King James I - The First Stuart King of England Documentary
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Love your videos 😊😊😊😊❤❤❤❤❤
My favourite pub quiz question is what is the relationship between James I of England and James VI of Scotland - they were the same person
The gunpowder plot is the first terrorist attack on a king. Brilliant documentary.i love and admire your documentaries. We always appreciate your hard work and dedication towards these videos. Love from Sri Lanka. 🇱🇰🤝🏴. Also he founded his own bible . The uniter of Scotland and england. Also his rule and his absolute power led to the civil war in his son s time and led to a formation of a republic. Brilliant doc.
King James I is one of my favorite British royals because he was intellectual and curious about everything. I love that he wanted to meet Guy Fawkes in person so he could try to figure out what made Fawkes tick, instead of just dismissing him as a madman. And whatever my own views are on the Bible, I admire that he wanted to go back to the oldest writings he could so his translation was as close to the original meaning as he could make it. Thank you for the excellent work on these documentaries.
Elizabeth was much cleverer
It's never too late to learn History. I finally can understand who the King James of Bible fame is, or was. History tends to jolt one, recognising the complexity inherent in thrones and kingdoms. So much war. So much of the ugly politics of government. So little wisdom. Makes one appreciate the relative peace we have at the moment. Thank you. Well presented and illustrated. Good job.
The King James Bible, commissioned by a bisexual, Vatican sympathizing, ruler of a protestant kingdom, who was once called "The wisest fool in all of Christendom", who's succession was setup by the murderer of his mother to unite 2 traditional rival kingdoms. Such a deluge of contradictions.
The man who brought forward the union between england and scotland after centuries as rivals. A poetic conclusion really 😊😊😊😊😊
D9 you realise people commit heinous crimes to get where they are
@@stefanlundin9649 at least he didn't colonise the entire globe. Eddie's achievements were exclusively on site
He made a mess in Ireland.
@@tetrahedron1000yes by transporting people from the Anglo-Scottish borderlands to Ulster he kind of cemented the problems that that region still has today
He betrayed Scotland
I couldn't imagine living with chronic kidney stones. And, no known treatment way back then. I've suffered from stones twice during my 20's. The pain becomes much worse the more you have them.
I’ve only had kidney stones once , I thought I was going to die .. the pain indescribable .. wonder what they took for pain in that era ??! 😖😫
@soniapinkney1342 a lot of alcohol probably.
Beautiful images, excellent narration, accurate scholarship and a balanced vision of the first Stewart king. Congratulations to the creators, who always make you discover the density of personality in the middle of history.
The first Stewart/Stuart king.of England he was the 9th (?) Monarch of Scotland belonging to that family
God bless you all. I cried so much watching this testimony, she is so eloquent and spoke the words even on my soul. How beautiful as a person see is and that amazing life she is living. God love you deeper and bless you abundantly
Excellent coverage of much underappreciated monarch. His intelligence and good sense of survival and political governance compensated for his weakness in his choice of favorites. Perhaps if his son Henry had lived, his dynasty would have prospered. His reluctance over his son Charles was justified.
How could a witch hunter be under appreciated? Mediocre intellect at best.
I've studied the kings of England and learned that many of them had this trait in choosing terrible favorites who manipulated them. The Despenser family comes to mind.
Love these videos; they encourage me to research more deeply into the things mentioned.
You failed to mention what he's best known for: The King James Bible.
@@ryangianan1439have you actually looked up what sodomy technically encompasses?
There'll be barely a person alive who isn't one unless they're a diehard virgin.
But as clearly you meant the slur version (🙄)
Hopefully he had more sense than to be dictated by a fairytale cult
Jimmy's bible is a propaganda tool that trumpets the power of absolute monarchy
The worthless Bible
Just because it bears his name doesn't mean he had any involvement in its translation. He did write a treatise on witches though and persecuted anyone he considered to be a witch.
@@juliaslabbert6672 good point
Classic Great Man theory ...(which is ironic as hes not exactly a revered historical figure)
One of the better biographical videos I have seen on James. He was a complicated man. As noted, both remarkably well educated for the era, and at times breathtakingly inept in important matters of state. Regards his sexual preferences, much debated among historians, it is more likely that he was bisexual. Had he been truly homosexual it is most unlikely that he would have fathered as many children as he did, and there were at least two other failed pregnancies. He is also recorded as having a number of mistresses including most notably Anne Murray the Lady Glamis. All of which said, I find the arguments by some that he was not also physically attracted to men, to strain the bounds of credulity given the record of his reign and his numerous extremely close relationships with attractive young men.
