does help when their given a definition to associate with.
Positron + electron = a shitload of gamma radiation, mostly. When an antiparticle contacts its corresponding particle, it "annihilates" into high energy photons (that is, gamma radiation). I think they can also make other bosons too, especially if the particles being annihilated are baryons? Not a physicist, may well have got something wrong!
the space between galaxies is not empty in the sense, that there are no particles at all. So if there are 2 galxies, one made of matter, the other made of antimatter, there must be a border where those 2 domains meet each other. And we would see the radiation coming from that border. But we do not see anything like that.
I'm so glad he showed the mathematics. I am so tired of physics videos NOT showing any math because it may scare off viewers. Who cares? To make physics real you have to keep it real by showing real mathematics involved. Keep it real baby!
Just so you know you made a mistake about the "holes". Holes are not antimatter, they are holes in the valence band of a semiconductor (a missing electron) which actually behaves as if it has a mass and charge and can move around the substance.
Someone apparently just really likes Win95 teal. I mean, there had to be *someone* out there that liked it... guess he works for CERN. Most people I know don't customize the desktop on servers and rackmount equipment. Does anyone know of a Linux or UNIX distro that defaults to a teal background, icons on the right, and no taskbar?
it could be, there are definitely businesses still running certain programs only written for DOS, so think about the possibility of a program written to work with a certain instrument that only works for a certain operating system. I think it's plausible. especially when do fine instrumentation, why run more then you need, adds extra variables into an equation. blessings. could be Linux as well or Something different.
If you're worried about the cost of the computer, you're better off with an Atom-based (or similar) system or even something like a Raspberry Pi. I've got a ton of old machines around here, but I don't run any of them because I can buy a credit-card sided computer a few orders of magnitude more powerful than an old machine and recoup the costs within three months of electricity bills. No, the only reason you'd still run Win 95 (or any really old OS) is for the reason you stated: driver support for equipment that can't be replaced. And honestly, that's a single point of failure waiting to bite you in the ass. I'd be extremely surprised if there is any Win 9x at CERN.
So could the observable universe just be a bubble of matter that expelled the antimatter outwards gravitationally (if G=m1*m2/r² and one m is negative)? That would be amazingly interestung!
That was what I thought too. Sketched it in inkscape and came up with "x, y, r" = "91.5, 6, 66", "25.5, 235, 96", "88, 102.5, 78", "152.5, 143, 96", "37.5, 92.5, 55", "106, 218, 60", "68.5 ,303, 50". Nothing leaps out at me. Besides the lines aren't equally spaced. Might just be artsy.
Screen grab, use the image as a rough guide to place the circles, then move it out of the way and adjust the circles to try to match which ones intersect. I was hoping something would pop out that would allow an algorithm to clean it up but I didn't see anything.
Given the topic of the video, I assumed it was some kind of visual shorthand for a cloud chamber (the invention that discovered the first-known subatomic particles).
It's also worth mentioning that it *is* possible that every second galaxy (or cluster thereof) is actually made of anti-matter. We don't see the effects we would expect to see in this case, but it's possible we're wrong about these effects (we'd expect to see halos of gamma radiation at the borders of anti and regular matter space).
Of course he didn't cover how Cern is actually researching time machines through the creation of miniature black holes. Steinsgate has taught me about the real intentions of Cern.
Because it's 28th March... Unless he's travelled forward in time and sent the video back, but got his calculations for the sling shot around the sun wrong...
![SAFEPLANET - ดาวเคราะห์ [ THE PLANET ]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4X1XL3I_k3c/mqdefault.jpg)
"Off the shelf anti-electrons"
I haven't been using the storebought variety since my favourite brand went out of business. All the ones out there now use corn syrup :/
I only use organic antimatter. The artificial antimatter has nasty particles in it
Anticorn syrup, I think you'll find.
In a great leap for Italian physics, they are now able to produce antipasti.
I just realized I love how you speak freely and don't need jump cuts or many cuts at all. Watching and listening to you feels so fluently. Even though you are not the classical youtuber, people should takes notes.
If the anti-Parker-square came in contact with the Parker-square would it solve, or annihilate?
