How 'Roman' was Roman-Britain? | Britannia 55BC to AD69
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 30 ก.ย. 2024
- Back at school, you may have learned that the Romans conquered Britain in AD43, and that from that point, Britian became 'Roman'. However, history is never that straight forward. Join curators Julia Farley and Richard Hobbs as they take you through the material culture of Britannia from the 55BC to the end of Nero's reign in 69AD.
Book your tickets to this blockbuster exhibition and find out more about the show here: ow.ly/FcG030rUaKV.
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"It also has a large temple to the deified emperor Claudius, who's now died"
that's news to me. RIP big man
Derek Jacobi was a fine man, indeed. 😁
@@OrganDanai esrrteserrt a y rretare
Why are you so boring, Kenneth?
I didn't even know he was sick
Shit, who knew? Sad news.😢
Claudius was in Britain so long, when offered wine he replied, " No, I'll have half a mild and a packet of crisps."
Ha a goon show fan
Hahaha he supported arsenal!
😂
I've heard this---
I believe he also acquired a fond appreciation for spotted dick as well.
I doubt that I am the only person who could happily have watched 2 hours on this subject when it is so well presented. One of the best history programmes out there, please do more.
For American viewers: when the British say "corn" it's a generic term and does not mean maize. Instead it's equivalent to our word, "grain."
Thank you. Was about to ask this
Interesting. I didn't know that.
I’m British and corn isn’t a generic term 😂😂 🌽
@@Oheh84 It’s actually a generic term for grain in both the UK and US. It’s just not very commonly used in the context of meaning grain generally, though it means grain a little more commonly in the UK.
@@zackerycooper1206
I'm English and here we only refer to corn when it is actually corn.
I've never known it to be used as a generic term for any other type of grain. In fact corn has only been grown in the UK for less than 200 years so why would we use it to describe other grains that we have cultivated for far longer?
If anyone is interested, Welwyn Garden City (where the amphora came from) has an amazing Roman site that many people miss. It was excavated for years by an amature(?) husband and wife team and is extensive. When they built the A1(M), literally over the top, they covered the site under a large tunnel/arch. I haven't been for a few years so I may have got some details wrong (sorry about that) but it's really well worth a visit.
It's actually in Welwyn old town, just up the road to the newer Garden City, and the entrance is at the back of the small carpark. Because it's kind of underground, it has the same atmosphere as the Roman Baths in Bath. You go down a tunnel and then find yourself within the Roman Villa, very evocative. And very unexpected. Perhaps because it's council owned, not NT or EH, it just doesn't seem to be that well known.
OMG--that's a pre-Roman tea strainer!! lol. This was all so fascinating--thank you!
wine strainer. Roman wine was full of impurities, sediment, and plant matter
i think it was a joke lads
It probably strained the seeds and peels from the cheap homade local brew they put in the nice Roman jugs.
@@patriciapalmer1377 If they heated herbs and seeds in their wine, they made a tisane, or herbal "tea." After boiling and dilution there would not have been much alcohol.
@@faithlesshound5621 Dear Hound, Nuanced facetiousness is not your strong suit.
Greetings from Leipzig. Thank you for this super post. Please can we see something about London and Westminster between the Roman departure and the Norman conquest? The city re-emerged within the 600 year old Roman wall but the street pattern and all the buildings disappeared. Thank you once again.
They disappeared even more in 1940.
I really enjoy these short dips into the history of our world.
The modern world!
The amphori, vases and cups are beautiful. The proportions are just perfect.
The plural of amphora is amphorae. You failed the most basic Latin test.
@@chrislightfoot1234 thanks for the correction. The second part was unnecessary.
@@chrislightfoot1234 or amphoras. Both amphorae or amphoras are correct. The word is of greek origin not latin, though it came via latin
I hadn't thought of that - "Lets go for a 'Roman' " - when eating out just prior to the Claudian invasion...
I like how the British kept the Amphorae cherished them enough for them to be used as a statement of wealth and sophistication at burial. Its like how my Nan likes to keep Fortnum and Mason bags forever.
Haha! Or Harrods bags!
That's a "Montefortino" helmet. The design is Celtic but the Romans adopted it from the Celts.
"How Roman was Roman Britain?"
I find myself interested, then realising my county actually traded with the Roman Empire before their invasion of the Isles.
