How do Beta Blockers Work? (+ Pharmacology)

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 13 มิ.ย. 2024
  • Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension. Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure such as heart attack and stroke.
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    Answers:
    1.)C 2.)B 3.)D 4.)D
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    This pharmacology lecture covers topics such as pathophysiology of hypertension, regulation of blood pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, baroreceptors, alpha 1 & beta 1 Beta 2 receptors, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, . Mechanism of action of antihypertensive drugs and their side effects; adrenergic antagonists; alpha & beta blockers, centrally acting adrenergic agents, dihydropyridine & nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing diuretics, renin inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARBs), endothelin receptor antagonist, dopamine-1 receptor agonist, peripheral vasodilators. Drugs mentioned include; Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Nadolol, Carvedilol, Propranolol, Metoprolol tartrate, metoprolol succinate.
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ความคิดเห็น • 227

  • @bellefeu4933
    @bellefeu4933 4 ปีที่แล้ว +181

    FUN TRICK: If a BB starts with A-M = Selective. If a BB starts with N-Z = Non-Selective (B1+B2). The only exceptions to this rule are Carvedilol and Labetalol (B1+B2+A1 non-selective), and Nebivolol and Betaxalol (NO release vasodilation for Nebiv, and CCB-like response for Betax). You now know effectively every BB receptor!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +15

      That's an awesome trick! Thanks for sharing it with everyone!

    • @medicallecturersforgraduat1417
      @medicallecturersforgraduat1417 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Plz tell me wt is AM NZ

    • @andrewmulele9789
      @andrewmulele9789 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@medicallecturersforgraduat1417 its drug whose initials from start A-M,,i.e drugs such as atenolol,bisoprolol etc and those whose initials lie between N-Z eeeh

    • @lauriebartling579
      @lauriebartling579 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      It only works with the generic names though (eg Bisoprolol (generic name) versus Zebeta as its brand name. So don’t get confused. Great tip!!

    • @krisannballin2291
      @krisannballin2291 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@medicallecturersforgraduat1417 alphabet letters a-m

  • @gloriac9994
    @gloriac9994 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    i am watching all your videos and seriously so obsessed and thankful i found u!!! you deserve a million subscribers. I swear no one can teach as succinctly as you. BLESS

  • @mellozz91
    @mellozz91 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    This video was the most helpful pharmacology video I have come across! Thank you so much!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for watching!😁

  • @Loraine07
    @Loraine07 4 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    I hv this on repeat every time...u hv made my pharmacology content much easier to remember..can’t wait to watch your other videos ...

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you so much for your support! More videos will be coming! :)

  • @christellekankalian7824
    @christellekankalian7824 5 ปีที่แล้ว +23

    This video is by far the best video. It helped me so much with my exams in pharmacy school!

  • @zishanahmad7089
    @zishanahmad7089 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    1-A-M selective beta blocker
    2-N-Z non selective beta blocker ( N se start non selective)
    3-Nonselective beta blocker with extra property
    intead olol- lol present mostly except nebivolol tilisolol celiprolol

  • @eduardobravo-leon3894
    @eduardobravo-leon3894 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Thank you for another helpful video! Please keep making more!

  • @wiamalbouzidi7778
    @wiamalbouzidi7778 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much. Your efforts are highly appreciated ❤️

  • @sjlee9551
    @sjlee9551 ปีที่แล้ว

    Best ever among other beta blockers explaning videos. short and simple. sweet!

  • @4evauniquelylatoya196
    @4evauniquelylatoya196 4 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    Omg!!!! This was sooooooooo helpful!! I am a nursing student and was stressing over pharmacology but you my friend just made that stress go away!!! plz continue to post these very helpful videos PLEASE!! :)

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      Glad the video helped!! More videos coming out soon!