Tommy Smith Schrodinger's parker square
It would annihilate, producing what's known as a Parker-photon, a curious photon-like particle that travels at almost the speed of light, unlike proper photons.
Aren't those the same thing?
They would only partially annihilate, leaving behind ~2% of the original squares.
The Parker Square consists of 9 Numbers which each get squared, and could be negative or positive each therefor there are 512 Parker Squares.
I'd make a joke about this being standupphysics, but I'll just call it applied standupmaths.
That's not the Dirac Equation, that's the Klein Gordon equation! Each part of the Dirac equation satisfies the Klein Gordon equation, but the solutions to the Dirac equation have some extra constraints, and the components mix when rotated. There's some chirality business too.
Fun fact: the Dirac equation predicts negative energy solutions, which is what Dirac thought they would be, but, when you actually do quantum field theory, these negative energy solutions get converted into positive energy anti-electrons. Negative energy stuff in QFT are called ghosts and are to be avoided when possible.
The "chunky blocks" mentioned at 4:10 that does the slowing down of the particles in the accelerator is the RF cavity and it is visible at 4:38 (the bulky thing covered in shiny film and with red cables coming out of it).
And since asking for corrections in the description is just an invitation to get hailed on by pedants: The difference between the two antimatter gravity experiments mentioned (Gbar and Aegis) has nothing to do with the additional deceleration of antiprotons by ELENA (the small ring seen in the video), and both experiments need antihydrogen at energies many orders of magnitude smaller than the ejection from ELENA. They simply have two different strategies for measuring something as small as the gravitational acceleration of a single atom.
Some more info on the cool experiments going on here:
The antiproton mass is determined by ASACUSA by swapping out one of the electrons in a helium atoms with an antiproton, and then doing laser spectroscopy on it before it annihilates, home.cern/about/experiments/asacusa
ALPHA has done the measurements of internal energy levels of antihydrogen by trapping the antihydrogen in a magnetic field and keeping it around long enough that it can be measured with lasers and microwaves, alpha.web.cern.ch/
The BASE experiment does precise measurements on single antiprotons at a time, and was the first experiment to ever measure something on antimatter better than it has been measured on ordinary matter, base.web.cern.ch/
Matt's hair is in a superposition.
Damn your hair grows fast
On his last video, he mentioned how he had recorded a few before he shaved it, so he might look like he's time shifting over the next few videos.
This was probably done the previous year, also he missed out on the the news that the antimatter gravity experiment results: all things come down
this was last year, it's in the description
The Guy Without A Top Hat on the news*
I think this was the big joke
I literally went in the same building last month in a university society trip to CERN. I can't believe I missed Matt by so little (ARGHH). The place is awesome, I saw the anti-hydrogen accelerator, pretty damn dope.
Went there too a year ago for the exact same reason. It was amazing.
I saw him there in the beginning of October
A release of energy roughly equivalent to 42MT of TNT. I'll let you discover just how much energy that is.
1.76e+17 J?
I missed him. Please Matt, next time you pass by give us a heads up :-)
How about pasta and antipasti?
only at CERN, very rare, annihilates regular pasta upon contact
When you say "antipasti" you mean the opposite of pasta or just appetizers?
😂😂😂
It would probably release a few gammas and several small bowls of bolognese with cured meatballs
pasta + antipasti = Mange!
Dirac was an interesting character. Einstein once wrote of him, "this balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful".
Spent the last 12 years of his life at Florida State University (except for escaping to Cambridge in the summer when the heat got too oppressive). There’s a memorial plaque near Newton’s tomb in Westminster Abbey but Dirac’s grave is in Tallahassee... so I guess he ended up as Florida Man?
So that's where Matt's hair annihilated
I was gonna comment that!
I Theorise that his hair collided with some anti hair produced in the factory. This is where Matt gets his energy.
I came to the comment section expecting some joke like this one to be the top comment, you guys never disappoint
Matthair +antimatthair = 0
matt - i loved the editing when the cars passed, the equations stayed on your level behind the cars!
Hey Matt, great video!