Shouldn't it be 'sandals on the ground'? 😁
@JONATHAN SUTCLIFFE I doubt she had Roman blood as she was the queen of a tribe which was in the process of being subjugated by the Roman's. In regards to relations.. "Boudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two children whose names are unknown, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome, and left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will. However, when he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken."
Caligulae on the ground
@JONATHAN SUTCLIFFE whoops, I meant caligae.
Thongs on the ground lol.
@JONATHAN SUTCLIFFE I don't get it but don't worry I don't get a lot of things.
Love this,my parents moved to colchester a few years ago so it gave me a good reason to see the Roman stuff there,plenty of Roman in the south of France where I’ve lived for the past 8 years. Narbonne,Nîmes etc.Fascinating history
Colchester wasn't decimated (one in ten), it was annihilated (from nihil = nothing) i.e. totally destroyed.
There was a burnt fig found near the Colchester hoard, thought be on a shelf from what I remember. Figs grow well in East Anglia now, even in colder times than when the Romans were around. Did they bring the trees here? If the fig was fresh it implies the burning of Colchester was around September. Do we know the month?
Great video, I love Romano British history. I visited Colchester recently with my family and saw some of the sights.
11:22 Ooh! Ooh! I recognise those rosettes; at least I've seen them on other gravestones and pieces of masonry. They were on heaps of stuff when I was looking up Canaanite inscriptions - so are they a common mediterranean motif, or did this guy have a gravestone specifically because he was bringing a part of that culture with him, where burial markers like this are relatively more common?
Also - what is that 'H.S.E' at the bottom? 'Hic sedit [something]'? Does anyone know? Anyway this is an awesome video about stuff that I'd have liked to have read up on more but haven't had access to the proper books, or time, to be honest. So, er, thanks British Museum!
HSE is the standard abbreviation for _hic situs est_ , i.e. "is buried here".
@@varana Oh! Thanks. That makes sense. My Latin's non-existent, and I don't live in a country with any Roman inscriptions, so I appreciate the explanation.
Surprisingly enough (or perhaps unsurprisingly, it depends), that symbol (those rosettes with six "petals") has been used throughout the centuries in lands and cultures very, very distant from one another. Other noteworthy users were for instance the Templars, and in modern day Europe, some political parties...
This was terrific, thank you.
OK, but apart from amphora, wine, pounds and writing, what have the Romans ever done for us?
Well they brought in aqueducts.. and the roads are to die for!
@@ElusivePlatypus96 yeah, ok, but apart from that?
@@toinebles Major roads.
How Roman was roman Britain?
Askeladd: Yes
REPARATIONS FOR OUR BRYTHONIC ANCESTORS
Thank you for these videos!
They are wonderful pieces of interest and education.
That was great. Really appreciated extra, and additional info, that saw Roman influence, prior to full blown conquest!
The helmit is beautiful. Imagine it new and glinting in the sun topped with plumes.. This level of sophisticated design, 2000 years ago, still takes my breath away.
More videos like these! Julia Farley is a fantastic educator.
Judging by the size of my nose, pretty Roman I'd imagine
Roman-british pedigree
Or French!
Ey, big nose!
Is it Roman all over your face?
@@Wotsitorlabart ha! I hadn't heard that classic for probably over 30 years!
Don't forget that many Roman soldiers may have married hostage Celtic women
Thank you for this excellent piece. I particularly enjoyed the investigative, exploratory way Julia talked, showing where there's evidence and where there's uncertainty. So much more engaging and trustworthy than the 'this is fact' way of talking that those with larger egos might bore us with.
Little ironic that the Roman couple killed in the revolt had invoked Fortuna specifically.
Like Britain did to the colonies, like American is doing to the UK, like China is doing to the world :)
Fantastic video! Regarding the helmet, with the questions as to whether it is a Roman soldier's or indigenous Britton's, the answer can easily be "Yes" to both. When we think of the imperial army, our thoughts always turn to the legions; however, there were as many, if not more, soldiers serving in the auxilia. If the holes atop are for a crest, my initial guess is that it belonged to an auxilia cavalryman, possibly a decurion, as I'm not sure if rank-and-file troopers wore crests.
Helmet could easily have belonged to a local Britonnic warrior The only real Roman feature is the enlarged neck guard, everything else is typical of Celtic helmets going back centuries earlier. If you look at where the neck guard begins there is a smaller neck guard representing the shorter Celtic version of the guard.The stamp could be anything, it might even be a unit number as suggested but the helmet might have been war booty originally.
