Thank you for having him visit. I did not realise I was going to learn so much interesting stuff about the weirdness of hydrogen molecules. It is heartwarming to see your delight in and knowledge of the subject and your ease with making it understandable to an educated but non-specialist audience. Good luck with the T2ApIR.
Thank you for the clear and lucid explanation to a wider YT-audience! I wish for more scientists/academicians/engineers to follow your example of no-BS and transparent public-communication of the important research they carry out.
Great video. The tritium capture system took me back to my college days and before. My dad worked at the local university's research reactor. As part of his job, he had to run a monitoring program to detect radiation releases (mainly tritium) from that reactor (WSUR) by placing bags of silica gel in various locations in and around the reactor (we had one bag hanging in our house basement). My dad would drive out to get the more distant bags. When I was in college, he had some funding to pay me to do the weekly analysis portion of this. I would take each bag, empty it into a flask, then heat and condense the water vapor and put that into a vial. After all the bags were processed, I added some control vials that contained measured amounts of tritiated water. Then all that went through a scintillation counter. I would take the collected data and run it through an old Wang programmable calculator along with the sample's location as well as the prevailing wind speed/direction and humidity. I also had to enter the date of the test so that the activity of the tritium sample could be calibrated. Then a report was generated to see if any detectable tritium was found that may have originated from the reactor. We never did find any releases. But, I recall back in the 60's, my dad would announce that there must have been another atomic bomb test as this system would detect that, as all the samples would blip up above their typical values for a while.
Yup the uranium deuteride is rather stable. The helium 3 is constantly being removed and recycled as neutron detectors or circulated through a reactor to regenerate it
I don't know that but i guess as a basically waste product from enriching which is chemically toxic, so one (excluding military for projectiles) is not able to get it, it seems quite abundant so can be also cheaper than e.g. palladium. What do you think?
Very fascinating. My greatest thanks to Alexander and everyone else at the TLK for giving us mere mortals a rare glimpse into some very cool science. Would love to see a video about KATRIN as well.
I am deeply impressed by the level of details in this video! It shows clearly how complicated the Trtium-factory of ITER will have to be! One remark for the stainless-steel container which still lets some T trough. In the haber-bosch reaktors they use a combination of pure iron (sealing the hydrogen) and SS for mechanical stability. Maybe this might also help, as the SS is forming CH4 out of the carbon within itself. But yes, handling T is not easy!! Thanks a lot! If you are interested I could also give you a tour through our ion-thruster lab with Austrias larges HV chamber of 14 m³ ...
since You mentioned Haber Bosch tech, what is the pressure in those reactors? 3000 bar? my special curiosity is: how compressible is Liquid H2 at low °Kelvin temp; it may be the most compressible fluid in the universe; 2nd only to liquid He? How would LH2 behave at this huge pressure, E-Module?, what are its physical data: density, compressibility, viscosity, eL conductivity, electric permitivity_eta... Hypotetically You could build a rocket tank for high pressure LH2, storing much more kg at the same volume ? Still not metallic hydrogen but 3-5 times the density of LH2 at 1 bar, maybe more! What does the theory say?
That’s beyond amazing, that they can detect the decay heat from as little as a few micrograms of Tritium! 🤯 (Also a great explanation of how the calorimeters work; I hadn’t known before that they worked by measuring the change in power input required to maintain a constant temperature. Very clever - but they must also require extremely precise thermometers!)
I wonder how long they have to wait for the temperature to stabilise. If the item under test is a bit cold for instance, that would badly skew the results until it warmed up to the test temperature.
to be fair, a lot of unis in germany teach in english (and most of the literature is written in english too) so it's not like students have to learn english on top of their studies
Never would have thought to stumble randomly about good old Campus Nord, I work in the lab a few buildings down the road! What a fascinating institute, I would love to visit it someday myself. Thanks for the great video.
He would 😁 the craziest coincident though: I was just at a KIT department last week to pick up some "e-waste" ... hopefully that will become a TH-camworthy story as well
Well this was unexpected! At the laser fusion facility I'm at here in the US we only have about a gram or so of 3H, and I thought that was scary enough! 40g is...ummmm......kinda spooky! We use the same depleted uranium storage beds and zeolite molecular sieves and catalytic oxidation methods for 3H recovery from our cryogenic fusion capsule target filling station. An interesting part of inertial confinement fusion is that you need a very smooth layer of deuterium tritium ice on the inside of the hollow capsule to implode it uniformly and attain >100 megakelvin temperatures, but nature throws us a bone here and we can just use the gentle beta decay heat of the 3H itself to sublime (then refreeze) the ice over time to very high uniformity - this is called "beta-layering". I assume you have this vast sumptuous facility because of your KATRIN neutrino mass measurement experiment at the same university which uses huge amounts of 3H? EDIT: oh, I should have watched all the way to the end first. Yes, of course it's because of KATRIN. haha 😎🤣
For KATRIN, we have a 90mm diameter tube as the source of beta electrons into which the tritium is injected, with around 10^11 Bq in it during measurement. That tube continues on through several pumping stages until it gets to the actual spectrometer, which is outside of the tritium laboratory. Without any windows in-between. But the pumping ensures no tritium actually leaves the TLK, despite the tube having a 90mm diameter all the way.
@alexandermarsteller7848 I'd imagine there can't be any windows since it would obviously attenuate the lowest energy betas, which is what you're most interested in, but I don't quite understand how this could be done without 3H getting into the giant spectrometer. I suppose I have some reading to do on the details. Looking forward to seeing results from the current run and implications for sterile neutrinos, etc.
@@Muonium1 I expect with very good pumping at one end the diffusion of atmospheric H2 and He at the other end and along the length of the pipe will cause a very slow drift and keep the 3H2 at the pump end.
That was fascinating! I guess ITER is going to have the same issues but on a huge scale. Yes please to a KATRIN video - that's an important experiment that doesn't seem to get enough press.
Today the TH-cam algorithm sent me here. Fascinating - Your host is clearly the guy you want around when handling this stuff safely. - and yes, would love to see the follow-up
Alexander, that was a fascinating tour! You were super clear in your explanations. Loved it! And, thank you Advanced Tinkering for making it happen and the great questions you came up with.
