Fundamental Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

แชร์
ฝัง
  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 29 พ.ค. 2024
  • This video reviews the fundamental concepts of Object Oriented Programming (OOP), namely:
    Abstraction, which means to simplify reality and focus only on the data and processes that are relevant to the application being built; Encapsulation meaning that data and the programs that manipulate those data are bound together and their complexity is hidden. Encapsulation is often achieved by means of class libraries (dynamic link libraries, or DLLs); Inheritance which allows a class to derive its methods and properties from another class. Inheritance might be used to define an extensive hierarchy of super classes and subclasses; Polymorphism meaning different subclasses of the same superclass, which therefore share the same interface, can implement those interfaces in their own ways. Polymorphism is implemented when classes override the code of the methods they inherit. The video also reviews the relationship between objects, otherwise known as entities, and classes, which are the code used to create objects.
    Chapters:
    00:00 What is an object?
    01:02 Abstraction
    01:38 Objects from a class
    03:43 Encapsulation
    05:28 Inheritance
    07:11 Polymorphism
    08:18 Summary of OOP concepts

ความคิดเห็น • 557

  • @dariusz.9119
    @dariusz.9119 ปีที่แล้ว +607

    "An employee of a business is also a person" - that's a bold statement right there

  • @sheikhebadulkarim2599
    @sheikhebadulkarim2599 2 ปีที่แล้ว +155

    The clearest and simplest explanation of OOP I've ever seen. Many thanks.

  • @MatthewTipton2
    @MatthewTipton2 ปีที่แล้ว +229

    Absolutely brilliant. Simple, clear, concise. The whole concept in my mind started as a soft blur and sharpened to crystal clarity.

    • @trevoro.9731
      @trevoro.9731 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      A lot of BS actually, the author didn't pay attention to correct definitions. But useful to find out common misconceptions.

    • @darianxd5508
      @darianxd5508 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      why is it BS?@@trevoro.9731

  • @notyournormaldev1419
    @notyournormaldev1419 ปีที่แล้ว +122

    The clarity and simplicity is unparalleled.

  • @laurastephenson5169
    @laurastephenson5169 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +35

    I'm a university professor myself, and I have to say that is the most crystal clear, explanation I've ever seen for computer science concepts.

  • @benediktkraas8576
    @benediktkraas8576 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    Probably the most useful 10 min of learning OOP so far. I never really understood those 4 principles and now they seem a) sorta easy (both to use and memorize) and b) I was already applying some of them without knowing. Amazing! Thank you kindly

  • @NickHope
    @NickHope 3 ปีที่แล้ว +26

    This is excellent. Very clear and precise. I'm going to re-watch it a couple of times to really drive the concepts home.

  • @hunterjiang5894
    @hunterjiang5894 2 ปีที่แล้ว +52

    This video is the most helpful and concise one I 've ever seen so far among those about the fundamental terms and concepts. Thanks a lot!

  • @sandrakyoutube
    @sandrakyoutube ปีที่แล้ว +30

    Remarkable. Remarkable simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Transformed my vague understanding into clarity without overwhelming me. Thank you!

  • @deei5130
    @deei5130 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    This was a very clear and understandable video. Thanks for that man.
    This channel needs more attention

  • @achtube85
    @achtube85 3 ปีที่แล้ว +164

    This was a very clear and in-depth explanation. Thank you!

  • @BrainConduit123
    @BrainConduit123 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I learned OOP from a video that Philippe Kahn made about the subject when Borland’s Turbo Pascal first introduced this new way of programming. It took awhile to understand and master the concepts, but after that, I absolutely loved it and it made large, complicated projects so much more manageable. The ability to start with a base class and do inheritance was extremely powerful. It literally enabled us to program our products in a fraction of the time and with fewer programmers than the old spaghetti code ways of coding.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  ปีที่แล้ว

      I agree. It's a great way to manage large projects. I worked for a number of years in software development (albeit as an educator) and OOP allowed hundreds of developers, in different parts of the world, with a range of skills, to work together effectively on very complex applications. :)KD

  • @toolittletoolate3917
    @toolittletoolate3917 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    OOP was THE hot topic when I was a developer. Took me a little study to understand its foundational concepts. I couldn’t understand why everyone seemed to think that it was THE way to create programs. Sanity eventually prevailed, as it usually does, and it certainly has its place, but if your design does not utilize inheritance and polymorphism, then use another language type. Don’t force a particular model into an OOP design just because your CompSci instructor loved Java.