Just one small detail at 10:30, in physics, the term anti-matter/anti-particle is basically used to refer to particle with fliped charges (and an another quantity that allows us to talk about neutral particles like anti-neutrinos), but the name anti-particle does not include a flip on the sign of the mass of the particle, so, as the anti-particles have the same king of mass as the normal particles, both of them would behave the same way on a gravitational field.
When we want to flip the mass of something, we refer to that as "negative matter", and it does have some pretty interesting cinematic solutions for the gravitational force due to its negative mass (assuming that the Newtons Laws also works for them, of course), you should take a look at that!
Thanks for all the great videos!
7:34 I love the fact that Matt also took the time to edit the video so that when a car passes by it doesn't only cover his image but also the equation's, too.
WAIT HE ACTUALLY DID
Your overview of the Dirac's equation was super interesting, thanks a lot. I never expected anyone to be able to simplify it and break it down without actually missing out any important details.
“Anti-matter anti-accelerator” would you mean “decelerator”, Matt?
But everything is opposite for Antimatter so deceleration is going to speed it up
@@JFORCEuk so you could just say anti matter accelerator" if you want to accelerate it
@@jacobheaton5135 or that too
@@jacobheaton5135 you could also clap your hands and sing and dance
Lol. So is it called an anti accelerator or a decelerator? Lol. Ur joke was witty. I know some things about heydron colliders but am doing some looking up of anti matter.
Matt, you’re a great presenter of this material! You kept my attention well.
Awesome Matt :) You are doing great stuff. I also recently read your book-things to make and do in fourth dimension. It was thought provoking and full of fun.
Been there about a year ago, it was so interesting! Thanks for bringing some good memories back
what if our current physics equations aren't wrong, but anti-right
Alternative facts, if you will
Nah, the anti-right has Parker facts. Almost all facts, but some lies slip in as well.
It just depends on the kinda spin you put on it I guess.
anti-yes
No, that's our media.
I got to visit the antimatter complex at the cern open days in 2019 and man what a day it was!
Once this pandemic is over I definitely have to go back to cern, there is still so much left to see and everyone there was so amazingly nice
He's got Schrodinger's hair.
Mohammed Sharukh that's both funny and unfunny at the same time.
Meow😋🙂
It is and isnt a wig?
@@NTXjmf maybe?
Power of strong force carrying Antiproton still underestimated but it's (mc^2)^2 specified as Einstein his famous formula squared. Unbelievably powerful with exceptional responsibility.
This a very enjoyable video to watch. My favorite part of the video was when you broke down the equation of the electrons movement I find it hard to read some of these equations because of the overwhelming amount of symbols used in a lot of the formulas but you mad it quite easy to understand. Thanks!
This was a GREAT episode!! Really enjoyed going over PAM Dirac's formula!
I'm one of those, just interested nerds. That's doing whatever I can to advance physics.
All my heroes are in a picture on my wall at home, the 1927 Solvay conference.
Thanks for doing this one!
Lol I love how you put the graphics behind the cars
It's the little things.
Should have taken Tom Scott with you.
Oh can you imagine...
nerd overload mised that opertunety
You should never have Tom Scott with you.
I believe, what Tom Scott loves even more than math and physics, is Tom Scott.
An obnoxious little turd, there I said it.
@@RKroese you seem like a nice chap
@@RKroese ok
Fantastic.
I hadn't even conceived the possibility that anti-matter could fall upward until watching this video.
Great job as always.
You mentioned that we do not know how exactly antimatter behaves in a gravitational field. If antimatter were repelled by gravity as opposed to matter being attracted by gravity, could we assume that most of the antimatter was slung to the far reaches of the universe just after the big bang, and then continue accelerating away (from everything)?
In that way, antimatter would be something of a "super gas" which would make it very difficult to get close enough to form atoms/molecules.
Would also the matter of the universe be gravitationally attracted to this antimatter "shell" thus causing the expansion of the universe?
Just a couple idle thoughts popping through my head on their way to the far reaches of the universe :)
lol this sound like the right way some of theory of physics pop up, would be cool for somebody to simulate some possible properties in a super computer.