I knew a guy that worked at a nuclear weapons plant that got dosed with way more than his fair share of this stuff. One of the boost reservoir assembles liaked its tritium charge. These modules have about 3.5g of tritium and another 2g of deuterium inside. The lab was suppoaed to have a tritium leak detector but it wasnt working and alarming for no reason and so was switched off. The only effects were a strange metallic taste and a headache with mild nauaea. As the day went on he got sicker but later inspection of the device revealed that it leaked. The resovoirs emit heat and they measure that fir a QA check. He and a few other workers went to the RSL for a urine test to see how bad was bad. Well it was BAD as in his pee mixed with the scintillating coctail VISIBLY GLOWED when it was mixed to feed the detector. Needless to say the counts were in excess of the detectors range so he was treated. He had to drink water cofee and beer to flush his system clean. It took about 3 days to get it out of him. He lived to 86 years old. The irony is that an exposure that bad, to 45k curies of material would have been certain 💀 for anything else. Thanks for sharing this experience regarding tritium with me, 🙏 RIP Bruce ❤
So this 3H seems not so horrible, for old, adult men after all. But what is the cause for miscarriages of pregnant women (increased statistical, and anecdotal I know of), a farmer having increased problems with calves near a reactor site with 2*1300_MW_el LWRs (Gundremmingen, DE). Was this due to (inevitable) 3H release downwind or could it have been reactor-Antineutrinos? in the newspapers there was another story of a child in Ulm (~42km), who had got cancer and the parents wouldn't allow certain med treatment! in paper industry we have measurement scanners that work with beta-ray absorption; (I don't remember the isotope; they probably emit anti_ny's, too) The Beta is directional from source box to receiver, but the antineutrinos are not. One coworker had bone marrow cancer. Another has a child, with a little bit misshappened figure. Maybe he fathered the child during a periode, when he had to work long hours in close proximity of the scanner? One boy in town, who was born at the time when Tchernobly happened was more misshappened fiugure! My conclusion: Young men and women of reproductive and childbearing age shouldn't work or live near nuclear reactors! it is a place for over 60 year old workers/employees, when the reactor is running! The same is valid for Fusion! Btw, the morning, when I woke up, when the radioactive cloud of Tschernobyl arrived here in South Germany, I also felt a metallic taste on my tongue!
@konradcomrade4845 He was in his early 30s when he got dosed. There are two school of thought regarding radiation exposure. Theoretically a single interaction can cause cancer, but it seems to more of an issue from chronic exposure. Fwiw he died of a stroke secondary to liver failure from decades of exposure to chlorinated solvents. Basically turned his liver to fatty mush, but was not cancer. His liver couldn't make enough plasma protein and eventually an aneurysm blew out. 😔
@@christopherleubner6633 Could you provide some more information on exactly where and when this incident occurred? Though the accident happened when handling special nuclear materials and classified, restricted access items, such a large exposure should have been written up somewhere in the literature as a medical and health physics case study, however I have never heard of such an incident before and would like to read more about it including any follow up.
Two things. A) you should not tell these private stories of your friends in public, as these might be classified or not to released to the public. I guess he never told you, that this private story is something to share on the Internet. B) the metallic taste might have come from formation of tritiated ammonium from the reaction of tritium with nitrogen.
Thanks for the video. And thanks also to Alexander (not sure of the spelling). Unrelated to this video, but I wish the people building ITER would put out long form videos like this, of the building phase of that project. I don't think they understand how much interest there would be, to see engineers and scientists talking us through what's going on at Cadarache on a regular basis. It would probably also improve public support for the project. Looking forward to seeing what you're working on next.
Many thanks, Alex, for a truly wonderful and informative video. Wonderful because you are so enthusiastic about your work with tritium which comes through in your commentary. Informative because you conveyed in such a clear way the tritium cycle. I was very impressed with your description of the operation and everything connected with the process which included some chemistry of tritium, eg reacting with fluorine ions in molecules, and how a notoriously difficult gas to store is done by absorbing the tritium in uranium were tritium forms a very strong bond with the metal. Only by supplying energy to the metal in the form of heat will the tritium-uranium bond break releasing the gas. Absolutely fascinating
Would LWRs in France have a chance to capture any T and store it in cold U238 granulate? Or is tritium sequestration only possible in Fission reactors with non H2O_steam_cooling- and turbine- cycles? Gas cooled reactors or Molten Salt + CO2-Brayton-turbine cycle for example? How about the Russian-derived Dual-Lead-Fluid Reactor? (or don't they care about T?) Btw.: somewhere I read, that at the ORNL experimental MSRE they had lots of cancer cases, from the cleaning maids to Alvin Weinberg's first wife. (his very interesting book: The First Nuclear Age; doesn't mention this) Besides other impurities, and the 1950s less stringent safety, could this, had this been related to unregistered Tritium release?
Having Glove boxes is fine; doing research, too. For future fusion and for MSRs or HighTemp HeliumGas-cooled reactors "Jülich 2.0" technology You need more! You need a Technicum which can evaluate Tritium sequestration, You need to test Gas-Ultra-Centrifuges. Sequestering 3H from a He_carrier gas, maybe in multiple stages, at different temperatures if the single step eficiency is too low! The ultimate stage may be Liquifying and then distilling the last tiny bit of 3H. How much heat does 3H produce at higher conc? Can the Beta radiation of (Liquified?) 3H be directly converted into a useful high voltage kV-Generator ( thin wall glas tubes inside of triodes, pentodes? or fibers of organic molecules holding the Tritium atoms in place, even in a vacuum? Continuous pumping and purifying needed, though)? What would be the best stripping/sealing/enveloping gas, to capture and re-concentrate 3H; would pure CO2 be working -> reacting to CH and -OH molecules ( -CT , -OT !!)? A necessary technology to any machinery containing/handling Tritium. Ultimately all 3H (=T) will need to be collected and burnt up in a Fusion reactor. Can Tritium be sequestered more easily from other carrier gases: Ne, Ar, Kr and how does the presence of instable, radioactive Xe_isotopes in these gas mixtures complicate things? Molten salts need to be continually purified from Xe, 3H, and possibly other gases. To do this an excellent diffuser, the Step-Diffusor from former Escher-Wyss, now Sulzer (Paper Industry head-box component, also used in wastewater cleaning) should be examined: Pumping the salt at low viscosity/high temp through a Step-Diffusor wich can mix_in fine bubbles of He,Ne,Ar-gas in turbulent flow. Then this strip-gas with the collected impurities can be separated, treated, as described above and the pure salt can be pumped back into the reactor. in AAA-Science magazine, Jan, 201x, there is a report of Graphene: a Molecular sieve of Hydrogen and Deuterium; mabe it would work on Tritium, too! No this is the article, I remembered: Sieving hydrogen isotopes through two-dimensional crystals AAA Science 1 Jan 2016 Vol 351, Issue 6268 pp. 68-70 NASA in Kenedey Space Center has a lot of (bad and good) experience with high-pressure He and liquid Hydrogen! (in the early days they used burning brooms on a stick to detect H2-Leaks in the pipelines! Why is Be-metal so poisonous? Nanogram/m³; is Beryllium really needed in molten salt? How does Chloride- / Chlorine fare under fast Neutron bombardment?
When I was a kid we got a small box of those glowing tritium tubes at a swap meet. I wish I still had a few, though they'd probably be pretty dim by now.
4:00 min Ist das nicht der Simon? Sehen wir da auch noch ein Video? ^^ Sehr interessanter Film, besonders die Funktion des Kalorimeters und die Speicherung des Tritiums in Uranpulver! Alles sehr verständlich erklärt.
Ich würde empfehlen das relative neue Video über Tritium von Simon anzuschauen, da gibts ein paar kurze Schnipsel. Er huscht auch später nochmal durchs Bild 😅
That was absolutely fascinating! Alex was an excellent guide, and there were so many really interesting things covered, that I really knew nothing about before. The adsorption bed storage system was really intriguing. I hadn't really considered how on earth you'd store 40 grams (!!!) of Tritium but this is obviously an ingenious way to do it safely. As a chem eng graduate I bet the P&ID for this place is pretty interesting!