    • @SnakeEngine
      @SnakeEngine 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You can do (real) OOP in C, and do it better than in Java.

  • @reenalupadhayay4315
    @reenalupadhayay4315 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Life saving explanation, better than having to sit through a 2 hour video to understand it. Brilliant!

  • @firepower01
    @firepower01 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This is such a good channel for understanding computer science concepts, honestly just the best. Thank you!

  • @SosetaFurioasaJr
    @SosetaFurioasaJr 2 ปีที่แล้ว +38

    I have finally found a concise, 1 line definition of polymorphism. Thank you very much, big thumbs up.

    • @rubykanima
      @rubykanima 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      better would be "A subclass can morph / change an inherited method"

  • @alm5966
    @alm5966 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Always good to get a refresher on what OOP is.

  • @michellemwangi3963
    @michellemwangi3963 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    The entire series is really really good! very well explained. Thanks a lot

  • @marktahu2932
    @marktahu2932 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Wow - sometimes the algorithm really does turn up 'gems'. Many many thanks!! As a visual learner this 'gem' is invaluable.

  • @jipikayej
    @jipikayej 7 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Wow this is the best explanation Ive seen!!! I have atechnical interview tomorrow and I only know data and sql and not much about OOP in debt. THANK YOU for this great educational content. Today they always jump to Python or the programming name directly, but I miss the real theory and thinking.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  5 วันที่ผ่านมา

      You are most welcome. I hope it all went well. Good luck :)KD

  • @RVlDER
    @RVlDER 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Finally a concise and clear explanation about these fundamentals.
    The amount of interchangeable terms (that still have different meaning(s) under certain context's) is ridiculous - and near impossible to find a video/documentation that explains them without convolution.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I'm a great believer in keeping things as simple as possible. Delighted to help. :)KD

  • @bootcamprag
    @bootcamprag ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great breakdown/explanation of the OOP concept. OOP is one of my favorite areas in computer science/programming applications. Its not as an intimidating as it sounds. Next: I would love to see a short video on the application of these four OOP constructs in terms of their application; write a simple program that demonstrates each of the four areas. Thanks.

  • @darianasedkina6340
    @darianasedkina6340 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is a new concept fo me and I've watched about a dozen of videos but should have started with this one. The clarity and simplicity of the explanation are unmatched. Thank you!

  • @freepboot412
    @freepboot412 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Will add to the pile of positive comments here and say this is the most concise, informative, and accessible video on the subject I've seen. great work

  • @gianni499
    @gianni499 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I'm very very impressed. I'm not a strict Java begineer, but I did need to find videos/resources to understand these OOP concepts better. I had watched already 5-10 sources, but yours is just the most clear. Concise, and clear. Very impressive. Thanks!

  • @onyemanwokolo441
    @onyemanwokolo441 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I keep coming back to this video. The OOP concepts are well explained in simplest and clearest way.

  • @ultraman6950
    @ultraman6950 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Hats off, sir. Thanks a lot for making this well-documented video about OOP.

  • @XploricPro
    @XploricPro 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very nicely explained with real-time example. Loved it.

  • @MisterRose90
    @MisterRose90 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Wow. Someone who could explain inheritance in an intuitive way. It actually makes a lot of sense.

  • @Zeila1
    @Zeila1 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    i wish i watched this at the start of my OOP subject, the way you explained it made it so much easier to understand, the examples you used and visual effects really helped also.
    edit: I also remember watching your Dijkstra's Shortest path video back in highschool, that was also amazing.

  • @jex4400
    @jex4400 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    This channel is actually phenomenal it needs to be more popular

  • @markyap4755
    @markyap4755 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Thanks so much for a great video !
    Helps us to relate and thus makes learning "enjoyable"
    Learning programming is my current "hobby".
    Thanks again !

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are most welcome :)KD If you enjoy programming - have you seen my video on how to make a GeoGuessr type game? :)KD

  • @alakhdar100
    @alakhdar100 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is so clean and simple, yet informative, thank you so much, please keep uploading!