The mathematics of Physics is literally my favourite thing ever! Please do more videos where you go through the actual equations. I’d love to see one where you discuss how Einstein derived his field equations
So, if the current laws of physics aren't completely correct does that mean we can call them "Parker Laws"?
Who would dislike this video, to me that is perplexing. You kind of know what you get in to when you click "Inside an Antimatter Factory" by "Stand-up Maths" or is it just me? :)
How can we remotely tell if a celestial object is matter or antimatter? At 11:24 you make it sound very definitive that we know. Could we empirically check if, say, another galaxy were made of matter or antimatter using spectroscopy? Shouldn't anti-hydrogen release the same frequency of light from the same excitation states?
If part of the universe was matter and another part was antimatter, then on the border there would be a ton of particles and antiparticles annihilating each other and emitting light, which would be pretty easy to spot.
and the cosmic radiation is al the same
Thanks so much for your optimism and contagious enthusiasm. For those in the USA, similar opportunities are available with NASA though they aren't talked about much. In high school, our physics teacher worked out a deal for students to go there and work on projects. Mostly these were "slave labor" type things like counting fruit flies (Life Sciences), measuring the diameter of fiber optic materials in different solutions over time (once a week measure how much 12 different materials increase or decrease diameter - Engineering Physics) but really this just got you in the door and opportunities were available all around in Space Sciences and unbelievable projects (I'd tell you but you wouldn't believe it).
See, scientists are a different breed, especially physicists though some biologists and even occasionally chemists and engineering types, don't really care what letters come after your name. They care how you can help the projects along. All sorts of skills and talents are useful, even the ability to drill a hole (something apparently rare among graduate students) or sketch up experiment designs. They love what they are doing and love to spread that enthusiasm. They don't really have too much time to hold your hand so you have to be able to go find answers, solve problems, walk around and ask people who may know where to point you. Which is fabulous because then you meet more and more wonderful people; not just the scientists but support people from great number cruncher mercenary mathematicians to maintenance people who have been around and seen more science than most people alive and can tell you where to find free equipment and teach you to use it.
There will be the occasional peacocks who are condescending and obsessed with status (lot of chemists, but in fairness they are often dependent on grants year to year for their positions and more desperate for status) but don't worry about it, they really have no authority over you but best to be tactful (took me a while to figure that out).
How to get started? That physics teacher I mentioned was excellent at picking the right people, not just based on test scores but on their independence, ability to get things done and cooperate, to keep their wits about them and not be hand holders. If that's you then call a science place and ask if there's anyone using or needing students for labor. Get a teacher or someone qualified to vouch for you, references. Be persistent! Get an interview or meeting with anyone, a PR person, a janitor, community relations, whatever. Once you're there keep asking who to talk to. Always be available to help whoever. Remember that for every brick wall posing as a person there are many others who love science and are the kindest, most helpful people in the world.
what's the rate of production for antihydrogen?
don't know why, but this sounds like you are interested more specifically in antideuterium. Aren't you planning on doing antiatomic bombs?
I would guess that the amount of anti-hydrogen is less than one one-trillion-trillionth of the hydrogen in all the ocean’s, sea’s, lakes, and rivers in the world, but that’s only a guess.
that is the kind of quality we like in a video thanks mate
Whoever invented the Hadron Collider really knows how to make a cool name. Imagine just walking up to someone and going "yeah I invented the Hadron Collider, no biggie."
@@avw5kt nah a hadron is a kind of elementary particle
this was awesome! thanks so much for the tour and also the higher level explanations about Dirac's equations and his historic role in theoretical physics!
Misread it as "Inside an American Factory" at first :P
PCisSuperior lol
Hello, physicist here who has worked at x-ray synchrotrons.
Just a small point on the reason the LHC is so big.
Accelerating charged particles give off radiation. Where going around a bend counts as accelerating due to the changing of direction of the velocity vector.
Sharper bends, more acceleration and more energy radiated from the particles.
You would then need lots more energy to maintain their speed.
Bigger ring, less acceleration so less energy required to get the particles to higher and higher speeds.
What do they have against matter?
Anti-matter, of course! Not very much, though.