Until right now in the First World, many gay men had straight sex and fathered kids despite lack of attraction to women, they simply had to. In youth it’s easy for men to perform despite lack of attraction. Gay women could more easily play act during coitus. James’ alleged mistress might suggest bisexuality. However, religions’, (hence societies’), extreme physical and emotional punishments have required gay people to find believable, misleading cover-stories.
The narrator sounds so articulate and authoritative.
When he first started speaking, I thought he sounded a lot like Alec Guinness!
This is an excellent documentary on the life of an often overlooked monarch... a rather important one.
Thank you for this amazing documentary 😊
Can't wait to see your video on King Charles the 1st of England.
He was first and foremost King Charles I of Scotland he was Scottish and born in Scotland
@@SALeppardthe Scotts had rejected him by 1940s (Bishops wars and uproar against his Catholic inner circle and disdain for Presbyterianism).
He was certainly not first and foremost King of Scotland, as he presided primarily as King of England, lived the bulk of his life in England and had envoys to dictate the other kingdoms (Thomas Wentworth in Ireland and William Laud in Scotland). He was involved in English politics since the reign of his father prior, as with his many attempts to court the infanta Maria with the many Spanish matches.
Research a bit
He did very well if you consider what he faced. Kept England at peace wrote a treatise on kingship and statecraft
so probably was an admirer of Alfred the great but had faults as we all do. If you compare him to John or Henry VI
he probably deserves some kind of medal.
Don't forget his treatise on witchcraft. 😂
James was a truly man of his time and probably had done as a good job as anyone considering perceptions of the monarch and his role
YESSS YOU CALLED HER MARY I OF SCOTLAND!!! 🏴 🩵
Yes a clever Monarch in many respects but I really dislike his hatred of women. To imagine a learned man happy to oversee personally the torture & killing of witches is idiotic. Very unpleasant, Despite 2 obvious boyfriends he had 8 children with his Danish Queen. She deserves a medal.
The puritans educated him to dispise his mother and women in general, and to hate catholics...and sold his mother to England.
James 6th of Scotland House of Stuart was a literate, genious, inteligent King, I suspect the English did not like a Scotsman controllling England which was why so much hostility, Shakespeare's play MacBeth was penciled to show James 6th as the rightful King of Scotland and England, showing MacBeth as a savage warrior prince.
What does Macbeth have to do with a king that ruled 600 years after him
@@Generalissimo69 I think @damocles2240 is suggesting that Shakespeare intended "MacBeth" to be a metaphor for King James.
@@Generalissimo69cause Fleance, Son of Banquo in the play was an ancestor of James. In the play there is a sequence of Kings beginning with Fleance ending with James carrying the triple crown scepter showing his unification of the British isle
And a firm believer in witchcraft.
@@danawinsor1380A great deal. Look it up.
After watching movie of queen mary, i really felt bad for mary. She suffered from politics, religion, mens. Rip queen 👑
Very Instructive, Bravo ! King James The First was a Great King. Founder of a Great Dynasty and a Great Empire, still by protecting the People, the Faith and the Country. Vivat !
Mediocre at best.
JAMES VI
He didn't found the dynasty the Stewarts/Stuarts had ruled Scotland for a long time before James inherited the English throne
@@pedanticradiator1491 correct James VI was the 9th monarch from the Royal Stewart /Stuart Dynasty that had ruled Scotland from 1371 until 1603, Robert II 1371-90 , Robert III1390- 1406, James I 1406-37,James II 1437-60 James III 1460-88, James IV11488-1513,James V 1513-42, Mary I (MQOS) 1542-67 ( illegal forced to abdicate murdered 1587, still the legitimate and rightful Queen. )James VI 1567-1625 ( Prince of Scotland 1566-87) 7 ruled both Scotland and England from 1603-1707, James VI/I 1603-25, Charles I 1625-49,Charles II 1651 (Scotland) restored in England in 1660-1685, James VII/II 1685-88, Mary II & William II/III 1688-94, QM 1688-1702 William. Anne 1702-1707, Queen of Scotland and England. Queen of Great Britain 1707-1714. The Stewart/Stuart are the longest ruling royal dynasty in the British isles ruling 343 years. The direct legitimate Stewart/Stuart line did not become extinct until 1807, with the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal of York , the younger brother of Charles Edward Stuart ( Bonnie Prince Charlie and son of James Francis Edward Stuart, known as and indeed recognized by the Jacobite's as James VIII/III , better known to history as The old pretender.