  • @ivangutowski-smith6514
    @ivangutowski-smith6514 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you, I have watched this video about 5 times over the last week, every time... I grasp the concept you are talking about a little more, and then understand another smaller detail you mention.
    I really, really like that whilst explaining, you animate very clear, sensible, logical examples as you go, so I can see what you mean as you are explaining it.
    I still need to watch it many more times fully, but it is clever, logical, makes sense and is super interesting. Thank you for taking all the time to put this together.. your time a few years ago, has helped nearly half a million people... or if like me.. helped 100k people 5x. ha ha

  • @salehhassan6057
    @salehhassan6057 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    You had a very clear and nice way to describe those concepts. But in my opinion, Polymorphism is much more than just the ability to override a method from a super class. Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. Thanks for a great video

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      You welcome. Polymorphism catches a lot of people out - so I wanted to keep it very simple for now. One day I will come up with some other examples which make the point that it does indeed literally mean 'many forms' :)KD

    • @doughoffman9463
      @doughoffman9463 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Yes. The video leads one to believe that polymorphism is only used in subclasses to override superclass methods. Duck typing (not always available, depends on the language) is the more general and useful case where the same message name can be used in classes that have no common superclass.

  • @brayanrc4432
    @brayanrc4432 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    The clearest and simplest explanation of OOP. Thanks!

  • @cd-stephen
    @cd-stephen ปีที่แล้ว +2

    this has been the best video i have ever seen - great analogies and loved how you included all the different terms used to describe the same thing - new sub

  • @lehcyllehc
    @lehcyllehc 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this clear and simple explanation. Appreciate the graphics and effort, because of this I subscribed to your channel. More power to your TH-cam channel. :)

  • @andregrobler4393
    @andregrobler4393 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very concise and accurate. Most helpful, thanks.

  • @stupidfrog
    @stupidfrog 2 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Thank you so much, this was very helpful! My professor and textbook did such a poor job of explaining these basics that I felt like I was falling behind.

  • @rehanshoaib1648
    @rehanshoaib1648 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The clearest and simplest explanation of OOP I've ever seen. Many thanks. (2)

  • @brandonwilcox3307
    @brandonwilcox3307 ปีที่แล้ว

    Clear, concise, and informative. Thanks!

  • @marna_li
    @marna_li ปีที่แล้ว

    Very clear description! Worth pointing out that there is more to OOP than just class-based programming. As a developer with some experiences I feel that there is too much focus on classes rather than objects and how they interact.

    • @Regr310
      @Regr310 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Hi, I just started learning to code in java, I've learned up the basic syntax, now learning the OOP concepts. Can you elaborate on your point? I myself thought OOP is only about creating classes and objects associate with them. .

    • @marna_li
      @marna_li 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@Regr310 It is about how to using the OOP tools to model behavior and data in the forms of objects interacting withe each other - where the classes are templates for objects. This is often overlooked in any basic programming course which teaches you the language and not the paradigm or software modeling.

  • @hadiali5249
    @hadiali5249 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    very clear, concise , precise and comprehensive video on OOP.
    thank you for the effort!

  • @marcuss8454
    @marcuss8454 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    And just like that, I subscribed to this channel for such a great explanation.

  • @getTheSchmack
    @getTheSchmack ปีที่แล้ว

    Big W. You sir, are brilliant. Just look at how many people are heaping praise and all well-deserved. Thank you!

  • @sargata3054
    @sargata3054 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is such a clear and concise explanation. Thank you from a beginner dabbler in programming!

  • @itorres008
    @itorres008 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Amazingly succinct, clear and thorough!

  • @lucasbozdog5922
    @lucasbozdog5922 15 วันที่ผ่านมา

    this is one of the best explanations i have seen thank you

  • @granand
    @granand ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I have seen many as I keep forgetting it but this stands out. Thank you for the creators and the presenter such a clarity and use of just enough visuals. Esp the take away is synonyms which are used, that trips me, After this hopefully not anymore.

  • @TheMagicOwL127
    @TheMagicOwL127 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I'm so glad I found this channel, i was just thinking i should get more into programming in my free time. thanks it was super easy to follow!