    • @4evauniquelylatoya196
      @4evauniquelylatoya196 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@DrugChug yessssssssssssss!! 👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾💖💖💖💖🙏🏾🙏🏾🙌🏾🙌🏾🙌🏾😁😁😁😁

  • @annascalzi8267
    @annascalzi8267 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Awesome presentation. I loved the graphics and simply put explanations of beta blockers. Thank you.

    • @mostafaamirjani8330
      @mostafaamirjani8330 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes exactly graphical presentation plus voice tone make videos series very pleasant and gave them a very high ranking among the other

  • @jasminsaber
    @jasminsaber 10 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I have a exam tomorrow morning you really saved me thanks a lot ♡

  • @youjungjung9649
    @youjungjung9649 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This video is a LIFESAVER! Thank you so much haha I am studying for exams at pharmacy school!

  • @walaa_abd9777
    @walaa_abd9777 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    1-carvedilol 2-b1
    3-metoprolol succinate
    4-d

  • @TrustNJesusChrist
    @TrustNJesusChrist 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Superbly well done explanation. Very informative.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you for watching!😁

  • @kavyasreeprakash6291
    @kavyasreeprakash6291 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Perfect vedio.... visualisation is amazing.. and easy to understand

  • @kayzee3966
    @kayzee3966 4 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Thank you so much for making this video. I was having a hard time understanding how beta blockers work. I’m glad I clicked on your video. Within 15 min I was able to understand how they work. Your video is straight to the point and so easy to understand 👩🏻‍⚕️🙌👍👍👍👍👍

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thanks for watching! Feels good to help! More videos coming soon!😁

  • @kathyTDP
    @kathyTDP 4 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    Please keep making these videos! I’m taking pharmacology this fall and I am already learning a lot.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Glad you enjoy them! @Kathy Thang , And Yes! We will keep them coming!

  • @pottypurplepodiatrist-warr7817
    @pottypurplepodiatrist-warr7817 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Just discovered your explainer videos...LOVE them!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you so much for the support!

  • @binbinky78
    @binbinky78 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    crystal clear! perfect video!! thank you sir!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You're very welcome binbinky78! Glad it helped😁

  • @maithilinarang3860
    @maithilinarang3860 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Woww you explained it so easily and so quickly.thanks!

  • @markrogers6778
    @markrogers6778 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    these are amazing for public speaking. Highly recommended!

  • @cristaliscristal9389
    @cristaliscristal9389 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Excellent explanation , thank you. ❤

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Glad it helped! Thank you 😊

  • @jagjeevandeshmukh2250
    @jagjeevandeshmukh2250 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Nice explanation in simple way

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi Jagjeevan! Thank you for your support!!

  • @panagvang1888
    @panagvang1888 4 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Finally found the perfect video! You're a lifesaver. Thanks so much.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      You're welcome Missmaiv! Glad the video helped!😁

  • @tarunnihlani1145
    @tarunnihlani1145 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very well explained

  • @sachinthawanasinghe3591
    @sachinthawanasinghe3591 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great explanation about beta blockers😍😍 Thank you!!

  • @drjtk76
    @drjtk76 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wowsers! Great stuff! Thanks

  • @MDALI-ur1fy
    @MDALI-ur1fy 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great explanation ❤

  • @momminmama3527
    @momminmama3527 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great explanation!👍🏾

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you!

  • @abdullaanas2608
    @abdullaanas2608 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    saved my time so much !!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you so much for watching!😁

  • @princeabdo5434
    @princeabdo5434 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video

  • @HeadFullofDreams394
    @HeadFullofDreams394 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    thanks

  • @sageagnes8947
    @sageagnes8947 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    THANKS ALOT GOD BLESS YOU!

  • @huiyingng7305
    @huiyingng7305 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    you're amazing! thank you!

  • @reazhossain0083
    @reazhossain0083 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    That was Great video about beta - blockers. In TH-cam, i found only this video, which can be learned accurately and clearly . Thanks a lot for making this video.🥰🥰

  • @osamayemenlover3015
    @osamayemenlover3015 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great info.