@@pedanticradiator1491 Yes, but circumstances made him, reunited 2 crowns.
Mary was a Vassal as women were in those days and also speaking french as her first language, was pushed around by members of the Court and generally controlled by them!
Most excellent episode
Great video keep it up you're doing amazing things 😁👍
James was highly underrated and I wholeheartedly admire his political skills.
His skills in fostering the torture and murder of witches were less admirable.
I second that.
The Whig historians all hated him because he created the doctrine of the divine right of kings
@@splinterbyrdbecause he had french blood and was the son of Mary Stuart who was raised at french court and was crowned in Reims as Queen of France "reine de droit divin": queen by god's will.
Touché @@wenigergottquatsch183
Her Majesty Queen James, the Duchess of Buckingham
Brilliant and very educational .
Great video
Please videos about Anglo-Saxon kings
Looking forward to watching this x
To manage the Scottish and European political climate the way he did in his early years showed remarkable intelligence. It wasn't said here but that first time he was kidnapped in Scotland they accused him of carnal sins and sent his lover away who he had only recently become protestant. Me being an American with Scottish, English, and Irish blood. Much of the American Constitution and Bill of Rights derived in contrast from policies that formed in this period. Considering the turmoil in Scotland of his predecessors he did remarkably well. Interesting that he is still considered the longest reigning King of Scotland. Also interesting is the facial features of these monarchs and the signature large nose that was prominent in the Greek and Ptolemaic dynasties that ended with Cleopatra. Their royal line goes deep, wide, and directly from many significant ancient figures and you can see it.
This hoe-mo stuff has to stop !
Very well presented
Amazing video as always🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉❤❤❤❤
Great video!
Great video 😊
James was smart,great,and gifted.
Wonderful commentary. I read about James I and VI before, however this time I came to know further details. For instance I did not about his sexual orientation and how dealt with Presbyterians etc. I would suggest to include slides of family tree of these monarchs during the commentary which will help to know the relationship of the Royal with the other important monarchs. Thank you
I think the jury's still out on James' sexuality, but he did have male favourites
Very interesting he was given the title first of England and 6th of Scotland but when the descendants thereafter reign they are known by what they are to England. Elizabeth 2nd of England was 1st of Scotland, William 3rd of England was William 2nd of Scotland, James the 2nd of England was James 7th of Scotland (though I have seen some loyal James supporters name him as such in North Scotland)
Its only since the Union of Parliaments in 1707 that the numbering has favoured the English system. James II and William III were known by their Scottish numbers. In the 1950s Elizabeth II declared that in future the higher number would be used. A similar situation exists in Spain where they use the numbers from the previous kingdoms
@@pedanticradiator1491 thank you for educating me
@@DorchaEagla you're welcome
@@pedanticradiator1491 We will never see a so-called "British" monarch ever be crowned under a Scottish name: No James VIII for dear old blighty, just more Edwards and Georges. It's a handy.sneaky loophole that the English have contrived for themselves.
@@jackdubz4247 And does it matter to anyone except adolescent nationalists?
Nice video 💪
Exquisite narration.
And very good too.
Thank you, really good. 👍👍👍👍🙏🙏👵🇦🇺
I just discovered I'm a direct descendant of Kenneth McAlpin. I found out I had been a descendent of William Brandon who was Henry Tudors standard bearer killed by Richard III at the battle of Bosworth, but just researched his family tree and discovered he was descendant somehow of McAlpin, via some Dunkelds and Hastings.
Just mention, james was greatly aware of his scottish history and informed shakespeare about the macbeth story .
Which Shakespeare ignored and made his own version
@@pedanticradiator1491 pedantic by name etc etc....he didn't (ignore) the historic facts he embroiled James's accounts and his obsessions about witch's and the devine right of Kings to create a great dramatic tradegy ...to gain royal favour.
