Physics | Electric circuits | Resistors in parallel

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 26 ธ.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 178

  • @xolilebalula2480
    @xolilebalula2480 3 ปีที่แล้ว +259

    Good day sir. I'm a teacher by profession, specializing in maths and physical sciences. I'd like to personally thank you for making my teaching career a successful journey. Ever since I watched your video my teaching has transformed. This is an appreciation comment. Keep up the good work.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +51

      Wow... Thank you so much for the comment. I am more than blessed to play a small part in assisting you to become the great educator you were meant to be.
      Please send me an email so that we can keep in touch.

    • @xolilebalula2480
      @xolilebalula2480 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@MlungisiNkosi sorry for the late reply my email address is xolibalula@gmail.com. Looking forward keeping in touch with you. Thank you very much!!!

    • @Lwandle-vo2vc
      @Lwandle-vo2vc ปีที่แล้ว

      ​@@MlungisiNkosi the fixer

  • @mathapeloangel79
    @mathapeloangel79 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

    You know that a teacher is great when you attempt to solve the problem on your own and you get it right on the first attempt!! Thank you Bab'Nkosi. 🙏

  • @leonmatshingana7292
    @leonmatshingana7292 2 ปีที่แล้ว +27

    In 2010 i had the privilege of attending your classes at grace bible church, from that day physical sciences became my love. I'd take your lessons to my group that and everyone passed with great results. I would not have been where I am today without people like you. I have made a promise to extend the blessing by tutoring everywhere I go. Thank you.

  • @ncumisakroti6932
    @ncumisakroti6932 2 ปีที่แล้ว +42

    I can't believe that I was hating on such a nice subject , you have proven that physics is not hard . I can't thank you enough for making my journey this year easier ! You remain the best 🙏

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Ncwaaaaahhhh… shweeeet. I’m grateful to have found family in you

  • @mbalimsthali5479
    @mbalimsthali5479 ปีที่แล้ว +73

    Hi sir isn't A2 3.5A since it's combines with Ib and Ic

  • @phindiwedumezweni7505
    @phindiwedumezweni7505 3 ปีที่แล้ว +53

    here's to Mr Mlungisi who makes physics a walk in the park 🥂🥂, sir you deserve your own tv show coz you are good 🤗.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you. Watch the space... 😊

  • @wakeupfakeup
    @wakeupfakeup 3 ปีที่แล้ว +41

    I was writing a physics exams yesterday I don't think I did amazing but it was good enough. I go to an online school so when you have a bad teacher, that's basically it. Your videos are heaven sent thank you for them. I am going to study for my chemistry paper now, hopefully I will do better...fingers crossed.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +22

      Well, I'm grateful for your honesty about where you are in terms of your results right now... The great news is that you won't remain there. Judging from your statements, you're doing something about it... I promise you, I'll give my absolute best to teaching you in the best way possible. I know the result will be phenomenal. Let's keep up the hard work until we see that change.

  • @caitcait2287
    @caitcait2287 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Thank you so much- this is the first time I’ve been able to understand circuits properly!!

  • @khayntamo
    @khayntamo 3 ปีที่แล้ว +25

    eh sir you’ve been feeding us with study content lately, dankie 🙏🏼😂

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Lol... Why does it sound like you are not happy about that?

    • @khayntamo
      @khayntamo 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@MlungisiNkosi i’m v appreciative sir, it’s truly helped me a lot

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@khayntamo in that case, you're more than welcome 😊

  • @nomteemzee3540
    @nomteemzee3540 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    I've seen teachers but sir you are one of a kind . Thank you for rescuing me in this hell hole i was in ... in the hands of my teacher but with you im ready for my preliminary exams ✊🍾

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You are sooo welcome. All the best for your prelims ❤️

  • @mbusophenase2435
    @mbusophenase2435 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I have never liked this chapter ever since, but today it all changed.. Thank you so much Sir

  • @TariroGwenjere-pe2hf
    @TariroGwenjere-pe2hf 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Not me who is watching all of his videos now 2 topics left umm they are very helpful; May the Lord keep you safe for us uncle
    u are really a life saver
    matric 2024 let's gather here
    finally understand circuits

  • @AlfredMabjana
    @AlfredMabjana 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Wow you are the best teacher whom i understand 🔥🔥🙏

  • @dianagalx
    @dianagalx 2 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    🤗🤗Wow I don't even know where to start. I wanna say a big thank you on your videos sir, they have really helped me a lot by understand my maths and physics. Last year I was doing grade 12 and honesty as much as I was trying to study and understand my class teacher, I even attended extra classes but I never understand anything. I had already given up that i wanted to change my subject this year but they told me that i couldn't change it now, because it already to late to change now i'll have to change next year.
    😏😂short story is 2 weeks ago i was just sitting in my room crying to myself thinking that I'm obviously going to fail both of this subject coz i just study but never understand anything. I went on TH-cam saw your video I didn't wanna watch the first time coz i felt that the videos were to long to watch 😂few day later I was okey fine let me watch one video and honesty I'm really thankful for your videos now I can answer most of the difficult questions coz i know understand better. You are really the best teacher ever in explaining even through the phone wow I just can't believe thi. I'm really greatfully to God that i found your channel. It made me love maths and physics . Now I have so much hope that I'll do well then before all thanks to you sir and I believe that coming November I'll master my paper with flying colours 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏I wish the best for you sir.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you so much for this awesome comment and I wish you all the best.