I admire anyone that can do fine work in a glovebox. The gloves are so thick and stiff that there is almost no dexterity. Assembling anything takes ages. It is a cumbersome working arrangement.
The KIT and the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich recently carried out the most precise measurement of the neutrino mass. Since KIT already has official approval for the production and work with tritium, the measurement was carried out in Karlsruhe instead of Munich.
There is no production of tritium at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe. The KATRIN experiment is run by a large collaboration which includes both the KIT as well as the MPI in Munich. The whole list in order given by the latest publication is: Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Institute for Technical Physics (ITEP), Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), , Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Munster, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Sezione di Milano Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham Politecnico di Milano, Milano Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Dept. of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Max Planck Institute for Physics, 85748 Garching Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Physics and Center of Excellence in High Energy Physics and Astrophysics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima IRFU (DPhP & APC), CEA, Universite Paris-Saclay Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Milano - Bicocca Departamento de Qu´ımica F´ısica Aplicada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Heidelberg Institut fur Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences (suspended since February 2022)
@alexandermarsteller7848 KIT says it is experimenting with tritium production using fusion ceramics from Li2SiO4 and Li2TiO4. The aim is to later use this ceramic in the ITER in southern France. Btw, very nice that you showed us that you can copy and paste the list of participants from a scientific paper.😘 When referring to such documents, et al. (er alii) is often used so that all those involved do not have to be listed each time. That makes the ego happy.
I remember reading about the ortho and para isomers of regular hydrogen, H2, (in relation to the nuclear magnetic resonance technique known as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization which is used to determine chemical reaction mechanisms) but didn't realize it would also apply to tritium, T2. Dusted off my old handbook of chemistry and physics and sure enough, the tritium nucleus is also spin one half (and the deuterium nucleus is spin one, but D2 also has similar spin isomers).
I sort of remember that it has implications in liquid hydrogen fuelled rockets. You can fit more LH2 into the tank if you liquefy it a few days in advance and keep pumping the boil off away to maintain a reduced temperature.
Thank you so much for this video! And thank you to Alexander as well! I am more or less a layman when it comes to these topics but even I could follow the explanations and get an overview of the tritium lab. And yeeess, plz, do a video about KATRIN! 😃
This is really interesting, Looking forward to the neutrino video.
หลายเดือนก่อน +4
I was wondering what kind of sound it was in the lab. I was wondering because I heard that before when I got MRI as a kid and I never knew what that was. Now I know it is cryopump.
As always, another brilliant video, and what a cool video it was, so much interesting information! Videos like this are what im subscribed for, and yes, please can we get the video about the anti neutrino experiment!
Before I was born, my father was offered a position at Argonne National Lab, but my mother convinced him to turn down the job offer due radiation concerns. I was born without birth defects (but still have mental defects :-)
Thank you so much. And seeing the amount of care they take tells us just how wrong it is for TEPCO to just dump tritiated water into the Pacific Ocean. It also gives us an idea of how astronomically expensive it would be to correctly treat all nuclear waste instead of basically storing it in piles or burying it. In contrast, the fumes from fossil fuel power stations can be and is normally consumed by plants and algae as food
Lol, without knowing about this video, I asked Simon (Chemiebaukasten) today if I could measure my compact and potent piece of Uraninite in the university’s calorimeter. He pointed me to your video, and I have to admit, it seems KIT had a bit too much money to spend on sensitive calorimeters! ^^ Great video!
Absolutely magnificent, subscribed. Alexander was an amazing host, obviously brilliant with a total command of the subject matter, but also charismatic and skilled at giving clear, understandable explanations of the process. More with him if possible, please!
Wow. I'm surprised how much information they were able to disclose. It is extremely interesting. Sometimes, I wish I had applied for material chemistry, and not biotech. A continuation video would be really interesting.
Very interesting video on an uncommon topic! In your octasilacubane video, you mentioned at the end that you would use it to make a stable radical anion. I would love to see it happen :)
I spent a couple years managing a facility and production line for Ortho-Para hydrogen catalyst. AFAIK I may have been the _only_ person overseeing production of it in bulk quantities (Any old children's chemistry set has more than enough equipment to make laboratory-use quantities, scaling it up is the same bitch here that it is with any other process.) It's a crazy material that's made out of some of the most mundane chemicals. I had a really hard time explaining what I made to basically everyone. I wish this video had been out when I was working there, I would have clipped that segment and used it to help explain, or just sent it to people I didn't feel like explaining it, again, for the 10th time, to someone who's not going to get it (or doesn't want to expend the mental energy to try), anyways. Even most of the scientists and engineers I spoke to didn't have a clue what the fuck I was talking about, unless they just so happened to work with cryogenic hydrogen. And in that case, they were probably already buying from my line, anyways. We looked it up a few times trying, mostly because we needed better testing equipment, and as far as we could tell we were the only people manufacturing it by the barrel that showed up in any search engine or chemical supplier catalog we found. (A couple facilities had listings like, "per special order, please inquire for pricing and availability" type listings. AKA "If you really want some we can whip up a batch so long as time, money, and consistency aren't going to be issues for you.") 2 years later and half the shit I own is still stained orange from all the fine rust particles I used to drag home in my hair, on my clothes, and on my skin. It's (supposedly) harmless, but most people who make products via similar chemical reactions to the one we were doing are usually making _pigments,_ and it's obvious _why._ It was fun when COVID hit and I had to go through one of those drive through testing things, and the poor worker pulled a q-tip out of my nose that was a sickly, slightly brownish *_black._* I mean it when I say it stained _everything._
It does come from the CANDU reactors in Canada. However, fusion power plants will need much more tritium than those reactors can produce, so fusion reactors will have to produce their own tritium. This is done by first multiplying the high energy neutrons from the fusion reaction and then having them convert lithium into tritium and helium in a nuclear reaction.
Interestingly enough, thinking about how the tritium is processed spawned some ideas about what the purpose of the tritium could or might be. Recovery systems and auxiliary reactors seem like good candidates. I found some enlightenment and peace of mind in my understanding that the radioactive by-products are being safely handled.
0:01 Diese Betalights habe ich auch, 3,5cm lang. Die enthalten aber nicht 1 GBq, sondern mindestens 20. Tritium hat eine spezifische Aktivität von 35705 GBq/g. Demnach enthalten etwa 900.000 Betalights 40g H3. Das sind viele, ist aber finde ich keine unglaubliche Menge. Ich bin mir ziemlich sicher, dass von den 900.000 Betalights keine riesige Gefahr ausgehen würde. Warum also der ganze Aufwand, wenn ein paar mm Glas schon eine sichere Lagerung darstellen?