Thank you, very interesting
King 👑 James Francis Edward Stuart VI and I is Jack of Clubs ♣️♣️ Merry Christmas 🎄🎁⛄🎅🤶 Blessings and Hugs 💜💜
James Vi's full name was James Charles Stuart. James Francis Edward Stuart was his great grandson known to history as The Old Pretender or to his supporters as James VIII & III.
Few can claim James's distinction - his mother and his son, monarchs each, were both beheaded for treason. James was a curious mix, quite far-seeing at times yet at others quite short-sighted. England was fortunate indeed to have strong parliaments, and an independent judiciary and in particular Edward Coke.
James VI mother Queen Mary I of Scotland (MQOS) was murdered by a state that had no legal right over her. Queen Mary was in fact the legitimate rightful Queen of England as well as of Scotland as such even being the monarch of a foreign country it is impossible for her to be guilty of treason. Queen Mary was illegally detained and murdered by England yet rather curiously was given a royal state funeral by the very state that murdered her which can only be regarded as an admission if guilt they had illegally murdered her.. Charles I was also unlawfully murdered by England who did not consult Scotland of which he was King also abd indeed born in The puritans did not reflect the English people but were a regicide mob who ruled like tyrants. Charles I son Charles II was crowned was crowned as King of Scots, as Charles II i n 1651 9 years before he was restored in England.
Don't forget that his descendants were exiled
@@equusquaggaquagga536 again illegally as the Stuarts were the lawful abd rightful ruling family. James VII /II had a son James who should have succeeded hid father as James VIII/III unfortunately his son was taken to France just before James VII /II fled which played right into the hsnds of the traitors. James VIi/Ii did not help himself but he was still the rightful King. The Hanoverians only got the throne as they were the nearest protestants descended from the Royal Stewarts /Stuarts of George I was the Grt Grandson of James VI/ of Scotland despite there being 57 others who had a stronger claim but were barred fas they were Catholic. This is still the case today no monarch can be or marry a Catholic.this needs to be done away with in a modern progressive free democracy. The Stuarts direct line died out with Cardinal of York Henry Benedict Stuart in 1807
@equusquaggaquagga536 Indeed although of course the daughters of James II both reigned unhindered as monarch. The Stuarts can hardly be called a successful dynasty and like the Tudors before them, the dynasty was extinguished for want of a direct heir.
His descendants were raised by his wife, Henriette de France, daughter of Henri the fourth of France but raised by the stupid andfanarically catholic Marie de Medici ... so James married a fanatic , his children were raised as fanatics catholics and Charles the first was beheaded, the children went back to France with their mother, were raised in France, catholics, so catastrophy was waiting... the only daughter of Charles the first stayed in France and was the first wife of Louis the XIV's brother, who was gay... sad destiny...
I mus say that James I comes out better historically than I would have expected. I think his history is somewhat overshadowed by Charles I and subsequent events. But I am not a historian. I want to draw particular attention to the really splendid visuals. I regret to say that my late wife's family claim direct descent from Thomas Winter, of the Gunpower plot.
Thanks.
Thank you
Some call James a fool some call him intelligent and frankly I think he was both and knew when to be a fool and when to use his intelligense
My country Scotland 🏴 love it
🇬🇧
Independence is coming whether the English land owners, the English lords who charge native Scott's to farm their own land, and the silly Scottish Rangers fans who shroud themselves in a foreign flag like it or NOT. . Scotland is for the Scott's.
@den264 Scott's make Porridge Oats the people of Scotland are Scots and many of the landowners are actually Scottish or of Scottish descent
My homeland 🏴
Awesome
Wow! What an English view of Scotland history and not taking account of everything that lead to the events and Englands interference in them😮
Probably couldn't fit all of that in this vid. 😉
That’s a rather naive view. The Scots were always plotting against England with various factions. I’d hardly call it ‘interference’ when we foiled their plots.
@@user-fq8rs7rz3i lol 😂 😂, was Scotland trying to take over the whole island of Britain? NO ! Was Scotland trying to take over Wales ? NO! Was Scotland trying to take over the whole Island of Ireland? NO ! Was Scotland trying to take over France? NO! One country was guilty of all those and actually did go on to invade and take over many more - England. So pardon us for having to make plans to protect ourselves. Your claims of being unjustly accused here and playing the innocent victim don't wash as your history speaks for itself 🤷
@@TojokellyScotland tried to take the north of England several times
James I was a good politician and often underrated.
