Commerce, Agriculture, and Slavery: Crash Course European History #8
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 ก.ย. 2024
- We've been talking a lot about kings, and queens, and wars, and religious upheaval for most of this series, but let's take a moment to zoom out, and look at the ways that individuals' lives were changing in the time span we've covered so far. Some people's lives were improving, thanks to innovations in agriculture and commerce, and the technologies that drove those fields. Lots of people's lives were also getting worse during this time, thanks to the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade. And these two shifts were definitely intertwined.
Sources
Fuentes, Marisa. Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
Seijas, Tatiana. Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth, 2009.
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In The Game of Slightly Improving Seed Quality, You Win Or You Have A Somewhat Sub-Par Harvest
Im not going to stop the seed. Im going to Plant the seed!
You win or you starve and then take up your pitchforks to raid your local liege lords castle.
You're my hero for this comment
Head scab is coming.
You are my seed.
0:55 Daily Activities
1:22 Today vs 1500
• Black Death
• Trade Guilds
• Subsistence Economy
2:20 Early Modern Period
+ Population Rise as a result of
• Commercial Revolution
3:15 Turnip and Clover replenish soil, Crop Rotation, Land Reclaimaton And Land Enclosure, Seed Drill and Improved Plow
4:42 Elizabeth, Countess of Southerland
5:45 Poverty, Dislocation/Migration, Starving
6:40 Maize 🌽 and Potatoes 🥔
7:14 Knowledge of Agriculture spreads, Slave Transport
8:32 Sugar, Tobacco, Coffee, Tea
Racism
Desire for slaves grew, dehuman descriptions grew
10:18 “Produced And was a product of growing European wealth”
11:06 Triangle Trade
12:47 Innovations
Corporations, Accounting (Double-Entry Bookeeping)🧾
13:36 The Fuggers
Aristocrats,
14:41 Capitalism
Next Time: Counter Reformation
Hey, it might be a bit late to say this, but this calmer, lower energy style is pretty great too. I loved the old vibe and I love the new one too!
I think John is just tired. John, you feeling ok?
Hope it's not too late to say, you can always play the video back at 1.25x speed and it's exactly the same old John Green. So we can quantify how much he's slowed down ;)
I liked the part about giving investors their money back. Even John couldn't say that with a straight face!
Only the big financial institutions. The average guy with a 401K didn't get that. Check out the documentary, "inside Job."
@@dcanaday Wizard of Lies too.
No individual created the bailout, nor the reasons for it. Every stockholder everywhere benefitted. The more you owned, the better the spoils... or rather, you didn't lose, while everyone else did. And if you had wealth, as prices bottomed out, you bought, like any good investor. If we try to vilify specific people (though in "Inside Job" there are some who are clearly a bit more guilty than most), we miss the cultural and business norms that perpetuate poverty, the ones that drive the wedge in between economic classes. Those norms just made their bed and are now lying in it, getting fatter. Lowest unemployment rate... yah, and like, 25% of us in prison. Slave labor 2.0... and hash oil explosions for felons no one will employ. I'd *love* to see a Crash Course on the US underground market. (OK, I could just use another income stream....)
@@FroehligGirlz you get it sir.
-Game's of Throne-
*Games of Slightly Improved Seed Quality*
Let's see D&D ruin this one
Should've gone with Game of Scones.
roll for initiative:....1
....starvation and famines
I bet it has a more fulfilling ending
And it's not even a euphemism for cum!
I'd still watch it though.
"Now I control the food; now everyone will want to be my friend"
Let's all build houses, except mine is bigger cuz I own the food,
that's what's basically despotism
@@fabulouscat3911 you could make a religion out of this
Hello Bill Wurtz
@@jimpringle6702 No don't.
My favorite part of history is the lives of everyday people. Its the stuff you dont hear about, that isnt written in textbooks. Its mundane. But if we were around at the time, it would be how we lived our whole lives.
Much ironicly, it was a simple life....yet, it certainly wasn’t a utopia some people speak of online...
Yes, more people where born, but most people where still under the poverty line and still died young...yes, many more people got the availability to read but still was nowhere near modern standards...
Hell, independent thought wouldn’t REALLY be a thing, until the major Revolutions began toppling and building ‘nationstates’ in the mid-1800s...
I wasn't making that claim, but you're right. I was saying how interesting it is to me that shelter for people centuries ago was a couple walls, roof, and a dirt floor.