Wenn deine Lichter 20 GBq haben sind sie damit ein vielfaches der Freigrenze für Tritium von 1 GBq und sollten daher nicht frei im Handel zu erweben sein und eine Genehmigung erfordern. Falls du keine Genehmigung hast (was es für Privatpersonen soweit ich weiß nicht gibt) wäre es mein Ratschlag sich schleunigst mit der je nach Bundesland zuständigen Stelle in Verbindung zu setzen um diese Lichter abzugeben bevor das zu einer Geldstrafe führt. Das Bundesamt für Strahelschutz gibt 20 µSv als Dosis durch Inhalation eines 1 GBq Tritiumgaslichts an, also ein Bruchteil der natürlichen Jahresdosis. Mit den 40 g des Tritiumlabors landet man im Bereich von 10+ PBq, was zu einer Dosis von ~300 Sv führen würde, also ein großes vielfaches der direkt lethalen Dosis. Liegt das Tritium jedoch nicht als T2 gas vor sonder in Form von Wasser, was bei Freisetzung in die Luft relativ schnell passieren kann, steigt der Dosisfaktor um ca 1000, also 300 000 Sv. Der ganze Aufwand wird betrieben genau damit von dieser Menge an Radioaktivität keine Gefahr ausgeht.
@@alexandermarsteller7848 Ja, 20GBq sind das Zwanzigfache der Freigrenze. Deshalb gibt es die im Video gezeigten Lichter in DE auch nicht. In UK werden sie für Angelposen verkauft. Ich sehe da aber absolut kein Problem, 20 uSv bei Inhaltion eines GBq sind fast nichts. Das bekommst du bei einem Langstreckenflug ab. 20GBq würden demnach zu einer Dosis von 400 uSv führen, unschön, aber nicht akut gefährlich. Dabei muss man ja bedenken, dass niemand ein Betalight inhaliert. Wenn so ein Ding zerbricht, verdünnt sich das H3 so schnell, dass man fast nichts einatmen wird. Eine Strafe kann man dafür ja nur bekommen, wenn man mal das BfS zu Besuch hat... 40g Cs-137 würdest du übrigens nicht annähernd nahe kommen wollen. Dieses Zeug wird überall in der Industrie, teilweise in Mengen von mehreren Gramm verwendet. Ich meinte ehr im Vergleich dazu, dass ich die Maßnahmen für 40g H3 ganz schön extrem finde. Ist vielleicht aber richtig so.
@@juliusphiletta5171 ich würde 40g Cs-137 in der Tat nicht nahe genung kommen wollen um der Radioaktivität signifikant ausgesetzt zu werden. Aber eben auch 40g Tritium nicht, da braucht es bloß direkteren Kontakt. Diese starken Cs-137 Quellen sind soweit ich weiß eigentlich immer sicher verkapselt und man benutzt sie nur als Gamma Quellen. Wenn der Behälter in dem das Cs-137 eingeschlossen ist kaputt gemacht wird hat man sowas wie den Goiânia-Unfall. Bei Tritium gibt es keine Gammas, und wenn man sich die relativ schwachen Betas zu nutze machen möchte kann man es nicht sicher in mehreren Schichten verkapselt verpacken. Abgesehen davon das Tritium wie im Video angesprochen die unschöne eigenschaft von Wasserstoff teilt durch die meisten Materialien hindurch zu diffundieren. Das Äquivalent zum Tritium wären eher offene Cs-137 Quellen bei denen das Potential besteht, dass das Cs-137 freigesetzt wird. Und mit sowas gehen wahrscheinlich auch nur die Hersteller der Gamma Quellen unter entsprechenden Sicherheitsvorkehrungen um.
@@juliusphiletta5171 You wrote "I find the measures for 40g H3 quite extreme" but it is important to remember that the cost of pure 3H2 is eye watering. As mentioned here there is no real danger from the gas as it would collect near the roof or leak out and be lost. The goal is not to loose any of the expensive gas.
I have 2 tritium vials embedded in my desk they've been glowing for about 8 years now I expect in the next 2 they will get waaay dimmer but I love them so much
Thank you very much for visiting us and making such a great video out of it. It was very fun to show you around.
Thank you for having him visit. I did not realise I was going to learn so much interesting stuff about the weirdness of hydrogen molecules. It is heartwarming to see your delight in and knowledge of the subject and your ease with making it understandable to an educated but non-specialist audience. Good luck with the T2ApIR.
Thank you so much for the invitation! It was an incredibly interesting day!
Thank you for the clear and lucid explanation to a wider YT-audience!
I wish for more scientists/academicians/engineers to follow your example of no-BS and transparent public-communication of the important research they carry out.
I enjoyed your exposition of the lab hardware! Fascinating stuff.
@@pattheplanter Who do you call educated? (ง'̀-'́)ง
That very smart man being interviewed is my brother! Go Alex! 🎉
thanks for your bro, he helped make a interesting video!!!
Is your brother radioactive?
12:20 It is so nice seeing someone really excited about this stuff :) Also this is new information for me.
Good luck to him :)
@jeanettemarsteller2551 grats to your brother... dude is beyond smart!!!!
You can tell he really loves to learn because he has so many details of every aspect of many systems memorized.
Great video. The tritium capture system took me back to my college days and before. My dad worked at the local university's research reactor. As part of his job, he had to run a monitoring program to detect radiation releases (mainly tritium) from that reactor (WSUR) by placing bags of silica gel in various locations in and around the reactor (we had one bag hanging in our house basement). My dad would drive out to get the more distant bags.
When I was in college, he had some funding to pay me to do the weekly analysis portion of this. I would take each bag, empty it into a flask, then heat and condense the water vapor and put that into a vial. After all the bags were processed, I added some control vials that contained measured amounts of tritiated water. Then all that went through a scintillation counter. I would take the collected data and run it through an old Wang programmable calculator along with the sample's location as well as the prevailing wind speed/direction and humidity. I also had to enter the date of the test so that the activity of the tritium sample could be calibrated. Then a report was generated to see if any detectable tritium was found that may have originated from the reactor. We never did find any releases. But, I recall back in the 60's, my dad would announce that there must have been another atomic bomb test as this system would detect that, as all the samples would blip up above their typical values for a while.
wow thanks for shareing
Thanks for sharing!
Wow!
Very cool
It’s really amazing that they used depleted uranium to “safely” store the tritium. Science is so cool.
Depleted uranium has a half life of 4.47 billion years so it is effectively stable.
Yup the uranium deuteride is rather stable. The helium 3 is constantly being removed and recycled as neutron detectors or circulated through a reactor to regenerate it
@@DylanClarkSallee Uranium 238 has a half life of 4.468 Gyr so it is basically stable.
Then I wonder how they take care of the radon which will inevitably accumulate? I know that activated carbon works well for removal of radon.
I don't know that but i guess as a basically waste product from enriching which is chemically toxic, so one (excluding military for projectiles) is not able to get it, it seems quite abundant so can be also cheaper than e.g. palladium. What do you think?
Very fascinating. My greatest thanks to Alexander and everyone else at the TLK for giving us mere mortals a rare glimpse into some very cool science. Would love to see a video about KATRIN as well.
as an aspiring nuclear engineer, this made me so happy to watch
I'm glad you liked it!
Thank you Alexander and TLK for the tour.
Yes, please second video about the neutrino.
Yes!
I am deeply impressed by the level of details in this video! It shows clearly how complicated the Trtium-factory of ITER will have to be!
One remark for the stainless-steel container which still lets some T trough. In the haber-bosch reaktors they use a combination of pure iron (sealing the hydrogen) and SS for mechanical stability. Maybe this might also help, as the SS is forming CH4 out of the carbon within itself.