His sexual preference was bisexual by modern standard.
Let's just say he was trans for the record
Why most people who mention something about the fact he authorized the publishing of the English bible seems to purposely ignore that James was bisexual and would favor his males lovers like Esme Stuart in Scotland or Duke of Buckingham in England letting theem take horrendous political decisions ??.
I mean I am cool with his sexuality but find it funny how the most religious people over here always leave out that particular part of his life and the facts that his religious beliefs were pretty much for show?.. but oh well.
Looking forward to the new show coming up this year " Mary and George" that will focus on one of the kings lovers.
You know not what's going on and adheer to all the slander.
Unless you have concrete proof that he's gay it's all conjecture at best and perjury at worst.
Who would have a better claim than James? The descendants of Mary Tudor are from a junior line. All others are even further off.
The Greys (Lady Jane's family) were still around but Elizabeth hated them so Stuarts it is
There was another Stuart candidate- James's English born 1st cousin Arbella who once or twice was rumoured to be Elizabeth's preferred heir but the English Lords etc wanted a king so they chose James
@@pedanticradiator1491 Yes Arabella Stuart did indeed have a claim, however her claim was inferior to James, as Arabella's was also a gr grandchild of Margaret Tudor but from her second Marriage, James was from the first marriage Arabella's father was Charles Stuart brother to Henry Stuart Lord Darnley, James father, and first cousin to James. Some in england did prefer Arabella's claim to James as she was English born but James had the greater claim through both his parents, Queen Mary I of Scotland ( MQOS) and Henry Stuart Lord Darnley, first cousins and Grandchildren of Queen Margaret Tudor
@SALeppard yes I know Arbella's background
Yeah huge fan here right here
He did a decent job.
Very good history lesson
I think he was a decent king in his own right.
Kind of forgotten after the super interesting Tudor period of course…..
I don't know whether James I is an underappreciated king or not, as I don't have any prior knowledge about his reputation. However, I think he was an OK king. I mean, it seems that he didn't achieve anything remarkable that benefitted the realm but he didn't make any major mistakes either. So, as a ruler, he seems to have been mostly competent.
No, it was mentioned early in the presentation.
There's a lot of authentic paintings from back then but they only show the flim-flam
Yes...like much of europe, King James image has been whitewashed and his great reputation tarnished by caucasians in their renaissance.
@@amram1305 the renaissance was mostly over by the time James was king
@@pedanticradiator1491 like your ancestors, you deceive. Your renaissance was over when the last Israelite strongholds were cleared out in europe circa 1655 and they were killed or banished to africa by the pope to san tome island.
@amram1305 OK you believe what you want
The real paintings are hidden why? His colour
A glaring omission
Wtw!!! It seems like this is more about Mary 🤔💭
I have always admired King James. I have always felt he was far more sensible than many historians gave him credit for. I love that he wasn’t ashamed of being gay. I’m unhappy that he was deluded about witchcraft.
Wagoner wrote an interesting book "The Journey from Text to Translation"
Does anyone know the music in the credits?
The Heir - Emmanuel Jacob
When he arrived in London James VI & I immediately proposed an Act of Union between Scotland and England.
The English Parliament turned him down flat
they changed their tune in 1706/7
@@SALeppard Absolutely, although after the act of Union many in England felt the Scots were taking over.
Another comment I called James "Cradle King" is from a book that was about King James VI/I of Scotland/England. Just in case anyone want to read a physical biography in the form of a book about him.
You have King Hames I confused with King James V.
Great friend of the Spanish ambassador Count of Gondomar
I learn some new.
How did you forget to mention his greatest surviving literacy contribution, " The King James Bible."?
Many times the 'sensibilities' of an author or producer may be assessed by what they DO NOT say.
Does anyone know of any movies set in this era or depicting the life of King James or his mother?
There's plenty of films and TV programmes depicting his mother but I.cant think of any about James himself
Whatever they make it will not show the truth of King James.
I don't think he had a mother
@@timothy4557 of course he had a mother she was Mary, Queen of Scots
@Riyad000 "the last King of Scotland" is probably the best and closest portrayal of the truth.