@@mrblue251 it is still that way for a lot of people today. I was in Haiti in 1985 and Kenya in 1987.
John I am so happy you and Hank do crash course :) my life has been incalculably impacted for the better over the course of years
I bet "Game of slightly improved seed quality©" would have had a better ending than GOT tho....
Right up until the GMOs start cropping up, forever dividing the fanbase.
That... Until Monsanto shows up.
It could go wrong made in Japan
Everyone dies in the potato famine.
Spice and Wolf taught me how important commerce is to farming economies
Oooh now I wanna rewatch that
Nice comment. It was a wonderful Anime.
God I love that series
There are two kinds of people. Sheep and sharks.
Sharks are winners and they don't look back 'cause they don't have necks. Necks are for sheep.
Next week is the extremely important Counter Reformation, the first modern DIY home improvement class.
Fun Fact: When the Bible mentions "corn" it's referring to wheat. Maise was name used for what we now call corn.
True, but not the whole truth: corn refers to cereal grains: wheat, barley and rye were all types of corn
The bible was not written in modern day english, but as for the word "corn" it's as Jimmy already wrote. You can see the same etymological build up in other languages that a corn refers to grains of all types of cereal grains (and the respective grasses in a way).
Argacyan Hence “corned beef,” meaning “salted beef.”
Yea, because of halite (rock salt) grains
Looking at the explanation of Argacyan, it explains why my 75 year old academic supervisor still calls corn as "grain". He is an agricultural engineer.
0:32 as an organic gardener, I'd watch the hell out of some Game of Slightly Improved Seed Quality.
Higher quality seeds aren't natural. Eating poor quality seeds were good enough for our ancestors.
@@kathic6402 who didn't live along as we do
@@kathic6402 and they died at 35
@@kathic6402 selecting higher quality seeds is literally how stone age humans domesticated grain.
@@kathic6402 nothing we eat not natural, everything is changed by human hands now
The new Crash Course format is great. Huge improvement. Slower paced and a more cohesive narration. Kudos
It wasn't really a problem before
@@culwin good job
Any chance of you guys doing a history of China in the future? I grew up in the US and never really learned much about it, would be very interested to.
Yes! Seconded.
Me too
I think Crash Course only covers AP courses, and I don’t think there is a Chinese History AP course, so it’s unfortunately not likely.
Michaela Madeira
Try Overly Sarcastic Productions. They have a multi-episode runn down of imperial china.
Crash Course always does a good job at trying to get the whole picture, not just one angle of history. I really enjoyed this episode that focused more on the people that made up a vast majority of Europe than the kings, queens, exetera. Great job! I am super excited for when the whole series is out so I can watch the videos back to back and get more perspective.
oh look, Capitalism
Just an aside: Cowrie shells were often sought after by West-Central Africans because they were used as currency in those regions.
Thank you for well-representing the African side of this. Too often is it misrepresented.
@Amon Ra While I agree that Eastern Europe gets the shaft in this series, it's also undeniable that Africa had influences on this History of Europe, and I'm simply appreciative that the Crash-Course team brought this up. Believe it or not, early history of the Americas was crucial in the focal-point of this series (Western Europe).
@@hiddenhist That guy is probably a bot, he says this kind of thing in every video.
I would totally play game of slightly improved speed quality.
When you play the game of slightly improved seed quality, you win or you lie fallow.
Why deos John have only one button of his neck in place?
Naruedyoh it’s really messing with me too
Its bodering me tooooo
Haha thanks for pointing it out. Noe Im bothered about it too
Can't believe I didn't notice
I will never be able to watch this again the same way now.
John, you can stop worrying about Elizabeth Sutherland's hair. That's a gold barrette, not a hair trout.
Petition to make hair trouts a fashion trend.
Thank you for having the Courage to create and present this content. Your content is highly educational and engaging. Thank you for being a real human being. The utmost Respect to you sir. You are a rare and special person, and I'm grateful to you for sharing your gifts with me.
@Amon Ra That's a fair assessment overall. Thank you for sharing. I enjoy and appreciate all people and cultures and like receiving insights from people of all backgrounds. The video was compressed, so naturally things get left out. I've never heard of the Ottoman Tatar slave trade, but after quick research it seems that most of that was Europeans being enslaved and mostly woman for purposes of marriage and concubine purposes. Hardly a comparison to evils of the African slave trade conducted by Europe which apparently had insight into what it felt like to have there people taken as slaves. So to still go ahead a practice in the African slave trade adds even more shame in my eyes.