The holes at the top look like rivet holes for attaching a crest of some kind, note the circular clean spot surrounding the holes suggesting a cone like structure was orginally attached - which means the original crest could have been anything from a simple plume to a fancy box crest or bronze design.
“You know something, I don’t think these Britons want to be conquered?” (Sid James, Carry on Cleo)
Infamy, infamy….they’ve all got it infamy! ( Kenneth Williams…..Carry on Cleo)
wine strainer has 'celtic' design. that wd be 'native british' design
Not necessarily, the design is generically celtic and similar forms exist from Celtic Europe. The region of the strainer was occupied by the Catuvellauni, one of the Belgic tribes that made up a cultural bloc in much of southern Britain defined roughly by Weston-Super-Mare to Southampton in the west and the Severn Estuary to The Wash in the north. So the design may have been native British or may have been from Belgic Gaul or simply existed in both places as part of common culture.
The Britain's were never celts. And as such, you shouldn't call it Celtic art. Naughty museum lady spreading mis-information
so a helmet was found in Britain, in ancient British territory and was decorated in the British style ( which looks to me like a stylised mustachioed human face with red eyes on the back of the head) that was interpreted by the academics as a... "Celtic" style embossed interpretation of a carry handle. that was sent off by a Roman Soldier. at vast personal expense, .for no practical use whatsoever hahahahaha...... Or it could just be an Ancient British warriors helmet. Why the anti British evaluation? Britain didn't"t start with the Romans, the story is far more involved but seems to be deliberately repressed for some reason.
WELL, ENUFF TO BE CALLED 'ROMAN BRITAIN' BY YOU!
Not enough to be British Rome.
It was so Roman that many romans obtained a British Ancient, which would later be heavily involved in re-enactments, movies and Tv Shows. Cause Caesar was a real geeza!
An excellent informative piece from the wonderful British Museum. Very well presented and explained.
With a true LOL @ 11:20 via speech to text. 9th Legion Hispania comes out as "his spanner"! Must have been Mechanised Infantry!
The helmet is shaped similarly to Roman ones, but wasn't the Roman helmet inspired by Celtic designs in the first place?
Em nope? Where do you get that from
ive always suspected that trade links prior to the invasion, even prior to Julius Caesars expeditions were more significant than people would have thought, people gonna trade, its what theyve always done.
Don't feel so.pleased about showing how little you know.
What you mean is that you have just understood what all educated people already understood about Rome's connection with Britannia - really no need to flaunt this in such a Trumpian display of ignorance.
"Who knew that?"
Try reading a book next time - any book on the province will make this clear
@@peterdonaldhume You seem obsessed
@@peterdonaldhume Trade between the British Isles and Europe goes back well into the bronze age and given the beaker folk migrated across the channel in boats of some kind it's a bit of a stretch to assume they never used boats to keep in contact with people in coastal Europe. That said, for those who don't follow history the narrative is one of civilised Rome crossing the great unknown to discover these weird folks called Britons - just ignore the tin trade going back several centuries earlier because many of the generic history books I've read over the years have done just that. They'll mention the tin trade, then pretend Britain was forgotten about by the time Caesar shows up.
I’m lucky enough to live just a mile or 2 away from vindolanda and housteads forts and obviously the Roman wall. Best place in the world to live
much appreciated and a very good presentation, thanks Julia & Richard .
Our ancestors where slaves to the Romans we don’t go to Italy and start complaining to the Italians. There was slavery in coal mines and cotton mills children used has slaves too ??!
What did they ever do for us!?
“Us” -what makes you think you don’t have Roman ancestors
Guess who hasn’t watched “Life of Brian”?
😂 love that film
@@lohphat lol touché
"Smashing people" :P And they did a lot of that, too XD
What an enjoyable and informative lecture!
You should not use the term "decimated" when talking about anything roman unless you really mean roman decimation = killing every 10th soldier and officer.
The most distinct form of Romano-British culture is of course the architecture, as seen the archaeology of something like Pagan’s Hill Temple.
Quite beautiful white and red, octagonal buildings. THAT is true native British architecture. And yet, not one reconstruction has been made.
Now, that was a little naughty of Julia to say ‘this is a Roman design of helmet with Celtic decoration’, because we all know that ‘Roman’ design is a copy of the earlier Celtic Coolus-type helmet.