But yes, handling T is not easy!! Thanks a lot!
If you are interested I could also give you a tour through our ion-thruster lab with Austrias larges HV chamber of 14 m³ ...
I am pretty sure your facility tour would be interesting to watch.
That sounds very interesting! I would love to take a tour through your ion-thruster lab. Maybe you can send me an email to discuss further details :)
since You mentioned Haber Bosch tech, what is the pressure in those reactors? 3000 bar?
my special curiosity is: how compressible is Liquid H2 at low °Kelvin temp; it may be the most compressible fluid in the universe; 2nd only to liquid He? How would LH2 behave at this huge pressure, E-Module?, what are its physical data: density, compressibility, viscosity, eL conductivity, electric permitivity_eta...
Hypotetically You could build a rocket tank for high pressure LH2, storing much more kg at the same volume ? Still not metallic hydrogen but 3-5 times the density of LH2 at 1 bar, maybe more! What does the theory say?
That pure iron layering might of high interest for the tritium R&D. We should get in contact.
That’s beyond amazing, that they can detect the decay heat from as little as a few micrograms of Tritium! 🤯
(Also a great explanation of how the calorimeters work; I hadn’t known before that they worked by measuring the change in power input required to maintain a constant temperature. Very clever - but they must also require extremely precise thermometers!)
I wonder how long they have to wait for the temperature to stabilise. If the item under test is a bit cold for instance, that would badly skew the results until it warmed up to the test temperature.
Good question. The poster at 2:52 only mentions that the measurement takes additional 5-10 hours *after* the signal stabilizes.
Learning a second language is hard enough. Also learning all this technical and scientific stuff in a second language is always impressive.
to be fair, a lot of unis in germany teach in english (and most of the literature is written in english too) so it's not like students have to learn english on top of their studies
@@yesthisisdonutthe old chemistry literature was all written in German and is very very good.
Thanks!
Oh wow! Thank you so much! I'm glad you enjoyed the video!
Brilliant questions that allowed a most thorough explanation. Thanks for that.
Never would have thought to stumble randomly about good old Campus Nord, I work in the lab a few buildings down the road! What a fascinating institute, I would love to visit it someday myself. Thanks for the great video.
Tritiated HF sounds extra spicy
Nice rack of Keithley multimeters @ 3:42
I know a certain german guy who would happily help disposing them if the machine ever gets decommisioned
Haha, yeah, my first words when I saw those multimeters were "Marco Reps would like that".
He would 😁 the craziest coincident though: I was just at a KIT department last week to pick up some "e-waste" ... hopefully that will become a TH-camworthy story as well
I could use one or two more of those as well...
Well this was unexpected! At the laser fusion facility I'm at here in the US we only have about a gram or so of 3H, and I thought that was scary enough! 40g is...ummmm......kinda spooky! We use the same depleted uranium storage beds and zeolite molecular sieves and catalytic oxidation methods for 3H recovery from our cryogenic fusion capsule target filling station. An interesting part of inertial confinement fusion is that you need a very smooth layer of deuterium tritium ice on the inside of the hollow capsule to implode it uniformly and attain >100 megakelvin temperatures, but nature throws us a bone here and we can just use the gentle beta decay heat of the 3H itself to sublime (then refreeze) the ice over time to very high uniformity - this is called "beta-layering". I assume you have this vast sumptuous facility because of your KATRIN neutrino mass measurement experiment at the same university which uses huge amounts of 3H?
EDIT: oh, I should have watched all the way to the end first. Yes, of course it's because of KATRIN. haha 😎🤣
For KATRIN, we have a 90mm diameter tube as the source of beta electrons into which the tritium is injected, with around 10^11 Bq in it during measurement. That tube continues on through several pumping stages until it gets to the actual spectrometer, which is outside of the tritium laboratory. Without any windows in-between. But the pumping ensures no tritium actually leaves the TLK, despite the tube having a 90mm diameter all the way.
@alexandermarsteller7848 I'd imagine there can't be any windows since it would obviously attenuate the lowest energy betas, which is what you're most interested in, but I don't quite understand how this could be done without 3H getting into the giant spectrometer. I suppose I have some reading to do on the details. Looking forward to seeing results from the current run and implications for sterile neutrinos, etc.
@@Muonium1 I expect with very good pumping at one end the diffusion of atmospheric H2 and He at the other end and along the length of the pipe will cause a very slow drift and keep the 3H2 at the pump end.
I could sleep to the sound of that lab. It’s a symphony
This is the coolest episode!!!! Alexander was so excited about everything, this was so cool to watch!! Such a cool lab
!
That was fascinating! I guess ITER is going to have the same issues but on a huge scale. Yes please to a KATRIN video - that's an important experiment that doesn't seem to get enough press.
Today the TH-cam algorithm sent me here. Fascinating - Your host is clearly the guy you want around when handling this stuff safely. - and yes, would love to see the follow-up
This is a VERY VERY interesting video!!!
It's very rare on get's a chance to visit such a lab and thank you for showing it to us!
What a remarkable facility; thank you both for the tour!
Whoever named that machine is my hero. That is legit the best use of the elemental and it's name I've ever seen on something. Legendary
Alexander, that was a fascinating tour! You were super clear in your explanations. Loved it!
And, thank you Advanced Tinkering for making it happen and the great questions you came up with.
I would LOVE to see a video presentation on the Neutrino.
This is fantastic! I’m so glad there are things like this happening out in the world
I knew a guy that worked at a nuclear weapons plant that got dosed with way more than his fair share of this stuff. One of the boost reservoir assembles liaked its tritium charge. These modules have about 3.5g of tritium and another 2g of deuterium inside. The lab was suppoaed to have a tritium leak detector but it wasnt working and alarming for no reason and so was switched off. The only effects were a strange metallic taste and a headache with mild nauaea. As the day went on he got sicker but later inspection of the device revealed that it leaked. The resovoirs emit heat and they measure that fir a QA check. He and a few other workers went to the RSL for a urine test to see how bad was bad. Well it was BAD as in his pee mixed with the scintillating coctail VISIBLY GLOWED when it was mixed to feed the detector. Needless to say the counts were in excess of the detectors range so he was treated. He had to drink water cofee and beer to flush his system clean. It took about 3 days to get it out of him. He lived to 86 years old. The irony is that an exposure that bad, to 45k curies of material would have been certain 💀 for anything else. Thanks for sharing this experience regarding tritium with me, 🙏 RIP Bruce ❤
Ahh, yes, the emergency beer. Always a nice tidbit for storytelling.
So this 3H seems not so horrible, for old, adult men after all. But what is the cause for miscarriages of pregnant women (increased statistical, and anecdotal I know of), a farmer having increased problems with calves near a reactor site with 2*1300_MW_el LWRs (Gundremmingen, DE). Was this due to (inevitable) 3H release downwind or could it have been reactor-Antineutrinos?
in the newspapers there was another story of a child in Ulm (~42km), who had got cancer and the parents wouldn't allow certain med treatment!
in paper industry we have measurement scanners that work with beta-ray absorption; (I don't remember the isotope; they probably emit anti_ny's, too) The Beta is directional from source box to receiver, but the antineutrinos are not. One coworker had bone marrow cancer. Another has a child, with a little bit misshappened figure. Maybe he fathered the child during a periode, when he had to work long hours in close proximity of the scanner?