Great coverage only one item incorrect - George Buchanan did not believe it the unlimited power of the monarch
You said on his fathers side he’s a cousin on both sides because they have the same grandmother
Why on earth was King James V of Scotland behind his first cousins Queen Mary I and Queen Elizabeth I in the line of succession to the English throne? 🎭🩰🎨
James was a direct descendant of Henry VIII's sister Margaret. Yet, it still wasn't this clear-cut as Henry had taken Margaret's heirs out of the line of succession.
All in all, it still was the line of succession: Henry's children (and their potential children), Margaret's children, Mary's children. Mary Tudor's children already had a shot; Edward had put Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne. It might not have been wise to do something like this again.
James as a king and staunch Protestant might have been the best option.
I love King James Bible books 📚
Its claimed that James was gay. How do we know this is fact? Edward II, with his relationship with Gaveston, was also believed to be gay
If you read the introduction to the King James Bible it's very scary and kinda fire and brimstone.
I have heard of King James VI Scotland, and the first of England before.
He was black so they don't want you to know they want to cover him up just like Jesus and the childred of Isreal
'James the First was no-one's fool
And had an underrated rule;
His King James Bible of 1611
Seemed downloaded straight from Heaven
And was named by some his finest jewel.'
(Simon R Gladdish)
A bastion against Papism!
Sadly James was fooled and was used as a tool of Anti-Christian Freemasonry, if he had preserved the Catholic Church Britain would still be a firmly Christian nation.
JAMES VI!!!
He was a fool in some ways. All that witchcraft rubbish impeded progress. All strongly religious nations SUFFER from arrested development. Fools.
His grandmother was Marie de Guise! No goose involved! 😂
The Guise family were the heads of the catholics in France, Mary Stuart uncles were the cardinal de Guise and the Duc de Guise Henri the first of Lorraine said " le balafré" ( Scar). They wanted to rule France as their niece was Queen of France and so Mary was sent back in Scotland so that her brother in law, Charles the IX and his mother Catherine of Medici (he was only 9 years old) could reign without the Guise family. Then Henry the third was crowned after the death of his brother Charles IX and chose to assassinate the Duke de Guise: the end of the Guise family and the reason why Henry the third was assassinated.
No doubt Mary would have had a real help from France had she not been a Guise.
I’m just here to hear the dude say, “paryooment.”
😊😊😊😊
Documentary is awesome as usual! If Marry was imprisoned because she had murdered her husband then why Henry VIII was not punished for ruthlessly beheading his 2 wives by using the state power? Did his protestantism allow him to kill women with impunity !
nothing to do with Protestantism - all to do with who holds the power
Gay , He was and the inner circle knew about it, when the Church of England "Anglican"wanted a British version of the Bible for the English speaking world . He was all on board with it . Even through the Geneva Bible was more then adaquate which the King James Bible replaced . Interesting fact that the first English child born in the New World was born on Roanoke Island NC. They used the Geneve Bible.
He was an above-average king. But he indirectly caused the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, since he created this divine right of kings nonsense that his son Charles I adopted.
His policy of having his female relations marry Protestants and his male relations marry Catholics also had the inevitable result of splitting his family along religious lines
that was adopted by the plantagenates
He was the son of Mary Stuart who was crowned in France as "reine de droit divin" : Queen by God will and, despite the puritans and England, he never dispised his mother Mary queen of France and Scotland!
@@evelynegrasset3265 he helped to have his mother killed lol
@@jordan3405 he avoid being killed himself!
Eire will forever be free.
You can never and will never conquer the spirit of the Gael.
Eire Abu.
Good conment praise to thee
Probably the most far reaching impact of King James was the Bible that bears his name.
He was Gay ..
@@tylerkessler4021 you not of the hearsay which you speak...
I thought Darnley got syphilis, not smallpox. Hmm
Smallpox is more acceptable to the public and history books than Syphilis.
Poor marry i hated what happened to her
I came to learn about King James, not every single one of his ancestors.
Yall must realise that in that period of time was called the dark ages which simply mean the time when darkskined people ruled the entire world.
🌟... "SINCE WHEN DID KING JAMES FIRST AND ELIZABETH FIRST TURN WHITE" ... ? ? ?
My Stuart family
I wonder if King James 1 was a giver or receiver?
I missed this narrator