Edit: another thing, the largest Celtic Oppida, or towns, are approximately the size of small Greek city states from the same period. It is not accurate or true that native Britons were living in small and medium sized communities, they were also living in large communities. It is also misleading to say that they were living in wooden houses, many of them used stone for the walls where wood was less plentiful, some roundhouses but also entire towers such as the brochs of modern day Scotland, which are the largest free-standing stone structures in the world. As opposed to the Roman walls displayed here, the earlier Celtic usage of stone often used no joining agent, and stones were simply perfectly placed. This is also the case with the stone walls of Celtic Hillforts in Britain as well.
The Celts ought not be misrepresented as overly primitive.
Romans considered them primitive.... Romans considered basically everyone in Europe to primitive
Thank you, your explanation brings these people's lives alive in my mind
Very interesting and well presented. Thank you very much - greatly appreciated.
Hear hear. Very well said.
I don't know, how British is the British Museum?
Indeed!
This is so excellent, fascinating and exciting. I want to time travel now.
Roman helmets at this time were directly copied from Celtic designs.
After Brennus' sack of Rome in 390 BC, the Romans, shaken to their core, abandoned their Greco-Etruscan copycat military in favour of a Celtic copycat military. They copied helmets, swords, spears, shields, mail shirts and so on from models that were in use in the areas of contact in Iberia and Cisalpine Gaul.
After Caesar's subjugation of Gaul, the Celts ceased to be feared and this equipment started to slowly be supplanted by types popular among Rome's new great rivals - chiefly Germania and Parthia/Sassania, but the helmet in question is still of Celtic derivation (not replaced for a few hundred years).
Iberian swords (falcatas) were superior to roman ones that's why romans copied them... but Iberians weren't exactly 100% Celtic people
I've been combing through the comments wondering if anyone was going to bring this up. It's really encouraging knowing that the people working at one of the most famous museums in the world can't seem to get the history straight on artifacts from the country it is based in.
@@Adrian-vy5vn by some definition, Iberians weren't at all Celtic, but by the time that the Romans started to interfere there, the majority of the territory in Iberia was no longer controlled by "native" Iberians, but by Celts or a mixture of the two (Celtiberians). The gladius was based on Celtic straight swords, rather than on weapons endemic to Iberia.
While there are weapons which are distinctively local to Iberia and not found elsewhere in the Celtic world, the Celts are thought to have brought iron working to Iberia, so no Iberian iron weapon can be considered entirely non-Celtic.
As for the falcata, I could be ignorant, but I'm not sure that the Romans did specifically copy it, at least not in any widespread fashion - though they do seem to have admired it (likewise, idk of any evidence that they copied the Thracian rhomphaiai, as much as they may have loved to talk about those and as easy as they'd be to make).
Rather, they sometimes used an extremely similar weapon, known as a _kopis_ . This was popular among Greeks and Etruscans (and could be the origin of the falcata). It tends to be found in depictions of Roman generals and so on, together with other Greco-Etruscan style equipment such as muscle cuirasses and attic helmets. This points to the fact that it was used prior to any Celticisation of the force, while Rome had an entirely Etruscan-style army.
Kopidae have a very long history in Italy and as with many elements of Greco-Etruscan equipment, it's not really known whether the Greeks used them before the Etruscans or vice versa.
Excellent video about an interesting question about Roman history and the history of the British Isles.
Great presentation! Thank you.
Somebody should proof read the subtitles.The presenter states 9th Legion Hispana.The subtitle states 9th Legion his spanner.I did laugh though.
@@Elm0xz To be honest I have no idea.
When you turn on the subtitles, if they’ve been “creatively” produced by a computer, it will say “auto-generated” ... if it says only “English,” then it’s been done by a human
The real question is. How roman is britain still
🇫🇷🇫🇷🇫🇷Vuitoonn made amphorae 🇫🇷🇫🇷maybe Bbennytonns as well🇫🇷🇫🇷And Britain wasn’t even as rich as China was 🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳
Would salt from Cheshire be one of the exports back to Rome?
There's plenty more salt to mine and be made from seawater between England and Rome. More likely they would have used it more locally, paying their armies etc, don't you think?
Great video. Will be using this in my History lessons.
Very interesting and informative. Thank you.
Although the clip was informative, it didn't answer the question. The examples shown didn't reflect the majority of the British population. An answer to the actual question would be through the examples of Roman forts. Many show signs of long occupation. Britain was an island under military occupation that required the presence of substantial numbers of soldiers to enforce but never completely subdue. A possible parallel would be the recent occupation of Afghanistan, which was welcomed for a number of reasons by many of the elites, had numerous military bases and created a society and propped up a regime that lasted only while it was occupied.