One boy in town, who was born at the time when Tchernobly happened was more misshappened fiugure!
My conclusion: Young men and women of reproductive and childbearing age shouldn't work or live near nuclear reactors! it is a place for over 60 year old workers/employees, when the reactor is running! The same is valid for Fusion!
Btw, the morning, when I woke up, when the radioactive cloud of Tschernobyl arrived here in South Germany, I also felt a metallic taste on my tongue!
@konradcomrade4845 He was in his early 30s when he got dosed. There are two school of thought regarding radiation exposure. Theoretically a single interaction can cause cancer, but it seems to more of an issue from chronic exposure. Fwiw he died of a stroke secondary to liver failure from decades of exposure to chlorinated solvents. Basically turned his liver to fatty mush, but was not cancer. His liver couldn't make enough plasma protein and eventually an aneurysm blew out. 😔
@@christopherleubner6633 Could you provide some more information on exactly where and when this incident occurred? Though the accident happened when handling special nuclear materials and classified, restricted access items, such a large exposure should have been written up somewhere in the literature as a medical and health physics case study, however I have never heard of such an incident before and would like to read more about it including any follow up.
Two things.
A) you should not tell these private stories of your friends in public, as these might be classified or not to released to the public. I guess he never told you, that this private story is something to share on the Internet.
B) the metallic taste might have come from formation of tritiated ammonium from the reaction of tritium with nitrogen.
This man loves his job. It's great to see this kind of enthusiasm.
Thank you for the video
Edit: I'm referring too the scientist from KIT
Thanks for the video. And thanks also to Alexander (not sure of the spelling). Unrelated to this video, but I wish the people building ITER would put out long form videos like this, of the building phase of that project. I don't think they understand how much interest there would be, to see engineers and scientists talking us through what's going on at Cadarache on a regular basis. It would probably also improve public support for the project. Looking forward to seeing what you're working on next.
Als eine Chemie Studentin, deine Videos motivieren mich sehr. Vielen Dank für tolle Videos
Danke! Freut mich, dass dir die Videos gefallen!
9:00 whoever installed that, thank you for your service
This was absolutely fascinating, thank you all for the chance to see tritium handling. It never occured to me that the tritium is this hard to handle.
Nice, solid hydrogen is not something you see every day :) Thanks for the tour!
Thank you for making this video. I hope we get more great opportunities like this in the future. What a treat!
Many thanks, Alex, for a truly wonderful and informative video. Wonderful because you are so enthusiastic about your work with tritium which comes through in your commentary. Informative because you conveyed in such a clear way the tritium cycle. I was very impressed with your description of the operation and everything connected with the process which included some chemistry of tritium, eg reacting with fluorine ions in molecules, and how a notoriously difficult gas to store is done by absorbing the tritium in uranium were tritium forms a very strong bond with the metal. Only by supplying energy to the metal in the form of heat will the tritium-uranium bond break releasing the gas. Absolutely fascinating
Would LWRs in France have a chance to capture any T and store it in cold U238 granulate?
Or is tritium sequestration only possible in Fission reactors with non H2O_steam_cooling- and turbine- cycles?
Gas cooled reactors or Molten Salt + CO2-Brayton-turbine cycle for example? How about the Russian-derived Dual-Lead-Fluid Reactor? (or don't they care about T?)
Btw.: somewhere I read, that at the ORNL experimental MSRE they had lots of cancer cases, from the cleaning maids to Alvin Weinberg's first wife. (his very interesting book: The First Nuclear Age; doesn't mention this)
Besides other impurities, and the 1950s less stringent safety, could this, had this been related to unregistered Tritium release?
I never expected to ever see a tritium lab. Great video!
Thanks! I'm glad you liked it!
Having Glove boxes is fine; doing research, too. For future fusion and for MSRs or HighTemp HeliumGas-cooled reactors "Jülich 2.0" technology You need more!
You need a Technicum which can evaluate Tritium sequestration, You need to test Gas-Ultra-Centrifuges. Sequestering 3H from a He_carrier gas, maybe in multiple stages, at different temperatures if the single step eficiency is too low! The ultimate stage may be Liquifying and then distilling the last tiny bit of 3H.
How much heat does 3H produce at higher conc? Can the Beta radiation of (Liquified?) 3H be directly converted into a useful high voltage kV-Generator ( thin wall glas tubes inside of triodes, pentodes? or fibers of organic molecules holding the Tritium atoms in place, even in a vacuum? Continuous pumping and purifying needed, though)? What would be the best stripping/sealing/enveloping gas, to capture and re-concentrate 3H; would pure CO2 be working -> reacting to CH and -OH molecules ( -CT , -OT !!)? A necessary technology to any machinery containing/handling Tritium. Ultimately all 3H (=T) will need to be collected and burnt up in a Fusion reactor.
Can Tritium be sequestered more easily from other carrier gases: Ne, Ar, Kr and how does the presence of instable, radioactive Xe_isotopes in these gas mixtures complicate things?
Molten salts need to be continually purified from Xe, 3H, and possibly other gases. To do this an excellent diffuser, the Step-Diffusor from former Escher-Wyss, now Sulzer (Paper Industry head-box component, also used in wastewater cleaning)
should be examined: Pumping the salt at low viscosity/high temp through a Step-Diffusor wich can mix_in fine bubbles of He,Ne,Ar-gas in turbulent flow. Then this strip-gas with the collected impurities can be separated, treated, as described above and the pure salt can be pumped back into the reactor.
in AAA-Science magazine, Jan, 201x, there is a report of Graphene: a Molecular sieve of Hydrogen and Deuterium; mabe it would work on Tritium, too! No this is the article, I remembered: Sieving hydrogen isotopes through two-dimensional crystals
AAA Science 1 Jan 2016 Vol 351, Issue 6268 pp. 68-70
NASA in Kenedey Space Center has a lot of (bad and good) experience with high-pressure He and liquid Hydrogen! (in the early days they used burning brooms on a stick to detect H2-Leaks in the pipelines!
Why is Be-metal so poisonous? Nanogram/m³; is Beryllium really needed in molten salt?
How does Chloride- / Chlorine fare under fast Neutron bombardment?
When I was a kid we got a small box of those glowing tritium tubes at a swap meet. I wish I still had a few, though they'd probably be pretty dim by now.
These people are insanely smart
It’s not just that; it takes an immense amount of studying which requires fanatical interest and dedication.
4:00 min Ist das nicht der Simon? Sehen wir da auch noch ein Video? ^^ Sehr interessanter Film, besonders die Funktion des Kalorimeters und die Speicherung des Tritiums in Uranpulver! Alles sehr verständlich erklärt.
Ich würde empfehlen das relative neue Video über Tritium von Simon anzuschauen, da gibts ein paar kurze Schnipsel. Er huscht auch später nochmal durchs Bild 😅
@@alexandermarsteller7848 Ok, danke - gleich ma guggn. 😀
Genau, das ist Simon ;) ich bin mir sicher er wird auch noch ein Video dazu machen.