  • @faithmochosa9280
    @faithmochosa9280 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    M writing paper 1 on Friday I feel like m ready after going through your videos thank you very Mr nkosi n be blessed

  • @liyemagobile7677
    @liyemagobile7677 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    You have no idea how you just saved my life

  • @MelitaSekuba
    @MelitaSekuba ปีที่แล้ว +2

    you're making my studies easy,sir

  • @sbonisongubeni2173
    @sbonisongubeni2173 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    You always make things easier 🙂

  • @makgabomachabaphala-bp1iq
    @makgabomachabaphala-bp1iq ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I finally understand because of u sir 😊 I appreciate your time in making this for us who didn't understand physics at all

  • @sphethomadonsela2734
    @sphethomadonsela2734 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    You never disappoint !!
    I used to hate electric circuits but after today ,you've just made it to be one of my favourite topics 😀 thank you so much 👊

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      I love this... Thank you. Welcome to the M-Team 😊

  • @betfootballmastera2764
    @betfootballmastera2764 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Literally writing physics tomorrow 😂 and watching this before my exams Groot man you the best ❤

  • @abulelelahliwe9434
    @abulelelahliwe9434 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    When black people are gifted, nothing beats that!

  • @nokukhanyakhanyisile
    @nokukhanyakhanyisile 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Malume you make things easier for us,I can’t thank you enough ai ngiyakuvuma

  • @sabelomhlali5087
    @sabelomhlali5087 3 ปีที่แล้ว +17

    Sir I just wanted to get clarity on something. On the second last question, we were supposed to find the value of current passing on A2. Shouldn't it be the sum of the currents passing Through resistor B and resistor C ?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +11

      You're correct... It was my mistake. Apologies.

    • @Nobars-z1q
      @Nobars-z1q 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I had the same question 😂

    • @perle.malaba
      @perle.malaba 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

      @@MlungisiNkosi So sir, to clarify... the value of A2 should be 3,5A?

    • @siphetfomagagula5414
      @siphetfomagagula5414 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@perle.malaba got the same answer. 3.51

    • @perle.malaba
      @perle.malaba 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@siphetfomagagula5414 Thanks for that confirmation. :) Much appreciated.

  • @zanekhpsa3543
    @zanekhpsa3543 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I really appreciate your work sir you’re a total life saver 😞.

  • @rizymadd8051
    @rizymadd8051 2 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Sir on the second activity for A2 i got 3.5 A. I firstly calculated the effective resistance of the 4 ohm and 3 ohm resistor which was 1.71 ohms. I then substituted that into the Formula and got 3.5 A. I did that because they asked for the current passing through A2 and not the current passing through the 4 ohm resistor

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Well done… 😃

    • @miraal.b
      @miraal.b 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      i got the same

  • @maokotokulogo866
    @maokotokulogo866 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    High quality lessons. Thank you

  • @thobekamavundla6609
    @thobekamavundla6609 2 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    hello sir but A2s value is 3,5A not 0,5 because A2s value is made up of the sum of Ic and Ib

  • @tlhologeloselapa3043
    @tlhologeloselapa3043 3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Didn't you say at A2 we add the current Ic and Ib ...aren't we suppose to use both 4 and 3 ohms resistors?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Please let me know which question you are referring to by pointing to time in the lesson so that I can answer your question. 🙏🏾

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @Utimna Mxi thank you so much for pointing it out. You're a star... It was my mistake. I apologise sincerely for that 😊

    • @lehakoek555
      @lehakoek555 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@MlungisiNkosi thank you...

    • @mphomurashiwa8154
      @mphomurashiwa8154 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@MlungisiNkosi so the answer should be 3.5 A right sir?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@mphomurashiwa8154 absolutely right

  • @talentkhumalo3538
    @talentkhumalo3538 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you Mlu you are the best man,I was so confused about circuits but it is supercalifragilastic acastastic

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣 Super what?
      I'm glad I could help. Let's keep pushing...