  • @TonyTigerTonyTiger
    @TonyTigerTonyTiger ปีที่แล้ว +2

    The part on inheritance has some potential theoretical issues, but it is after all just an introduction. Generally speaking, inheritance should be used to model "is a special kind of" relationship, and should not be used to model as "is a role played by a" relationship. An employee is not a special type of person, it is a role played by a person. Same goes for Customer: that is not a special type of person, it is a role played by a person. For example, Alice could be an Employee of Walmart, but she could also shop there so could also be a Customer of Walmart. So if you are creating an object for Alice, would you create an instance of Employee or Customer?
    On the other hand, a dog "is a special kind of" animal, not a role played by an animal; and a fish "is a special kind of animal", not a role played by an animal. A dog cannot simultaneously be a fish, nor can a dog quit being a dog and become a fish; and a fish cannot simultaneously be a dog, nor can a fish quite being a fish and become a dog. So here inheritance does not suffer from the above problem. If you have a pet dog named Wolfy or Max, there is no ambiguity in what class you would use to create an instance for your pet: it would be a dog.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  ปีที่แล้ว

      I see what you mean. However, the context of the system you are designing is important. If for example I was building a payroll system, and Alice was an employee, it is probably neither here nor there if she is also a customer (staff discounts excepted). :)KD

  • @MrFroggster
    @MrFroggster ปีที่แล้ว

    Probably the best and easiest explanation. Thank you.

  • @switkaren
    @switkaren ปีที่แล้ว

    wow! what a delivery! 👏👏👏
    The contents are no less laudable.
    Thank you so much.

  • @nevillecreativitymentor
    @nevillecreativitymentor ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I picked a book on OOP 25 odd years back ... TODAY i understood the fundamentals LOL LOL ... thanks for the video ♥♥

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  ปีที่แล้ว

      Delegated to help, albeit a little late. You are most welcome. :)KD

  • @christianihechi
    @christianihechi 24 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    As clear as crystal. Thank you!

  • @deckybadbuzz
    @deckybadbuzz 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    amazing summary of concepts. very well done!

  • @showaibhaydar9590
    @showaibhaydar9590 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is a super clear way of defining and demonstrating the concepts ! infinite Thanks ❤‍🔥

  • @Jack-xn5do
    @Jack-xn5do 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Studying for my CISSP and this helped me soo much! Thank you!

  • @alekseevegor5357
    @alekseevegor5357 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I have spent several weeks trying to understand the professor till I found this 9 min video. Now I feel like I've been to the moon an back.

    • @lepidoptera9337
      @lepidoptera9337 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You haven't been to the moon, yet. If you should ever try OOP in reality you will be disappointed though. It does not do any of the things it promises well. The problem lies in the fact that data dependencies in real world applications have a graph structure (a tree, if you are lucky). OOP is not very good at taking care of that and if you try to use inheritance, in particular, then you will find that you are hard-coding assumptions about that data dependency that may change during the evolution of your project, which will make frequent refactoring necessary. There are better ways of dealing with that problem. Try to learn to think about programs as state machines with as few distinct states as possible. Rather than encapsulating data, control state change. Each state change should be associated with a well defined change of the data. That way your data structures can change freely as the project matures, but the basic flow of the program (as seen by both the user and the programmer) stays the same.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I am delighted to help. You will hear a lot of negativity about OOP but please bear in mind that it aims to facilitate collaboration and scalability. :)KD

    • @lepidoptera9337
      @lepidoptera9337 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@ComputerScienceLessons What are you helping with here by distributing your ignorance about proper software engineering? ;-)

  • @taniatech_official
    @taniatech_official 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Simple and straight forward. Thanks a lot!

  • @patriotir
    @patriotir ปีที่แล้ว +3

    This was the best explanation I have ever came across! great job and thanks for the video

  • @velocitydelta
    @velocitydelta 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is a great video! My teacher shared it with us to revise the concepts we are learning currently in school!

  • @strider5245
    @strider5245 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    If you sped up this video, then you are not worthy of the uploaders precious time. Thank you for the top notch explanation

  • @MrDuzen12
    @MrDuzen12 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This video needs more views! Great explanation of OOP.

  • @NormaNsNs
    @NormaNsNs 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    wow I ve been searching for this video the whole day !!! perfectly explained !

  • @zabinoori49
    @zabinoori49 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    The best video explains class and object instance creation in such best way (using graphical representation ).loved that 🤩

  • @jennyheang4550
    @jennyheang4550 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for sharing us with such a valuable information!

  • @AdrianTregoning
    @AdrianTregoning ปีที่แล้ว +1

    SUCH a good video! Thank you. I wonder why it took me so long to find this channel.

  • @cherrynoize
    @cherrynoize 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    It's been said, I know, but you're a really great instructor. Hope (for others) that you do this for a living.