  • @sgthevocalist6920
    @sgthevocalist6920 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank You so much

  • @sparker931
    @sparker931 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    As I'm currently on beta blockers this is very helpful.
    Now I know why I get so dizzy on standing up.
    Fine once I'm walking

  • @wifagelhaj6392
    @wifagelhaj6392 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Very useful..thanks

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You're very welcome! Keep on learning!

  • @Studypharmaa
    @Studypharmaa 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Informative video 👍

  • @LucasSilva-kv3km
    @LucasSilva-kv3km 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video man
    Keep it up dude

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank You again! Appreciate the continued Support!

  • @appydas4464
    @appydas4464 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very good information.
    keep it up.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you! Will do! More videos to come😁

  • @Mohammed-dd8jm
    @Mohammed-dd8jm 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank you so much very interested

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Youre welcome! Glad you enjoyed it😁

  • @musikaaffection8570
    @musikaaffection8570 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you soo much ❤

  • @robertpvalentin
    @robertpvalentin 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very informative

  • @kristelv9031
    @kristelv9031 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you!

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for watching!

  • @jcarey1983
    @jcarey1983 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks!!

  • @danielgibbs4264
    @danielgibbs4264 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Gr8 information for me

  • @medicalstore4413
    @medicalstore4413 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    verysimpleway-explanation-witheasy-understanding

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you for watching!😀

  • @sumathyveeraragavan7788
    @sumathyveeraragavan7788 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you sir

  • @chaewon-cf5eq
    @chaewon-cf5eq 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for your video. Great help!! I am a student in Korea. I believe your lecture would be great help not only for me but also for students who live in korea. And I would like to translate in korean and share online. If it is OK, I would make sure to cite original source, your youtube channel. Hope to hear from you soon. Thank you!

  • @farhanmishu9926
    @farhanmishu9926 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank you.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You're welcome! Hope it helped!

  • @c50grand2
    @c50grand2 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for this video! I have Atrial Fibrillation and my electro cardiologist just put me on Metoprolol Succinate and Flecainide. The question I have is, do you have a video on Flecainide? I’m 58 years old and I haven’t had a need to take any medications until I developed A-fib recently. I’m just trying to educate myself about these drugs that I’m now having to take for the condition I’m experiencing. Thank you, and please keep the information coming on your channel.

    • @Gabymxm
      @Gabymxm 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      How your dr realised you have AF pls

  • @bijianto2745
    @bijianto2745 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you .good video. Can you tell me why patient is having bisoprolol and diltiazem together ?

  • @alhaeri1
    @alhaeri1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    good stuff

  • @akhonadraai5683
    @akhonadraai5683 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent!why carvedilol preferred in CHF?and how does rebound tachycardia happen??tnx.Njokweni(South Africa 🇿🇦)

  • @markrix
    @markrix 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Excellent information I wish these high-paid doctors would take the time to explain this to you they just are like here's a bunch of pills good luck

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for the support Mark! Appreciate the kind words😁

  • @rinalditalanai4460
    @rinalditalanai4460 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    good thsnk you dr

  • @Conqueror78
    @Conqueror78 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Thank you it's really helpful for pharmacy students

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Glad you enjoyed it! More videos coming out soon!

  • @zakiinaz9996
    @zakiinaz9996 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Good presentation.
    Sir you have mentioned, in heart failure only 3 medicines ie, carvedilol bisoprolol metoprolol. So why nebivolol cannot be used bcz it could better replace carvedilol as the later even block beta2 receptor also. While the nebivolol do same as carvedilol without blocking b2 and since no lung issues

  • @mayahfawaz5307
    @mayahfawaz5307 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    شكراً جزيلاً 🌼🌾
    كان مفيداً جداً، أرجو أن تتم ترجمته للغة العربية قريباً

  • @PoiR-vy6nk
    @PoiR-vy6nk ปีที่แล้ว +1

    So when adrenaline binds to alpha 1 receptor it causes vasoconstriction, did I understand right?