That was absolutely fascinating! Alex was an excellent guide, and there were so many really interesting things covered, that I really knew nothing about before. The adsorption bed storage system was really intriguing. I hadn't really considered how on earth you'd store 40 grams (!!!) of Tritium but this is obviously an ingenious way to do it safely.
As a chem eng graduate I bet the P&ID for this place is pretty interesting!
Im normally not into science but channels like yours and nilereds have gotten me interested
I admire anyone that can do fine work in a glovebox. The gloves are so thick and stiff that there is almost no dexterity. Assembling anything takes ages. It is a cumbersome working arrangement.
Radiacode rock, use ours all the time!
very good questions and very good answers. this makes science really fun. many thanks to all involved.
Love the lab tours. Always down for more of them!
A tea spoon of tritium is great for both body and soul.
Nothing much to worry about.
The KIT and the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich recently carried out the most precise measurement of the neutrino mass. Since KIT already has official approval for the production and work with tritium, the measurement was carried out in Karlsruhe instead of Munich.
There is no production of tritium at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe. The KATRIN experiment is run by a large collaboration which includes both the KIT as well as the MPI in Munich. The whole list in order given by the latest publication is:
Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Institute for Technical Physics (ITEP), Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), , Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Munster,
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Sezione di Milano
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina,
Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham
Politecnico di Milano, Milano
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal
Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Dept. of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle
Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department,
Max Planck Institute for Physics, 85748 Garching
Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Physics and Center of Excellence in High Energy Physics and Astrophysics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
IRFU (DPhP & APC), CEA, Universite Paris-Saclay
Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Milano - Bicocca
Departamento de Qu´ımica F´ısica Aplicada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Heidelberg
Institut fur Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences (suspended since February 2022)
@alexandermarsteller7848 KIT says it is experimenting with tritium production using fusion ceramics from Li2SiO4 and Li2TiO4. The aim is to later use this ceramic in the ITER in southern France. Btw, very nice that you showed us that you can copy and paste the list of participants from a scientific paper.😘 When referring to such documents, et al. (er alii) is often used so that all those involved do not have to be listed each time. That makes the ego happy.
I remember reading about the ortho and para isomers of regular hydrogen, H2, (in relation to the nuclear magnetic resonance technique known as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization which is used to determine chemical reaction mechanisms) but didn't realize it would also apply to tritium, T2. Dusted off my old handbook of chemistry and physics and sure enough, the tritium nucleus is also spin one half (and the deuterium nucleus is spin one, but D2 also has similar spin isomers).
I sort of remember that it has implications in liquid hydrogen fuelled rockets. You can fit more LH2 into the tank if you liquefy it a few days in advance and keep pumping the boil off away to maintain a reduced temperature.
Thank you for sharing this tour with the world!
Thank you so much for this video! And thank you to Alexander as well! I am more or less a layman when it comes to these topics but even I could follow the explanations and get an overview of the tritium lab. And yeeess, plz, do a video about KATRIN! 😃
Awesome video ... i want one of those radiacode gamma detectors... maybe next Christmas. Yes, i would like to see the antineutrino experiment!.
This is really interesting,
Looking forward to the neutrino video.
I was wondering what kind of sound it was in the lab. I was wondering because I heard that before when I got MRI as a kid and I never knew what that was. Now I know it is cryopump.
The chirping sound you can hear is the high pressure helium gas, which is used in the cooling cycle, rushing through its piping.
It's techno music
Scroll pump tip seal mention 😍
As always, another brilliant video, and what a cool video it was, so much interesting information! Videos like this are what im subscribed for, and yes, please can we get the video about the anti neutrino experiment!
Before I was born, my father was offered a position at Argonne National Lab, but my mother convinced him to turn down the job offer due radiation concerns.
I was born without birth defects (but still have mental defects :-)
It would be interesting to see how Tritium behaves as a Bose-Enstein condensate.
Thank you for this interesting tour.
Thank you so much. And seeing the amount of care they take tells us just how wrong it is for TEPCO to just dump tritiated water into the Pacific Ocean.
It also gives us an idea of how astronomically expensive it would be to correctly treat all nuclear waste instead of basically storing it in piles or burying it. In contrast, the fumes from fossil fuel power stations can be and is normally consumed by plants and algae as food
Of course we're interested in that other video! :D
so that guy that said "i got a shovel from chernobyl that's been powering my garage for a decade..."
Hydrogen molecule isomers that differ by nuclear spin. Neat! Great video, awesome lab, thanks.
Lol, without knowing about this video, I asked Simon (Chemiebaukasten) today if I could measure my compact and potent piece of Uraninite in the university’s calorimeter. He pointed me to your video, and I have to admit, it seems KIT had a bit too much money to spend on sensitive calorimeters! ^^ Great video!
WE NEED ANOTHER VIDEO ABOUT THE ANTI NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT PLEASE
Absolutely magnificent, subscribed. Alexander was an amazing host, obviously brilliant with a total command of the subject matter, but also charismatic and skilled at giving clear, understandable explanations of the process. More with him if possible, please!
Wow. I'm surprised how much information they were able to disclose. It is extremely interesting. Sometimes, I wish I had applied for material chemistry, and not biotech. A continuation video would be really interesting.
Its not classified in any way. And most of the stuff is already published or will be published
@@puo2123 Precisely. If you can build anything based on the contents of this video, you could already do it based on what is available in literature.
@@alexandermarsteller7848 reproducibility is a goal here
How do they collect the helium-3 when they need to?
Absolutely fascinating. I had no idea.
In biochemistry, we used the term "radiological scale" to indicate that you can detect a tiny amount of radioactive sample
They mention symmetric molecules not emitting IR - has anyone got a pointer to an explanation of that?
Find deinen Kanal richtig Awesome!
Thanks for this excellent video!
I’m glad you mentioned this or I’d be trying to grind my tritium vials down to make bigger vials
Separate video, 100% very interested in the other experiment !!!!!
I love your videos I learn so much from them thanks❤❤🎉
I suspect, TF is one of the compounds, one wanted never face a close encounter with. At least not in the lungs.
Fascinating! Thank you!
Frozen hydrogen is beautiful
Love to see a video about measuring the antinutrinos
The great thing about Thorium Molten Salt Reactors, it that one of the "waste products" is Tritium (H³). The most valuable thing in the world.
yes! please do a video on the anti neutrino mass measurement experiment! That would be extremely interesting.
It is fascinating for me and it sharpens my Physicl sihgt to the hole World. Thanks
Nice 😎👍💯💯💯 It’s that what Iron man used for the miniture arc reactor.