The Roman "occupation" of Britannia lasted "only" 400 years and brought civilization for the first time ever in that island. Britannia was romanized, and her inhabitants were citizen of the Roman Empire (the greatest Empire ever seen by mankind, spanning 2000 years). Your comparison with Afghanistan is totally nonsense.
@@marcobassini3576 Define this civilisation you speak of in the light of slavery and gladatorial games? If Britannia was so Romanised and cowed into submission, why did it require such a heavy continued military presence to police not just Hadrian's Wall but its roadways and urban areas? Would you prefer another comparison of a military occupation that propped up the local elites whilst exploiting resources only lasting as long as the troops remained? Because that is what happened to both Britannia and Afghanistan.
Fantastic thanks! I took a tour through the Roman section of the BM on a recent trip to ThatLondon. Got a selfie with Mister Bad Tempered (Caracalla)
Oi! You gotta loicense for those lead pigs?
Powerful civilisations like the Romans are always looked up to and copied.
It was the same during the British Empire and now that the US is the top dog they too are copied. Even the British lady archeologist here used the term:
'like a cookie cutter', which is obviously a US expression, not British. Perhaps in some far of different time, an archeologist will be using this clip to asses the US influence on Britain, just as she is now about the Romans.
Not a British lady archeologist by the accent. Australia, New Zealand?
@@sylviaemberton6489
The archeologist is actualy Julia Farley a British archeologist and curator at the British Museum. Though the male voice over at the beginning, did sound Australian.
Thank you for the correction.
Mediterraneans were in Cornwall centuries BC for the tin
Romans brought civilization and culture to Britain.
Otherwise it was just.....
Useful video. When the map shows Colchester I think the location indicated is actually Cambridge?
Much Roman blood amoung the British population.
WELL----we supported JUventus football club then
So 'Colchester' *isn't* pronounced 'coal-stuh'? I'm confused ... aren't the middle bits supposed to be silent-Worcester, Leicester, ... ?
Yes, I’m afraid English place names are like English spelling in general: lots of patterns but not much actual uniformity. The pronunciation of ‘Colchester’ _is_ similar to that of ‘Manchester’, though.
Come to new england if you really want confusion....all the towns in massachusetts, connecticut, vermont, new hampshire, etc, weve all got these same names from the original colonists....and im sure, pronounce them differently!
c vs ch
@@HarborLockRoad I believe you. They even say 'Houston' differently depending on which place they're referring to!
Very interesting and great presentation.......thank u
Quackademics have put Roman labels on everything they find.
I was very disappointed by this video. In Britain in primary school there is inevitably a term (semester) or two on "Roman Britain" and it always ends up being about the Boccia Revolt, as if the Romans were a fleeting presense in Britain. I had hoped that this vidoe would have a grown up aproach to the subject. For example statistical analysis of the increase in roads over time and where those roads were in Britain), the development of towns (where they where and how latge they became) etc etc. So that "How 'Roman' was Roman-Britain?" could be answered better than at a primary school level. As it stands this provided less information than the [in]famous "What did the Romans ever do for us?" sketch in the Monty Python film "Life of Brian" m.th-cam.com/video/uvPbj9NX0zc/w-d-xo.html
Yes but this does not answer the question in any way at all. We know that parts of Britain were barely touched by Roman rule. We know that he vast percentage of the people living in the country still lived as they always had : in round houses. Ireland was barely touched , if at all, similarly Wales < apart from Anglesey, Scotland and parts of Northern Britain. Italy was not a united country until unified it in 1861, On top of all this we know that the Roman Army routinely used units from different places in the Empire, so it is doubtful that many actual Roman soldiers were in Britain at all. The Legions that invaded in 43AD came from Germania .
None of what you say, though substantially true, nullifies what these two conservators were saying. "Roman" can mean someone from the city of Rome or someone who was a subject of the Roman Empire, regardless of their local culture. In the same way, a quarter of the world's population in, say, 1900 were regarded as being British subjects even though though they weren't necessarily all wearing their old school tie and going to work in the City.
"Regarded"! Interesting! By whom? Definitely not by themselves
@@ghostagee5232
How about by those who conquered them?
And I dare say the amount who moved here because of their British subject status felt the same.