  • @mpumuzisibande8026
    @mpumuzisibande8026 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much for the video Sir. I understand this section better now

  • @phenyomogopodi4369
    @phenyomogopodi4369 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I’m honestly mad for watching this the day before the exam. These videos are so in depth and so enriching but because I’m in such a rush I can’t truly appreciate the length of these videos😟

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  ปีที่แล้ว

      😭😭😭
      Maybe come back after exams and binge on each playlist yabo

    • @phenyomogopodi4369
      @phenyomogopodi4369 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@MlungisiNkosi definitely!!

  • @Sphe-k2z
    @Sphe-k2z 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    34:01 But sir what if i used I=V/R then straight away i put 6 where there's V and 12 where there's R and then i got 0.5A straight away
    Is it wrong?

  • @kgagudimalomane2997
    @kgagudimalomane2997 3 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Thanks.. mlu.. u shud consider starting online physical science school so we can pay school fees 🤭 ur the best 🤝🙏

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Just now I'll ask for 5tau... Don't tempt me 😂. I'm glad it's of benefit to you

    • @kgagudimalomane2997
      @kgagudimalomane2997 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@MlungisiNkosi for the whole year 😂

  • @prudencemanganyi1385
    @prudencemanganyi1385 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank god for you sir, heaven sent.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      It is my pleasure... Thank you

  • @mphosinethemba7554
    @mphosinethemba7554 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    For the second question.. What was the final answer for A2?

  • @DineoCele-k1g
    @DineoCele-k1g ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You the best mr.. ♥️♥️

  • @lethaboemily8606
    @lethaboemily8606 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are good sir I am nailing this chapter😍

  • @wandilevilakazi9550
    @wandilevilakazi9550 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank u so much sir Nkosi I'm learning alot❤ and ur videos are super helpful to me I'm upgrading my matric and u are making my life so easy with ur videos 😭😭
    I'm super grateful I've found this channel ❤❤🙏🙏

  • @tsigeredagashaw8702
    @tsigeredagashaw8702 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I really appreciate your work sir

  • @boitumeloboutlwanye2711
    @boitumeloboutlwanye2711 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    is the current Ib the same as A2?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      No I made an error... I'm glad you picked it up though

  • @MolemoLabane
    @MolemoLabane ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Learning much from u sir

  • @roshaanghani1709
    @roshaanghani1709 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    sir could you please mention mistakes in the bio when you find out about them as some people may spend like ten minutes trying to make sense of it but other than that you're a star! thank you for making this so simple.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Makes sense... Thank you for the suggestion.

  • @phomolomarumo
    @phomolomarumo 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    physics is fun😂😂,thank u sir👊

  • @puseletsom2496
    @puseletsom2496 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Re a leboga you explain nicely God bless you

  • @KennethLebea
    @KennethLebea 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Sir don't you think the current on A2 is the current on 3ohm + 4ohm resistor?

  • @galaletsangrakgwadi9452
    @galaletsangrakgwadi9452 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    hi sir how do you differenciate and or tell which ameter belongs to which resistor

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      By checking which current passes through that ammeter

  • @reatlegiletjadi6895
    @reatlegiletjadi6895 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir can I ask: questions 2, parallel 2
    Why did u choose to use total resistance series rather than total

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Remember the principle is voltage with its corresponding resistance.

  • @ThokozaniNgubane-cd2vy
    @ThokozaniNgubane-cd2vy ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Mr Nkosi your lesson is loud and clear, but can you please help me, what if they ask me to calculate the total resistance and assume we are also given an internal resistance, we must àdd the Rext with r ?

  • @jerrybones4500
    @jerrybones4500 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    🤝🔥Thank you sir !

  • @phuti3031
    @phuti3031 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir I dont understand by making the 18 ohm and 9 ohm resistor one thing do we continue treating the circuit as parallel ... I'm asking cause you said the voltage for the 6 ohms will be 24v ... I didnt understand what you meant when you said because it's the only one

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes the voltage remains the same even when you make it into one resistor

  • @sbongakonkenicholas490
    @sbongakonkenicholas490 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hy I'm really interested in yours lessons sir I'm now a teacher of physical sciences in school........can we please have the video of electrodynamics lessons

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Oh my word!!! Another fellow soldier... Keep up the good work.
      I will cover electrodynamics in the very near future. Please send me an email.

  • @slindoZ
    @slindoZ 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Why are voltmeters connected in parallel to the resistors?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      A voltmeter has infinite resistance. It will not allow current to pass through it…

  • @THATOLEKOMANYANE-k3q
    @THATOLEKOMANYANE-k3q 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you Mlu...

  • @rudolfmadiseng3481
    @rudolfmadiseng3481 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good day sir the second circuit A2 was miss calculated because you said that ammeter accounts for the two resistors 4 ohms and 3 ohms

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  ปีที่แล้ว

      It was a mistake… apologies

    • @rudolfmadiseng3481
      @rudolfmadiseng3481 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@MlungisiNkosi I'm confident because of you :)

  • @meganheher7975
    @meganheher7975 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir may you please make a video of photoelectric effect

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Of course... That's coming next week 😊.