Matter doesn't matter.
Great video! Location, topic, and quotes are all stellar. Keep it up. Thank you.
An anti-proton should be called a negaton.
The antiproton should be called a Megatron
It honestly doesn't really matter.
It anti-matters.
Negatron is what electrons were originally called.
Not it's conton
I've now been there, it's AWESOME. Managed to go with college and got to go into the tunnels because it was off for maintenance. If anyone gets the chance to go to cern, do it, there's so much amazing stuff
"this is the largest collection of anti-atoms anywhere in the universe". That's quite presumptuous of you
Notice how he said “as far as we know” before that context is important mate
@Gus Cichoski No it isn't 😂
How did you come up with that probability??
@@orchdork775 let us assume, ......*math*......, hence proved
@@orchdork775 the observable universe is 14 billion years old, and verifiably at least equally large in all directions, it would be pretty ridiculous to assume that there isn’t or hasn’t been life out there somewhere. (I.e. the Fermi Paradox)
Even the most conservative/pessimistic estimates imply that the chance that our planet is the home of the only life, ever is low.
Not that a shred of that can be proved, but knowledgeable people making best guesses at the missing bits in the Drake equation are still fun to think about
In my super amateur estimation, the chance of actually ever being able to contact other life is the unlikely part…
Real Dr.Who right here. I would travel the cosmos learning things from this man
Antimatter and matter annihilate each other, but does this only work with the matching counterpart? Can an antiproton only be annihilated by a proton?
Yes. Any particle/anti-particle pair will annihilate if they are close enough to each other. Every known particle in physics has an anti-particle, accepting that bosons (a photon is a boson) are their own anti-particles. E.g. an anti-particle of light would have all the properties of a photon, except opposite charge, but photons do not have electric charge, so an anti-photon is indistinguishable from a photon.
Out of curiosity, what would happen in more complex structures? e.g. antihydrogens and oxygen - I'm curious as to the role of polarity in these kinds of systems
not a physicist, but antihydrogen would be pozitron orbiting an antiproton, and thus orbitals would have net positive charge. Oxygen would have regular electrons with negative charge in orbitals. So they would immediately anhilate instead of bonding.
Fair enough, I was thinking about the orbital energy levels as a scalar - somehow it didn't occur to me that they'd actually have a charge themselves. Cheers =)
This is a bit nit-picky, but just to clear up confusion: Energy is a scalar.
The "orbitals" do not have charge, as such. The particles occupying those shells would have positive charge, rather than negative in the anti-H atom. So when the anti-H atom was near the O atom, their outer-most particles interact. Since their outer-most particles are anti-particles, they would not form a covalent bond, but would annihilate.
In theory, 2 anti-H atoms could form covalent bonds with an anti-O atom and create anti-water.
I subscribed for math and now I'm getting physics. I'm not even mad, this is amazing!
Is it really an anti-matter factory, or is it a matter anti-factory?
Solid Steins;Gate vibes all throughout. Seriously, amazing stuff.
Woah anti-hair
I really haven't got a clue what he's talking about, that math is way above my skills, but it's like watching a musician, I have no clue how they come up with great music but I love to listen to and watch them perform it. I imagine it in my mind and I love the thought of Dirac working out all this math, which somehow, explains an electron, and then he points out that since two parts of the equation are squared it means it can be either positive or negative. I do understand the dual solution for squares, so I'm like, "Yeah! I get it!" . . . .
. . . so anyway, I love when you work on something and finally get it and then you realize it means two great things instead of one and the second is just as useful. 2 for 1.
Okay, so maybe I'm geeking a bit too much on this but I seriously love it!
Getting your hair annihilated to get Parker hair and embracing it is a bald move.
One of my friends (undergrad students of physics) is going to work at cern this summer! He's doing his BSc in Particle Physics so it works out nicely :)
So the Parker square is an anti-magic square?
not really
12:51 I spot a TDS3012 there, complete with floppy drive and the expensive FFT option. Old but still good.
Does it really matter?
The Major In the end, it doesn't antimatter.