  • @Jakub.K0
    @Jakub.K0 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thoughts on taking selective B1 Beta blocker while on Clenbutrol?

  • @muhammadhuzaifa8649
    @muhammadhuzaifa8649 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    sir i am having a hard time finding the mechanism how B1 causes contraction in the heart ? any recommendations any one plz .

  • @mitersaw648
    @mitersaw648 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great channel. Can you do a video on Alpha Blockers

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you for you support! @Miter Saw More videos coming soon, Alpha blockers are on the list to do! 😁

  • @savethesims2185
    @savethesims2185 ปีที่แล้ว

    I was put on propranolol because of heart palpitations caused by PVCs. It’s amazing how fast it works. I wonder what causes the PVCs. I always felt like I was having a panic attack, all day, every day for no reason. Not anymore 😁I usually hate rx because I always have the horrible side affects, but the only one I have with this is being cold because it slows the hr.

  • @systeme92
    @systeme92 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can you answer what blood vessels alpha blockers cause vasodilation

  • @everonin5468
    @everonin5468 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I have a question, In what cases would non-selective beta-blockers be prescribed vs selective beta-blockers, given that many of the cases are heart-related issues? Thank you for your videos btw, super helpful and to the point, keep up the great work!! :)

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +10

      Great question! You have to understand that the non-selective are older drugs. This means some insurance companies want to pay for them first, because they are cheaper. So unfortunately money is a big factor in therapy.
      Also, some of the nonselective have benefits, for example: propranolol can be used for hyperthyroidism and social anxiety.
      Hope that clears some things up!

    • @everonin5468
      @everonin5468 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@DrugChug definitely cleared it up! Thank you so much for your help! :)

    • @itsfatetraventure2335
      @itsfatetraventure2335 ปีที่แล้ว

      Non selective timolol somatol and propanolol

  • @abc_cba
    @abc_cba 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Hi, is it true that discontinuing Propranolol can result in abrupt heart attacks even at low doses like 40 mg ?

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Hi!😁
      The risk will always be there when abruptly stopping any beta blocker. The risk is decreased if it's a lower dose, and a less duration of use (using it for 1 week versus 3 months). It never hurts to slowly taper beta blockers off!

  • @truehuman9449
    @truehuman9449 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    OMG i was given propranolol just for my anxiety and it helps.
    Why anxiety part is not covered in this video? Should i continue or switch to benzos? Which one is safe for anxiety?

  • @thechief5670
    @thechief5670 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    On it for thyroiditis overactive will it also help lower my anxiety and heart rate/ shaking

  • @sachinthawanasinghe3591
    @sachinthawanasinghe3591 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Central nervous system side effects can be caused by some beta blockers lipid soluble, right?

  • @zinthin8456
    @zinthin8456 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How does constriction of the lungs decreases Blo0d pressure?I am confused

  • @medicalinformation9035
    @medicalinformation9035 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Where I found solve of these short quiz ? I want to make sure of the solution

  • @civilizednotyet
    @civilizednotyet ปีที่แล้ว

    great

  • @annriah3051
    @annriah3051 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Good day. My doctor advised me to take propranolol 10mg once a day for about 1month for my chestpain. I’m now on the last 2pieces of medicine.. I’m just worried about the withdrawal syndrome after this.. Is it okay to stop it without tapering? It’s just a low dose anyway

  • @yamnaskitchen294
    @yamnaskitchen294 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thankyou so much, this is so helpful , you git a new subscriber :)

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thanks for the sub!! :)

  • @Radoslaw731
    @Radoslaw731 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Bisoprololl has vasodilation effect aswel!!