    • @meganheher7975
      @meganheher7975 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@MlungisiNkosi
      Thank u so much ypur videos are very helpful..i see a distinction already😊💫

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@meganheher7975 definitely within your reach... Let's goooooo 😊

  • @nkirikopano9880
    @nkirikopano9880 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Put the video at 34min25 seconds. The current at I[B] is not the same as the current at A2?

  • @ntswakimvala183
    @ntswakimvala183 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    So sir is it major series??

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      I’m not sure I understand your question… Please rephrase.

  • @LusiweMasondo
    @LusiweMasondo หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sir why not add the resistors for both the series and parallel and you will get ( 8 ) when you want to calculate for Voltage because you said in your previous videos Voltage is the Same everywhere in parallel !! And this is not a series circuit but a parallel one . I’m just confused

  • @lulama3267
    @lulama3267 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, does this cover grade 11 content(circuit in parallel)as well?🥺

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Yes... My approach was to begin with grade 11 content and build it up to a point where I introduce grade 12 content. I hope its helpful

    • @lulama3267
      @lulama3267 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@MlungisiNkosi so far so good, I'm understanding everything and I'd like to say thank you so much Mr Nkosi, I was stressin with the section of electric Circuit, reason is my physics teacher, teach us physics as if he is readin a novel and makin it hard for us to understand.
      I'd appreciate if you also do a section of Power and Energy as well🥺🥺tjoo, but so far I am understandin and I am attempting past papers.

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@lulama3267 Work Energy and Power is already available. Please show some appreciation to your teacher. He is doing the best that he can...

    • @lulama3267
      @lulama3267 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@MlungisiNkosi will do, thanks a lot

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@lulama3267 you're welcome

  • @SiziweSiziwe
    @SiziweSiziwe ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks sir😊🙏

  • @andygamer1165
    @andygamer1165 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much sir,!!!

  • @Ah-nf2vs
    @Ah-nf2vs 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir on the first question to find A
    I kind of calculated the I1 & I2 using the ohm's law formula then added them together and found the answer to be 4A😅
    I actually solved the whole question with how I did it

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      That’s great… That works just as well. It shows that your understanding of this topic is tip top now

    • @Ah-nf2vs
      @Ah-nf2vs 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yessir!

  • @lindiwekholopane
    @lindiwekholopane 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir. Wait isn't 1/18 + 1/9= 1/3 not 6?

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      It is 1/6 and when you invert it, we get 6 ohms

    • @lindiwekholopane
      @lindiwekholopane 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Or sir. I saw where my mistake is. Thank you.

  • @the-ateez-luvr761
    @the-ateez-luvr761 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can you help with rheostat I'm writing my final tomorrow

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance can be varied (changed). Often times, it's used to investigate the relationship between the current and resistance (Ohm' law) or to investigate the effect of the Internal resistance in a battery. I don't think you need to worry too much about it for tomorrow.

  • @AngeI.444
    @AngeI.444 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    35:35

  • @moitotinaledimonethe8279
    @moitotinaledimonethe8279 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much ❤

  • @Bizatrade
    @Bizatrade 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Am not sure but don't you think you made a mistake ektholeni u A2 course the current passion through a2 is the IB+IC

  • @wizyoni3217
    @wizyoni3217 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks 🙏 teacher

  • @ovrlrdstain924
    @ovrlrdstain924 ปีที่แล้ว

    Arigato my frendo!

  • @mrrkwezulu1728
    @mrrkwezulu1728 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Mr you never expalined where you 1/6 from

  • @Roberto97810
    @Roberto97810 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Beke le beke🤭😅🇿🇦🙏🏽

  • @nomaxaba3037
    @nomaxaba3037 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    you are amazing

    • @MlungisiNkosi
      @MlungisiNkosi  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      You too... Thank you very much Ms Xaba.

  • @zamalindilexulu
    @zamalindilexulu หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi
    Am really not following on to how we got to 6 V

  • @itsjustnomusa5191
    @itsjustnomusa5191 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you !!🙏🏽

  • @nangosiyephu339
    @nangosiyephu339 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    👏👏👏

  • @zothanisizwe7283
    @zothanisizwe7283 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    V1=10Volt

  • @tumelotumza6841
    @tumelotumza6841 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    10v Sir

  • @oyamamtumane8522
    @oyamamtumane8522 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    sorry sir could you please give me your email so I can ask you something? Thanks

  • @VusiNgcobo-g9d
    @VusiNgcobo-g9d 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    10v