@@LocalUltrakillEnjoyer Capitalism is an economic system based on the private Ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets in a capitalist marker enconomy decision-making and investments are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in political encominists sociologists and historians have adopted different persepecteves in their analayses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laiseez-faire or free-market capitilsm welfare capatilism and state capitalism
@@NotJackSucksAtLife A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus)[3] is a member of the plant family Cactaceae,[a] a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales.[4] The word cactus derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek word κάκτος (káktos), a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain.[5] Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Although some species live in quite humid environments, most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth. Because of this, cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. For example, almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of true leaves, cacti's enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north-except for Rhipsalis baccifera, which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka. Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles, a kind of highly reduced branch. Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled. Many cacti have short growing seasons and long dormancies and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface. Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted, which allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain, followed by retention over long drought periods. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called "crassulacean acid metabolism" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis. Transpiration, during which carbon dioxide enters the plant and water escapes, does not take place during the day at the same time as photosynthesis, but instead occurs at night. The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as malic acid, retaining it until daylight returns, and only then using it in photosynthesis. Because transpiration takes place during the cooler, more humid night hours, water loss is significantly reduced. Many smaller cacti have globe-shaped stems, combining the highest possible volume for water storage with the lowest possible surface area for water loss from transpiration. The tallest[b] free-standing cactus is Pachycereus pringlei, with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m (63 ft),[7] and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana, only about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter at maturity.[8] A fully grown saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 U.S. gallons (760 l; 170 imp gal) of water during a rainstorm.[9] A few species differ significantly in appearance from most of the family. At least superficially, plants of the genera Leuenbergeria, Rhodocactus and Pereskia resemble other trees and shrubs growing around them. They have persistent leaves, and when older, bark-covered stems. Their areoles identify them as cacti, and in spite of their appearance, they, too, have many adaptations for water conservation. Leuenbergeria is considered close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved. In tropical regions, other cacti grow as forest climbers and epiphytes (plants that grow on trees). Their stems are typically flattened, almost leaf-like in appearance, with fewer or even no spines, such as the well-known Christmas cactus or Thanksgiving cactus (in the genus Schlumbergera). Cacti have a variety of uses: many species are used as ornamental plants, others are grown for fodder or forage, and others for food (particularly their fruit). Cochineal is the product of an insect that lives on some cacti. Many succulent plants in both the Old and New World - such as some Euphorbiaceae (euphorbias) - are also spiny stem succulents and because of this are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "cactus". The 1,500 to 1,800 species of cacti mostly fall into one of two groups of "core cacti": opuntias (subfamily Opuntioideae) and "cactoids" (subfamily Cactoideae). Most members of these two groups are easily recognizable as cacti. They have fleshy succulent stems that are major organs of photosynthesis. They have absent, small, or transient leaves. They have flowers with ovaries that lie below the sepals and petals, often deeply sunken into a fleshy receptacle (the part of the stem from which the flower parts grow). All cacti have areoles-highly specialized short shoots with extremely short internodes that produce spines, normal shoots, and flowers.[10] The remaining cacti fall into only two groups: three tree-like genera, Leuenbergeria, Pereskia and Rhodocactus (all formerly placed in Pereskia), and the much smaller Maihuenia. These two groups are rather different from other cacti,[10] which means any description of cacti as a whole must frequently make exceptions for them. Species of the first three genera superficially resemble other tropical forest trees. When mature, they have woody stems that may be covered with bark and long-lasting leaves that provide the main means of photosynthesis. Their flowers may have superior ovaries (i.e., above the points of attachment of the sepals and petals) and areoles that produce further leaves. The two species of Maihuenia have succulent but non-photosynthetic stems and prominent succulent leaves.[10] Growth habit Cacti show a wide variety of growth habits, which are difficult to divide into clear, simple categories. Arborescent cacti Cacti can be tree-like (arborescent), meaning they typically have a single more-or-less woody trunk topped by several to many branches. In the genera Leuenbergeria, Pereskia and Rhodocactus, the branches are covered with leaves, so the species of these genera may not be recognized as cacti. In most other cacti, the branches are more typically cactus-like, bare of leaves and bark and covered with spines, as in Pachycereus pringlei or the larger opuntias. Some cacti may become tree-sized but without branches, such as larger specimens of Echinocactus platyacanthus. Cacti may also be described as shrubby, with several stems coming from the ground or from branches very low down, such as in Stenocereus thurberi.