Very interesting video on an uncommon topic! In your octasilacubane video, you mentioned at the end that you would use it to make a stable radical anion. I would love to see it happen :)
I spent a couple years managing a facility and production line for Ortho-Para hydrogen catalyst. AFAIK I may have been the _only_ person overseeing production of it in bulk quantities (Any old children's chemistry set has more than enough equipment to make laboratory-use quantities, scaling it up is the same bitch here that it is with any other process.) It's a crazy material that's made out of some of the most mundane chemicals. I had a really hard time explaining what I made to basically everyone. I wish this video had been out when I was working there, I would have clipped that segment and used it to help explain, or just sent it to people I didn't feel like explaining it, again, for the 10th time, to someone who's not going to get it (or doesn't want to expend the mental energy to try), anyways. Even most of the scientists and engineers I spoke to didn't have a clue what the fuck I was talking about, unless they just so happened to work with cryogenic hydrogen. And in that case, they were probably already buying from my line, anyways. We looked it up a few times trying, mostly because we needed better testing equipment, and as far as we could tell we were the only people manufacturing it by the barrel that showed up in any search engine or chemical supplier catalog we found. (A couple facilities had listings like, "per special order, please inquire for pricing and availability" type listings. AKA "If you really want some we can whip up a batch so long as time, money, and consistency aren't going to be issues for you.")
2 years later and half the shit I own is still stained orange from all the fine rust particles I used to drag home in my hair, on my clothes, and on my skin. It's (supposedly) harmless, but most people who make products via similar chemical reactions to the one we were doing are usually making _pigments,_ and it's obvious _why._ It was fun when COVID hit and I had to go through one of those drive through testing things, and the poor worker pulled a q-tip out of my nose that was a sickly, slightly brownish *_black._* I mean it when I say it stained _everything._
It's crazy how many tritium based exit signs that are listed as lost on the NRC website.
They don't really matter. Even deliberately breaking the vials and directly huffing the gas results in trivial doses.
Definitely interested in the antineutrino experiment thanks
Muito bem explicadinho nos seus mínimos detalhes. Parabéns!
How can you say "building sized vacuum chamber" and think we wouldn't be interested?
We use aspirating smoke detectors where I work because they are far more responsive. I had no idea such things existed until I started working there.
Fascinating content!
Does your Tritium come from Canada? Do you think Canada should invest heavily into its production with it being a key for a fusion?
It does come from the CANDU reactors in Canada. However, fusion power plants will need much more tritium than those reactors can produce, so fusion reactors will have to produce their own tritium. This is done by first multiplying the high energy neutrons from the fusion reaction and then having them convert lithium into tritium and helium in a nuclear reaction.
Interestingly enough, thinking about how the tritium is processed spawned some ideas about what the purpose of the tritium could or might be. Recovery systems and auxiliary reactors seem like good candidates. I found some enlightenment and peace of mind in my understanding that the radioactive by-products are being safely handled.
0:01 Diese Betalights habe ich auch, 3,5cm lang. Die enthalten aber nicht 1 GBq, sondern mindestens 20. Tritium hat eine spezifische Aktivität von 35705 GBq/g. Demnach enthalten etwa 900.000 Betalights 40g H3. Das sind viele, ist aber finde ich keine unglaubliche Menge. Ich bin mir ziemlich sicher, dass von den 900.000 Betalights keine riesige Gefahr ausgehen würde. Warum also der ganze Aufwand, wenn ein paar mm Glas schon eine sichere Lagerung darstellen?
Wenn deine Lichter 20 GBq haben sind sie damit ein vielfaches der Freigrenze für Tritium von 1 GBq und sollten daher nicht frei im Handel zu erweben sein und eine Genehmigung erfordern. Falls du keine Genehmigung hast (was es für Privatpersonen soweit ich weiß nicht gibt) wäre es mein Ratschlag sich schleunigst mit der je nach Bundesland zuständigen Stelle in Verbindung zu setzen um diese Lichter abzugeben bevor das zu einer Geldstrafe führt.
Das Bundesamt für Strahelschutz gibt 20 µSv als Dosis durch Inhalation eines 1 GBq Tritiumgaslichts an, also ein Bruchteil der natürlichen Jahresdosis. Mit den 40 g des Tritiumlabors landet man im Bereich von 10+ PBq, was zu einer Dosis von ~300 Sv führen würde, also ein großes vielfaches der direkt lethalen Dosis. Liegt das Tritium jedoch nicht als T2 gas vor sonder in Form von Wasser, was bei Freisetzung in die Luft relativ schnell passieren kann, steigt der Dosisfaktor um ca 1000, also 300 000 Sv.
Der ganze Aufwand wird betrieben genau damit von dieser Menge an Radioaktivität keine Gefahr ausgeht.
@@alexandermarsteller7848 Ja, 20GBq sind das Zwanzigfache der Freigrenze. Deshalb gibt es die im Video gezeigten Lichter in DE auch nicht. In UK werden sie für Angelposen verkauft.
Ich sehe da aber absolut kein Problem, 20 uSv bei Inhaltion eines GBq sind fast nichts. Das bekommst du bei einem Langstreckenflug ab. 20GBq würden demnach zu einer Dosis von 400 uSv führen, unschön, aber nicht akut gefährlich. Dabei muss man ja bedenken, dass niemand ein Betalight inhaliert. Wenn so ein Ding zerbricht, verdünnt sich das H3 so schnell, dass man fast nichts einatmen wird. Eine Strafe kann man dafür ja nur bekommen, wenn man mal das BfS zu Besuch hat...
40g Cs-137 würdest du übrigens nicht annähernd nahe kommen wollen. Dieses Zeug wird überall in der Industrie, teilweise in Mengen von mehreren Gramm verwendet. Ich meinte ehr im Vergleich dazu, dass ich die Maßnahmen für 40g H3 ganz schön extrem finde. Ist vielleicht aber richtig so.
@@juliusphiletta5171 ich würde 40g Cs-137 in der Tat nicht nahe genung kommen wollen um der Radioaktivität signifikant ausgesetzt zu werden. Aber eben auch 40g Tritium nicht, da braucht es bloß direkteren Kontakt. Diese starken Cs-137 Quellen sind soweit ich weiß eigentlich immer sicher verkapselt und man benutzt sie nur als Gamma Quellen. Wenn der Behälter in dem das Cs-137 eingeschlossen ist kaputt gemacht wird hat man sowas wie den Goiânia-Unfall. Bei Tritium gibt es keine Gammas, und wenn man sich die relativ schwachen Betas zu nutze machen möchte kann man es nicht sicher in mehreren Schichten verkapselt verpacken. Abgesehen davon das Tritium wie im Video angesprochen die unschöne eigenschaft von Wasserstoff teilt durch die meisten Materialien hindurch zu diffundieren.
Das Äquivalent zum Tritium wären eher offene Cs-137 Quellen bei denen das Potential besteht, dass das Cs-137 freigesetzt wird. Und mit sowas gehen wahrscheinlich auch nur die Hersteller der Gamma Quellen unter entsprechenden Sicherheitsvorkehrungen um.
@@juliusphiletta5171 You wrote "I find the measures for 40g H3 quite extreme" but it is important to remember that the cost of pure 3H2 is eye watering. As mentioned here there is no real danger from the gas as it would collect near the roof or leak out and be lost. The goal is not to loose any of the expensive gas.
Scary and beautiful;
As is all things in all fields of discovery.
Oneword: MORE!!! ❤❤
I have 2 tritium vials embedded in my desk they've been glowing for about 8 years now I expect in the next 2 they will get waaay dimmer but I love them so much
They probably have to rebuild those scroll pumps quite a few times over their lifetime.