HardDie “Hardly a comparison of evils” I hope you are not suggesting one group’s enslavement is not as troubling like the others (and I’m saying this as a black person; I am very much aware and horrified of the actions that happened to my people). As a woman that sounds horrible to be enslaved as a concubine. And I agree with you, those evils of the African Slave Trade were unspeakable but that one line rubbed me the wrong way.
@@HardDieEurope isn’t hive mind. We don’t get to experience someone else’s memory just because he has same pigmentation as us. And the other guy already told you that those countries that were directly affected by Ottoman empire didn’t practice slavery. This is exactly the reason why people from Eastern Europe complain abut this “European” history. It focuses on just one region (western Europe) and it creates this false image like whole continent goes through the same things.
1240-1241 Mongol invasion. Some regions of eastern Europe lost up to 90% of population. Western Europe didn’t have to deal with such destruction. This puts into perspective economic development in western part and eastern part.
1526 - Start of 150 years period of war skirmishes as Ottoman empire was trying to expand. Again not something western Europe had to deal with. While western part could focus on commerce Eastern part need to deal with regular raids.
1795 - since this point there is no free state in eastern Europe. All of them are are under Prussian, Russian, Austrian or Ottoman empire. So while western history was playing games with colonies all around the world, eastern part had whole 19. century for national struggle for emancipation.
1918 - while whole world was crying how ww1 was bad and destructive, in history of eastern Europe it was awesome, because they had once again their own independent states.
This divergent history creates different societies with different outlook on life. I mean how can people understand European history when they are learning only about one region?
@@Lunautau101 There was no other slave trade in history as diabolic and pervasive as the African slave trade. Would you compare what European slave women experienced to what Africa slave women experienced?
HardDie The African slave trade was pretty horrible, no lying there, and that’s been beaten into my head through my entire school years. I was not saying one was WORSE than the other (even though, as school and history would teach us that everyone can say nothing can beat the African slave trade, and yeah, I’m not fighting against that) I was stating that your wording troubled me. I wasn’t thinking in terms of races, I was thinking from the perspective of a woman, and I would think no matter what race you are, it’s a pretty bad hand to be given.
Edit: It’s not really a matter of comparison, I guess, that wasn’t really my intent. More like understanding of knowing that women have had some stupidly rough periods and still are. Empathy, if you will. I personally do not like it when people brush off one side just because it “wasn’t as bad.”
One question to ask would be whether the dehumanization of Africans was a conscious attempt to justify the cruelties of slavery or whether the shifting ideas of what an African was (ie from a wealthy trader of gold to the slaves doing lowly tasks) gradually changed the European perception of them so that it snowballed making them be seen as less and less human.
Probably both. There were most definitely individuals who made a conscious or at the very least subconscious effort to dehumanize people they were stealing from or outright abducting to force them to work. But there was also a greater and more gradual ideological shift in how Europe thought of itself and the rest of the world.
"Whereas now, when investors do things that lose money... we just give them their money back"
I don't know if that was a burn intended to cover heaps of political and economic ground but if it was, you have massively succeeded. What a burn lol
The wonders of modern-day merchants having all the power.
I would so watch a separate series Crash Course World History: Commerce and Agriculture.
I wish there was a whole crash course series dedicated to covering the subjects in this video. This is the meat of history! Telling the stories of famous "important" people is an easy way to digest history, but those stories are only meaningful and remembered because they came to embody or contrast the zeitgeist, the mass shifts in culture and behavior by everyday people.
Also, will ya'll ever do a Black History crash course? Its sorely needed!
Broke: Game of Thrones
Woke: Game of Slightly Improving Seed Quality
New stuff in late medieval to the early modern age, what have we got?
1. Gun powder, from China
2. Movable type printing press, from China
3. Seed drill and two-horse plough, from China
Oh yeah, also Black Death, from China.
🤷🏽♂️
If such a level up to humanity didn't come with a debuff that would be unbalanced to the competitive scene
Great video - one suggestion. Wetland is referenced as 'unused land,' which ecologically speaking isn't really the case - there are a lot of benefits we get from wetlands - which makes me think CrashCourse Ecosystems would make for a fun series, so that these sorts of systems could be explored and understood a little better.
