Definition History Scope and Development of Pharmacognosy | L-1, Unit-1 | pharmacognosy 4th semester

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1. definition history scope and development of pharmacognosy
introduction to pharmacognosy
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DEFINITION :-
Pharmacognosy is systematic study of these crude drugs obtained from natural origin like plant, animal and minerals. Pharmacognosy can be defined as branch of science which involves detail study of drugs obtained from natural origin including name, habitat, collection, cultivation,
macroscopy, microscopy, physical properties, chemical constituents, therapeutic actions, uses and adulterants.
The word pharmacognosy is derived from two words, pharmakon means
medicine (drug) and gignosco means to acquire knowledge of something.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
The history of pharmacognosy is as old as human existence.
SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
• Pharmacognosy has broad scope in the field of pharmacy such as :•
1. ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL :• Eg ; Strong acting substances such as glycosides from digitalis leaves,• Alkaloids from the plants of Belladonna, Hyocyamus, Rauwlofia• Morphine and other alkaloids from the plant opium were isolated and clinical uses studied
2. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP :Eg : Tubocurarine and Toxiferine from curare plant have muscle relaxant properties because of quaternary ammonium groups. The hypotensive and tranquillizing actions of reserpine are due to the trimethoxy benzoic acid
3. DRUGS OBTAIN:ED BY PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS:Eg : Preparation of Steroid hormones from diosgenin by acetolysis and oxidation and further preparation of cortisone by microbial reactions .
4. NATURAL PRODUCTS AS MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NEW DRUGS : Eg: Morphine is the model of a large group of potent drugs . Cocaine for local anaesthetics Atropine for certain spasmolytics
5. DRUGS OF DIRECT THERAPEUTIC USES :• Among the natural constituents which even now cannot be replaced are important group of antibiotics, steroids, ergot alkaloids, vincristine etc•
6. BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS INVESTIGATION :• Biosynthetic pathways are of primary and secondary metabolites.• Some of the important pathways are Clavin ‘s cycle of photosynthesis,• Shikimic acid pathway of aromatic compounds
14. • Acetate hypothesis for antharacene glycosides• Isoprenoid hypothesis for terpens•
7.CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS :• clove, cinchona , cinnamon, senna, opium, etc•
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