  • @ThePunisher0313
    @ThePunisher0313 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    From A to M its B1 (think of it as the first part of the alphabit)

  • @dr.bhupendrayadav1342
    @dr.bhupendrayadav1342 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    we can also recommend arjunaaarista ayurvedic medicine

  • @shibilanajeeb7149
    @shibilanajeeb7149 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Supprbbb!!! N loved it

  • @cdgates1
    @cdgates1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I can't donate blood anymore because my pulse or heart rate is high. What is the best beta blocker?

  • @antbbx3417
    @antbbx3417 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    So how would u safely dismiss taking any beta blocker without the risks???

  • @susannichol7025
    @susannichol7025 ปีที่แล้ว

    I.ve been put on beta blockers as I have ischemic heart disease and small blood vessels disease my BP is high one minute then six hours later it's low

  • @LuvSebby
    @LuvSebby 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can you take propranolol 10 mg for one time use?

  • @ThePunisher0313
    @ThePunisher0313 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How does B1 blockers cause hypoglycemia?!

  • @BrandonD
    @BrandonD ปีที่แล้ว

    I use propranolol for anxiety and I had wpw I no longer have wpw

  • @muhammadhuzaifa8649
    @muhammadhuzaifa8649 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir how come beta blocker block alpha 1 receptor ?

  • @julesviolin
    @julesviolin 19 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Blimey
    Eating healthy and keeping fit seems to be the priority here.
    I'm 60 and I think twice about even taking paracetamol.
    I don't even know what my doctor looks like ❤

  • @AkiRa-vm2nw
    @AkiRa-vm2nw 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I got 4 points on your quiz. 😊

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Woohoo!! Great job! @Aki Ra

  • @himat9342
    @himat9342 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Could you make a video on Prostaglandins please

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes, more videos are planned to be released in due time! Stay tuned!

  • @gcvoon286
    @gcvoon286 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can carvedilol 12.5mg give to elderly patients? Does carvedilol slow down the heart function n the dilation of blood vessel to cause lesser blood to kidney n causing trouble to the kidney as kidney receiving less oxygen? How long can this medicine given to elderly patient? As the lung receptors are blocked n causing less function to exchange oxygen, could this result the blood cell in the body and organ deteriorate because of less oxygen and nutrients reqiired? Also, since carvedilol put a brake on the heart function, could this eventually worsening the heart n causimg death to elderly? This video is great, excellent explanation. One more question, since carvedilol is an old medicine, does it still widely used?

  • @payalsingh5558
    @payalsingh5558 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Do you have any pdf for the notes

  • @s.m.t.slakshan9042
    @s.m.t.slakshan9042 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This video is the best video about the beta blockers I like this vedio
    Water solubility and lipid solubility about the beta blocker you missed it if you can apply it to this video

    • @s.m.t.slakshan9042
      @s.m.t.slakshan9042 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi I am in sri lanka
      I you want I can give ideas about tha videos
      My email address
      Smtslakshan@gmail.com

  • @pujamirza5671
    @pujamirza5671 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    What is proper method for taking a patient off beta blocker. Please answer me with graph . thank you sir.

  • @shaninoor6591
    @shaninoor6591 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What is atenalol?

  • @calumsingh9869
    @calumsingh9869 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Why are those three beta-blockers used in treating heart failure rather than different beta-blockers? Also great video, very informative and simple.

    • @DrugChug
      @DrugChug  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Great Question! @Calum
      For a general answer: These 3 beta blockers proved to be superior in clinical trials for heart failure, and because of these trials, they are recommended.
      The only other thing is that Carvedilol has antioxidant effects, which help reverse structural damage to the heart, which would surely help our heart failure patients!
      Hope this helps!

    • @calumsingh9869
      @calumsingh9869 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@DrugChug Thank you, it makes more sense. How do the antioxidants reverse the damage? And can most structural damage be reversed using the mechanism?

  • @timmosely8948
    @timmosely8948 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What about pindolol?

  • @monikaadamik6845
    @monikaadamik6845 ปีที่แล้ว

    How much do they lower bp