And this is how Europe began to finally flourish during the enlightenment era! Agriculture does everything for us
Yes, their wealth came from stolen resources and slave labour to transform the resources into commodities. That's the original accumulation of capital in Marxist theory
@@vidividivicious A lot of European countries actually didn't get a lot out of colonisation, the only ones that probably benefitted were the Dutch, Brittish and french. The others actually put a lot of money in their colonies without really getting a lot out of them
@@superduperfreakyDj and Spain. Tbf the successful ones did end up being superpowers till today...
@@vidividivicious Slaves were hugely important to the economy, but not in the production of what was fundamentally important as food goes. Slaves cultivated and processed tobacco, sugar, and other crops that while they produce great wealth, they don't feed populations very much. Think of it like how we might think today of exploited workers who produce luxury goods and produce the products necessary for other luxury goods like Lambos. They make some people super rich, but they don't feed the general population.
@@vidividivicious Colonies were a net cost to the nations that needed to support them (hence colonies were unsustainable in the end). Only a limited number of politically connected elites profited, the rest of the nation was taxed for it, just as it is with wars today. Marx and his followers are infantile idiots who cannot think iteratively and can only grasp the simplest and most immediately plausible of explanations. Dunning-Kruger effects personified.
At this point my sole wish in this series is for you to talk in the next video about commerce about the man who almost drowned England in debt.
Yeap, you guessed it, it was Walpole.
Ha, that would be amazing if SciShow did a crossover Episode with ExtraHistory.
> Europe also comprises the largest developed economic marketplace
As an American living in Europe, its pretty great...but for marketplaces, nothing compares to Target. Damn do I miss Target.
The best series!
I like how John nearly bursts out laughing at 13:32
Its, honestly funny!
One side of his collar is buttoned and the other isn’t, and it was so distracting.
That little voice in your head telling you stuff like in your comment above is your own interpretation of your parents berating you. A therapist can help you come to terms with it. ❤️
i didn't even notice
Wonderful episode! Incredible how do you pack so many information, from such different fields into a 15min video! Congratulations to the team! Keep it up!
Crash Course Western European History
@Amon Ra as was clearly mentioned in this and previous episodes, the Ottomans also traded a lot on the Indian Ocean and South China Sea and also obtained slaves from Africa, North Africa in their case. The Ottoman Empire surely qualifies as Eastern Europe
Love this show. Glad to see a new series!
You're great, these are so awesome!
John Green! Thanks for all the great videos on History. The European History series is my favorite as Crash Course keeps getting better over the years. I would champion any more videos you would create about communication or medical technology history!
The fact that I've been to every crack, crevice, and corner of TH-cam and only now found this page is beyond me. Kinda makes me think inquiring minds get watered down suggestions.Mmmnnnn??? Great channel, new subscriber!
Sylvia Federici's "Caliban and the Witch" does a good job of digging more deeply into a lot of this history. Check it out!
Let us celebrate the birth of capitalism. It is by far the most important contributor to rich people's pursuit of high scores. Don't worry about all the side effects though most of them aren't so horrible as in this video any more. After all it's a great boon for society that they have convinced us that making you pay them for the necessities to live in exchange for working for them is not theft but freedom. Now where is my rent money. I have to pay for them for the American dream of never retiring because you can't afford your house and eating at the same time.
No one else get really excited when he mentioned double entry bookkeeping?
No
Just me...
Nevermind
Alex CBA A bit late though, I thought. Double-entry bookkeeping has been around since the 1400s.
The commentary at 13:30 is peak perfection 😂
John almost starts laughing at how absurd that fact is.
I've been waiting for this moment.... Idaho has been mentioned!
I was wondering if I could be bothered to plant potatoes in my low quality soil so that I could have my own private Idaho.
@@Chilukar
B-52's or Gus Van Sant? If the later, please stay away from my barn.
@@markwilliams2620 B52s Ive had the song going around my head since I watched this video!
Any good books that discuss agricultural / commercial trends of the 16th century in more detail? For some reason this and the innovation of stock houses in the Netherlands have always fascinated me. Subtle, revolutionary innovations you wouldn’t think of at first as being so consequential.
John green is back ??? 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻
Congrats! I've to admit that your take on this very issue, considering the given perspective, was perfectly on point. Even if you have a considerably high quality with all of your video's content (great jokes, nice scripting, and good delivering) for the many sagas of CC. It's amazingly pleasing when it happens in topics like this one, right here. Simple and plain good taste on the making of this video.