Justin Pruett omg im 💀👏😂😂
I think it's pretty cool that those CERN drivers didn't want to interrupt the video, and also that Matt didn't make them wait. I also didn't know that anti-matter was predicted before it was observed, nor that the math behind it was accidental. Neat video.
Shouldn't the factory have annihilated as soon as you walked in?
heh... No, It should annihilate as soon as it comes in contact with the atmosphere or the earth.
It was a joke; as in the factory was made of anti mater. "Anti matter factory"
of course, our host is a lot less massive - while he will react with some small portion of the factory, the rest will only have to feel the wrath of energy of a few hundred nukes going off.
Only a few hundred? I'm not sure about the mass of the factory, but it would be a lot more since for every kilogram there would be 8.9875518 * 10^16 joules of energy (The tsar bomb was 2.092 * 10^17 joules). And not to mention, each kilogram of the factory will annihilate itself with another kilogram of regular matter.
The Terrarian not necessarily, they said his mass is smaller, not the mass of the factory. Every atom of anti matter only reacts to another atom of matter. It is a 1:1 ratio to explode, or else scientists wouldn’t say it is a 100% efficient explosion
Edit: as for the original point of it being more than I few hundred, I have to agree
Thank you for explaining the individual mathematical symbols,
Not that I understand them but it does help when their given a definition to associate with.
Positron + electron = ???
Positron + electron = a shitload of gamma radiation, mostly. When an antiparticle contacts its corresponding particle, it "annihilates" into high energy photons (that is, gamma radiation). I think they can also make other bosons too, especially if the particles being annihilated are baryons? Not a physicist, may well have got something wrong!
Pretty much 100% conversion of mass into energy
BOOM!
Boooooom?
Bluemon It won't be noisy because it annihilates in a vacuum.
I love how standupmath theme is played while you are talking about the Paul Dirac's equation.
7:04 You mean divided by Tau
he means whatever he said. both are correct but pi is more commonly used
no he meant divided by 4*pi/2
Callen he always argues with other youtubers that Tau is better than 2pi, but he didn't use it in this video
CryptoCondemnation *Matt prefers Pi, it’s Steve Mould who is in the Tau camp.
2pi! You damn tauers! 😁
I was there a year ago and got to see the same places, great video!
Those blocks are not actually concrete, but iron from the magnets from LEP, the predecessor of LHC.
how do they contain the positrons during transport if they annihilate by coming into contact with regular matter?
He has hair!
Robi_CK
There were antihair and hair but hair was slightly more
Thanks for breaking down that equation. I remember this video from last year but I wasn't as good at math then as I am now. Thanks again.
Matt met his antihair
Best physics video on StandUpMaths ever!
What's to say half the galaxies in the universe aren't made of antimatter?
the space between galaxies is not empty in the sense, that there are no particles at all. So if there are 2 galxies, one made of matter, the other made of antimatter, there must be a border where those 2 domains meet each other. And we would see the radiation coming from that border.
But we do not see anything like that.
I'm so glad he showed the mathematics. I am so tired of physics videos NOT showing any math because it may scare off viewers. Who cares? To make physics real you have to keep it real by showing real mathematics involved. Keep it real baby!
Who is the main customer?
science
aliens
heyandy x extremely helpful xx
The Federation duh...
Nah, the Klingons, Romulans and Cardassians all have their own factories churning anti-hydrogen out...
The equation shown is the Klein-Gordon equation. In the Dirac equation the derivatives appear to the "first power".
Who else spotted Tom Hanks in the background running past with Vatican documents in hand?
That was actually Jim Hanks, his brother
Making antimatter...and dropping it.
*I love it.*
Just so you know you made a mistake about the "holes".
Holes are not antimatter, they are holes in the valence band of a semiconductor (a missing electron) which actually behaves as if it has a mass and charge and can move around the substance.
Shortly after filming this video a Parker collided with an Anti-Parker and hair-annihilation occurred.
Loved the video!
12:52 was that a Windows 95 machine?
Definitely Linux
Someone apparently just really likes Win95 teal. I mean, there had to be *someone* out there that liked it... guess he works for CERN.