  • @TexasEngineer
    @TexasEngineer ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for your brilliant explaination. I now know why OOP does not work for my type of programming. I deal with mathematical processes and not objects. Data goes in, formulas are applied, results come out, results are stored or presented. OOP fits database problems. My programming fit the chsos of a spreadsheet.

  • @manishmalhan9768
    @manishmalhan9768 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Such Brevity and Clarity !!

  • @techwithtee8721
    @techwithtee8721 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Closest thing to understand Database management system

  • @ethandoll
    @ethandoll 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Simple and fantastic explanation. Thank you.

  • @UTRG-UnderTheRain
    @UTRG-UnderTheRain ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is one of the best explanations that I have come across as a new learner it's very well explained

  • @shreyashkumarthakur383
    @shreyashkumarthakur383 ปีที่แล้ว

    Best video I have seen till now. Attained full conceptual clarity

  • @wisdomdavid8593
    @wisdomdavid8593 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Surprisingly clear and succinct, thanks for clearing this up 🤝.
    Please do keep up the good work 🙂.

  • @cbbcbb6803
    @cbbcbb6803 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great job!
    Thanks for saying what a class is really. The word template was close to meaningless to me. But saying that a class is "code written by a programmer" is far more precise and meaningful to me.

  • @maycodes
    @maycodes 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What an amazing crystal clear explanation, got confused in university

  • @igwe6547
    @igwe6547 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Best OOP explanation, simple and straight forward

  • @AGriffith
    @AGriffith 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Loved the video and how you emphasize different key words, keep the great work!

  • @emmamorris1092
    @emmamorris1092 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    massively useful definitions of OOP terminology - thanks!

  • @dr.SaurabhSingh
    @dr.SaurabhSingh ปีที่แล้ว

    The clarity at its peak. 👌

  • @michaelcappello2254
    @michaelcappello2254 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very clear explanation of the basics of OOP. Thank you.

  • @kopilkaiser8991
    @kopilkaiser8991 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for your explaination. I've learnt quite a lot from watching your video. Keep up the good work in teaching beginners like me.

  • @masterrov1030
    @masterrov1030 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you for teaching these basic pillars of OOP

  • @MichaelChin1994
    @MichaelChin1994 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    5:51 "An Employee is *also* a person"
    The way this is said with such a straight face, I thought it was a set up for a joke, like:
    "An Employee is *also* a person, unless they work at a Law-Firm."

  • @a-60harshalmaheshram30
    @a-60harshalmaheshram30 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This video cleared my most of the doubt , very great and deep explanation.

  • @Matt-iy2cf
    @Matt-iy2cf ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wonderfully explained! Have not found a better explanation anywhere online!!!

  • @opethforlife
    @opethforlife ปีที่แล้ว +1

    One of the few golden channels on TH-cam.

  • @TheRealMisterMeister
    @TheRealMisterMeister ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks, this was a very clear explanation. The visuals helped a lot!

  • @TreyHope
    @TreyHope ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very solid explanation, perfect breakdown. Thank you for sharing.

  • @KwDevs
    @KwDevs ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Haha I remember having trouble understanding this.
    Then I went on to learn SQL and database design (entity relationship design and cardinality), learned how to use Terraform modules and I created Terraform modules likewise with Ansible, and finally back to studying Python again.
    Personally, the other stuff made me understand and appreciate object oriented programming a bit more.

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I agree. To really get to grips with OOP, you need to write OO code.

  • @amiramohammid6738
    @amiramohammid6738 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    this video is just a piece of ART , it is a brilliant explaination and clear as crystal , thank you 🤩😇

  • @simplyamazinginternetsubch9614
    @simplyamazinginternetsubch9614 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much. Several videos and yours nailed it

  • @CenturionVII
    @CenturionVII 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Really upping the animation quality, very nice sir!

    • @ComputerScienceLessons
      @ComputerScienceLessons  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for noticing. I was playing around with a very old version of Adobe Flash :)KD

  • @samuelclear5322
    @samuelclear5322 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks for the great review material!

  • @AndrewSinclair
    @AndrewSinclair 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks.This is the best OO explanation ever.

  • @xdebono7613
    @xdebono7613 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Brilliant….. concise and awesome clarity….thank you

  • @dimlavalentine3263
    @dimlavalentine3263 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are really a lecture with a unit voice. love this unlike your lectures on floating points