Ironic incorrect use of decimate
Love the format of these. This is what we really want. An in depth look into the Museum and the history behind the objects with the occasional tour of an exhibit.
About as Roman as everywhere else these days. Especially America.
All roads generally lead to Rome
💥💥💥In Rome like the Romans💥💥some stilletto shoes by Praedda ???💥💥💥💥💥
Awesome stuff. Could watch for hours.
SO U BRITISH ARE QUITE A MIXTURE OF NATIONALITIES ? ROMAN/ITALIAN, VIKING/NORWEGIAN AND WHO KNOWS WHAT ELSE ? FORGOT THE GERMAN, PLEASE LET ME KNOW.
Thank you for this excellent piece of information regarding Roman civilization and its influence in Britain . From Calcutta
I seem to remember from a book by the geneticist Bryan Sykes that said the presence of Roman DNA is pretty much nonexistent among the British, his hypothesis being that the Romans stationed Germanic mercenaries there. In fact, he says that no really distinct Celtic or Germanic DNA can be found in any individual because the inter-mixture has been going on for so long from generation to generation. I knew a woman named Honnig who was from York, and she told me it meant "honey," which I knew already from my knowledge of German. However, though she may identify herself with the Danes who settled there ages ago, her genetic make-up is much more mixed. As has been pointed out by somebody, nearly everybody in Britain can trace their family back in a very round-about way to William the Congueror.
Clearly the British have Italian blood. Just look at the brown eyes & dark hair & Mediterranean noses of The Beatles (John, Paul, George & Ringo, although Ringo has blue eyes he clearly has a long Roman nose)
more than a million English people are descended directly from the ancient Romans
What have the romans ever done for us?
Why do you write over the images? Can't see fuck all. Ridiculous
From the important Roman presence to the huge influence of John Florio to the English language and literature, Italic people have definitely shaped Britain in a profound way.
spaghetti
If only you gave Henry VIII permission to get that divorce!
@@monkeysnide 70p ALDI pizzas are my saviour
40grams of protein and 800kcals for 70p!!!
@@Swift-mr5zi sold
Shaped yes, profound? Less so. German, Norse and French are the major influences.
Eat and drink like the Roman do. No more fish and chip, please!
Lark's tongues... Wren's livers... Jaguars earlobes... Wolf's nipple chips-get 'em while the're hot, their lovely...
The Eye of Imagination thinks it sees a V to the left of those two I's on the helmet, and even another I to the left of the V. Crazy, I know...
I saw it too
I thought I could see ghosts of more numerals
I had ti scroll way too far to see this! My theory is its a helmet from an veteran legionnaire. They were allowed to keep their gear when they retired if they paid the storekeeper. The numbers are for battle records and are essentially Roman dog tags - the numbers representing Cohort, then Century. That way each century would know their losses.
Camulodonum seems a bit Roman for a town name in Celtic Britain.
At least the -um part.
Excellent. Though as others have said, the captions could do with a few corrections.😉
Perhaps the II was added much later ---
If it were mine I would not have stamped it there.
of course they never went to lonely Britain, just a forgery (thanxx)...
Check out Wilson and Blackett Britain was doing just fine until that lot showed up...
When you talk of Britain trading corn , you’re talking about barley corn , not maze corn .
Back until recently (50 years perhaps - definitely in my lifetime) 'corn' in the UK was the common term for what is now called wheat, I'm don't know when the terminology changed but I suspect it will have something to do with the rise of US origined cereal products that were made from what we (in the UK) used to call maize and marketed as an end product of 'corn', so they had to differentiate between wheat/corn maize/corn.
The Corn Laws that caused so much disturbance in the 1800's were definitely not about maize.
As a kid we used to play in the cornfields - not the wheat fields and the first time I saw maize was on Exercise (Lionheart I think it was) in Germany.
Cornflowers growing in the wheat fields.
Corn = wheat in Great Britain
Yeah, in Britain Maize is known as Sweetcorn
“Corn” is a generic grain crop.
It can be just about any grain.
If the woman did not emulate St.Vitus I could then have concentrated on what she was saying instead of the Hand Jive she was doing
Good, thank you. What was the purpose of the three holes on the back of the helmet?
My guess is that the person buried here really liked Roman wine...😜
People don’t realize that globalism has collapsed MANY times throughout history, and the Roman evacuation of Britain is a perfect example.
Good stuff! Shame about the 'his spanner' - instead of Hispana!