There's no proper way to talk about painful-complex topics, with slavery as the main paradigm This last thing, I believe, is due the impossibility of correctly evoke, thru language, just what is like to be in such awful dispositions oneself.But your approach is much appreciated Thanks for the effort and results!
Ooh i love your presentation. all this stuff you put out. x from Ibiza
Such an informative and powerful lesson. Thank you.
Nice to be reminded that commerce, agriculture and tiniest innvotions can shift countries future
this was my favorite episode of this series
anyone watching this in quarantine in preparation for your euro test?
no?
just me?
ok.
The Game of Slightly Improving Seed Quality... Harvest Moon you mean?
You've been icing on some donuts lately I see, moderation and health is a good expression of self control and mental fortitude my friend.
“The world may end today, but tomorrow people will still need to eat.” Lift From Edgedancer by Brandon Sanderson
The quote just seemed relevant to the video.
The East Coast YT outage is over and glad one of the first vids I get to watch without a problem is this. My ancestors were slaves of Barbary pirates. I found that out while digging through my ancestry history
OMG PERFECT. I NEEDED THIS TODAY
"...we just give them their money back" 😂💀😂 I love how much he almost started laughing
As a amature food historian, I would love to ask for a food series plz.
Good on you Europe, growing stuff and all
Thanx for the potato shout out! Tubers rock! 😎
thanks for making my internet awesome
I really love that shirt! John wore it on some other episode (probably of the navigating the internet series) and I've wanted it since then! D:
There's at least one person behind the camera; that collar configuration wouldn't have gone unnoticed. It's a signal.
True
It would be awesome if you did a series on ancient trade. Kings and generals has done a few and it is a complex and misunderstood topic that needs a thought bubble. Also the idea of the starving pesant has been pretty well debunked except in times of crisis. Most of the research shows they were eating at least 2k calories a day if not more.
Why there is no topic about Middle and Eastern Europe? So far it's more like Anglo-Saxon European History.
Because the American curriculum doesn't even know that east european history exist. They also believe that Germany was an invention by Bismarck.
People naturally learn more about the places they are from or similar places. The progression of Estonia, Iraq or Indonesia are best left to people from those regions. Do you really want to hear him stumble through the names of Chinese warlords especiallu when access to all the information isn't possible in english?
@@zugdude4789 The title of the course is "Europe history", so I was hoping for something more. The history of China was actually a bit covered in the other show.
I think it is mostly that for the topics covered in these videos so far, not much happened in Eastern Europe during this time. The series so far has focused primarily on colonialism, slave trade, naval trade, and the reformation. Except for reformation, these are all most relevant to the history Western European countries which were major players in them, while Eastern Europe mostly took no part in them and their role is only in experiencing some of the same consequences, like the introduction of potatoes. The series focuses on what is important for making the world the way it is like today. What world-changing events took place in Eastern Europe during this time? I assume there will later be more episodes relevant to Eastern Europe, like the Ottoman-Habsburg wars and the Ottoman Empire's influence in general, the partitions of Poland, the 30 years war and its consequences, and so on.
@@ShieldAre I'm hoping for this as well, but chanses are rather slim.
Very informative and well done! It's also nice to see some sources mentioned in the notes! Perhaps this will help many people understand the difference between facts supported by sources and data and opinions of the uninformed.
Yay for the shoutout to Idaho! We do love our potatoes. 🥔
John do you evidence to back the claim that the European slave trade was the worst?
Considering an Ottoman slave could have a chance to become high-ranking member of society, while European slave trade was 100% misery from the moment of being shipped to the moment of dying, I'd call that a bit better. Still both horrible, not trying to defend either here.
@@joelvr101 The Arab slave trade started in the 7th century and it's still going on.
@@boomerix sub-Saharan Africans weren't the only people who were enslaved
@@boomerix It indeed seems by "European Slavery" John means the slave trade by Europe-originating interest groups predominantly serving colonial endeavors in the Americas. An unseemly choice of terminology indeed, unless John counts all American settlers at that time as (essentially) Europeans.
I'm still glad John is back. We needed his charm in this channel.
Capitalism was great for that transitional period of history. It fit an era of people that believed discrimination between humans was the norm, that not everyone had the same rights and certain people deserved none at all. In a world of racism, sexism, blind (by today's standards) religious devotion and universal exploitation of anyone but the aristocracy and the plutocracy, capitalism was a great way to move out of feudalism.