Most people I know don't customize the desktop on servers and rackmount equipment. Does anyone know of a Linux or UNIX distro that defaults to a teal background, icons on the right, and no taskbar?
it could be, there are definitely businesses still running certain programs only written for DOS, so think about the possibility of a program written to work with a certain instrument that only works for a certain operating system. I think it's plausible. especially when do fine instrumentation, why run more then you need, adds extra variables into an equation. blessings. could be Linux as well or Something different.
also, think about how many free computers you could score, with older operating systems. if it works, why change it.
If you're worried about the cost of the computer, you're better off with an Atom-based (or similar) system or even something like a Raspberry Pi.
I've got a ton of old machines around here, but I don't run any of them because I can buy a credit-card sided computer a few orders of magnitude more powerful than an old machine and recoup the costs within three months of electricity bills.
No, the only reason you'd still run Win 95 (or any really old OS) is for the reason you stated: driver support for equipment that can't be replaced. And honestly, that's a single point of failure waiting to bite you in the ass. I'd be extremely surprised if there is any Win 9x at CERN.
I like this guy. He's really good at keeping me interested.
Silly question, if we suddenly switched from matter to anti-matter, would every single LED light stop working?
Oh wait no, AC current..
16:19 "that my visit to CERN" & on the background "NO VISIT!" :D
Antimatter is parker matter
Bluemon I think that neutrinos are a very parker form of matter. Technically they exist and have mass, but they are strange and virtually useless.
they are strange and they are matter, but they aren't strange matter.
parkerhair matter
So could the observable universe just be a bubble of matter that expelled the antimatter outwards gravitationally (if G=m1*m2/r² and one m is negative)?
That would be amazingly interestung!
Pro-tip: An anti-accelerator would be a decelerator.
this video is amazing it should go viral
Matt and the Antimatter Factory
(Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, if it isn't obvious)
Mimik and the annoying gap comment
it was not obvious, I thought it is some kind of "Matt and the antiMATTer factory" joke
Lucie takes you to the coolest places.
280 likes 2800 views. Interesting
16min later 421 likes 2 dislikes 4190 views. hmmmm.
You even moved the equation behind the cars coming. Nice touch
That shirt looks like it's more than just random circles. Care to explain yourself?
That was what I thought too. Sketched it in inkscape and came up with "x, y, r" = "91.5, 6, 66", "25.5, 235, 96", "88, 102.5, 78", "152.5, 143, 96", "37.5, 92.5, 55", "106, 218, 60", "68.5 ,303, 50". Nothing leaps out at me. Besides the lines aren't equally spaced. Might just be artsy.
Screen grab, use the image as a rough guide to place the circles, then move it out of the way and adjust the circles to try to match which ones intersect. I was hoping something would pop out that would allow an algorithm to clean it up but I didn't see anything.
Given the topic of the video, I assumed it was some kind of visual shorthand for a cloud chamber (the invention that discovered the first-known subatomic particles).
Parker Square of circles
Nipun Chamikara Weerasiri
All these Parker Squares make a Parker Circle…
It's also worth mentioning that it *is* possible that every second galaxy (or cluster thereof) is actually made of anti-matter. We don't see the effects we would expect to see in this case, but it's possible we're wrong about these effects (we'd expect to see halos of gamma radiation at the borders of anti and regular matter space).
Of course he didn't cover how Cern is actually researching time machines through the creation of miniature black holes. Steinsgate has taught me about the real intentions of Cern.
You know too much.
Is a Anti-Proton on it's own not already an ionized Anti-Atom? Or do you *have* to combine it with an Anti-Electron to become an Anti-Atom?
Why does this sound to much of an April fools day joke
Because it's 28th March... Unless he's travelled forward in time and sent the video back, but got his calculations for the sling shot around the sun wrong...
I think Matt is seconded only by Tom Scott in terms of delivering monologues in one take. That middle bit was impressive!
SCP-2123
Consider doing this kind of equation explainer for other fields like economics
Tbh I don't really like this font
Thank you for your input. As a TH-cam employee, I can put in the suggestion to change the font to Comic Sans.
seasong I would like to see it in Monotype Corsiva
a follow up to this at some point would be cool