Then and only then was capitalism somewhat fit for the world.
The clearing of tenants from land in Scotland by wealthy landowners talked about in the video (in this case The countess of Sutherland) is called “the highland clearances” which is still considered to be devastating to most people who still live in the areas that took place.
yes you can still see the evidence in the fields, ruins of old cottages etc
david tucker yes, you can see the remains of potato runrigs up the rugged terrain of the mountains made by the native people, burned from their homes, desperate to survive. Very sad indeed.
For all Europeans watching Crash Course European History: tater tots are a kind of croquette.
Oh, thank you...I was not quite sure what he meant.
Along with the potato in Europe, corn and the sweet potato were game changers in Asia.
1493 is a great book on the impact of the Columbian Exchange with an emphasis on commodities and the impact of diseases in that era.
In the long list of all the things I do that I feel ashamed about later, forgetting to hit the like button on these videos has got to rank in the top 100.
Soooo when are you gonna talk about Poland-Lithuania? You've skipped over them in World History, and they were the second biggest country during the Renaissance in all of Europe. I don't mean to nit-pick, but this is a Crash Course on Europe, and so far it's Western-Europe centric, which is important, I'm just saying there was a lot going on in terms of cultural and scientific innovations east of Germany ;)
Really great video, thank you! Can you also make a course about Asian history and one about african history?
Never stop making videos! Sidelines to the main political show make for the best ones.
Best history lessons ever.!!!!
Well done video
Exciting stuff, can't wait for the next episode.
As a Scot, we still talk about the Highland Clearances as to why cities like Glasgow and Dundee were able to power the industrial revolution (jute, cotton, manufacturing) while also depopulating the Highlands and Islands, making them essentially empty. Even today, the majority of Scotland's population remains in the central belt and becomes less as you travel north (although, the area around Aberdeen is the exception after the discovery of oil in the North Sea in the 60s/70s).
"Game of slightly improved seed quality"! Ha!
PO-TAY-TOES! Boil em! Mash Em! Stick Em in a stew!
Andrew Farrell oh yes we could
I love potatoes!
NUMBER!
Thanks for these! :)
So much about black slave trade and no word about how many slavic people were enslaved by tatars and turks, and sold in Venice, yeah thats the famous American PC.
Nothing in this episode is untrue, but perhaps it would be better to break up the separate issues and to distinguish between time periods. To me it is not clear right now when you are arguing these events are taking place. *History and Philosophy student.
1:28 Europe also has boats that can drive backwards in time, little known fact.
Blessed be Endovelicus and Ataegina. We got off easy on this one.
I had a lot of fun doing an agriculture miniseries on my channel. Took inspiration from the original crash course history and Yuval Harari’s book Sapiens. Can’t wait to see this episode!
The most important difference between the potato and grains is that you don't have to mill the potato or mix it with yeast and prepare it. You just pull it out of the ground, clean it off, bake it and eat it. When you have to pay a miller to mill your grain for you, that is major.
You guys should make a video series on earth sciences
A few of these episodes have been half decent at explaining some of the things Marx was describing in his great work, Capital. The level of productivity in society is the basis for its social and political structures, primitive accumulation of capital was brutal but also civilizing and the basis for modern wage labor, that wealth inequality is inherent in production based on Capital, the growth of early Capital and its tendency of dissolving the old modes of production. I still think his final conclusion holds: that the associated producers should democratically and logically plan the use and distribution of labor and resources amongst vital industries in ways that ensure a healthy society and environment in a way that private ownership of Capital can never do with its anarchic and profit-driven markets.
However, I disagree that 'capitalism' created these new groups. Instead, the development of exchange values occurred as productive forces increased, from Barter to Money to Capital. Capital developed, and its personification in the merchants and bankers made them the first Capitalists. However, this was not Capitalism and Capitalism is not a transhistorical category. Capitalism is production that is dominated by Capital, or production for the creation of surplus-values. It developed with the domination of Capital over industry, but just because Capital exists doesn't mean there is 'Capitalism.'
I just crave some french fries.
apparently the clan I come from (mackay) had a beef with the sutherlands :P
PLEASE Do a series on AFRICAN HISTORY!!!
John 2019: History is about whether you go to school, get enough to eat and the freedoms you enjoy.
2020: School are shut indefinitely, food is rationed and nearly everyone is under virtual house arrest.
Anyone who played Civ5 will tell you that having lots of food early wins you the game.
Fukin yup