[11] Columnar cacti Smaller cacti may be described as columnar. They consist of erect, cylinder-shaped stems, which may or may not branch, without a very clear division into trunk and branches. The boundary between columnar forms and tree-like or shrubby forms is difficult to define. Smaller and younger specimens of Cephalocereus senilis, for example, are columnar, whereas older and larger specimens may become tree-like. In some cases, the "columns" may be horizontal rather than vertical. Thus, Stenocereus eruca can be described as columnar even though it has stems growing along the ground, rooting at intervals.[11] Globular cacti Cacti whose stems are even smaller may be described as globular (or globose). They consist of shorter, more ball-shaped stems than columnar cacti. Globular cacti may be solitary, such as Ferocactus latispinus, or their stems may form clusters that can create large mounds. All or some stems in a cluster may share a common root.[11] Other forms Other cacti have a quite different appearance. In tropical regions, some grow as forest climbers and epiphytes. Their stems are typically flattened and almost leaf-like in appearance, with few or even no spines. Climbing cacti can be very large; a specimen of Hylocereus was reported as 100 meters (330 ft) long from root to the most distant stem. Epiphytic cacti, such as species of Rhipsalis or Schlumbergera, often hang downwards, forming dense clumps where they grow in trees high above the ground.[11]
@@NotJackSucksAtLife The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.[2][3][4] In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, and the production of hormones.[4] The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, an alkaline fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, which helps the breakdown of fat. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver which is afterwards moved to the small intestine to complete digestion.[5] The liver's highly specialized tissue, consisting of mostly hepatocytes, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.[6] Estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but textbooks generally cite it being around 500.[7] It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. Artificial livers have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. As of 2018,[8] liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure. Structure The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver is a reddish-brown, wedge-shaped organ with two lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)[9] and has a width of about 15 cm (6 in).[10] There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard reference range for men being 970-1,860 g (2.14-4.10 lb)[11] and for women 600-1,770 g (1.32-3.90 lb).[12] It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.[5] The liver is connected to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta via the celiac trunk, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas.[8] These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids, which then lead to lobules. Lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson's capsule.[4] This extends into the structure of the liver by accompanying the blood vessels, ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver, except for the bare area, is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson's capsule. Gross anatomy Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat- from ἡπατο-, from the Greek word for liver.[13] Lobes Further information: Lobes of liver The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above - a right and a left lobe - and four parts when viewed from below (left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes).[14] The falciform ligament makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves.[15] This line is called Cantlie's line.[16] Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver, which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view.[17] Surfaces On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the peritoneum, that helps to reduce friction against other organs.[18] This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments.[19] These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks.[19] The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall. The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis.[18] The fossa of gall bladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of porta hepatis. Impressions Impressions of the liver Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland.[20] The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland.[21] Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.[21] The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left of the gastric impression.[21] This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum. Microscopic anatomy Cells, ducts, and blood vessels Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of hepatocytes, and sinusoids radiating from a central vein towards an imaginary perimeter of interlobular portal triads.[22] The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad, which can be found running along each of the lobule's corners. The portal triad, consists of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the common bile duct.[23] The triad may be seen on a liver ultrasound, as a Mickey Mouse sign with the portal vein as the head, and the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct as the ears.[24] Histology, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells. About 70-85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume.[25] The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupffer cells.[26] Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte.[25] Additionally, intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen.[25]
That's a frickin masterpiece, when you know a little bit about computers you will protect yourself, this program looks like it's meant for installing on school PC's from grade 1-4 lol
Thats creepier than the satanic music we heard on DeepWeb. Btw it hilariously funny parody 😂 And there is a mistake in title i think. You wrote “0,5” i think it will be “0.5”
your security being his motto isn't a lie though he just doesn't protect it, and he doesn't say "I am proto protecting your security is my motto" so there's no issue with it
I remember before I knew about the Protegent meme, I kept seeing this in my recommended. I legit thought it was from super why just from the thumbnail and I knew this was a tech channel and I was so confused until I clicked on this video and then digged into the Protegent meme lmao
I have a feeling this video was intended as “every time Proto lies the video gets faster” but the person just didn’t know how to speed up the video and just stuck with increasing the pitch lol
i thought each time he would increase the stakes, like I AM PROTO, DELETE IMPORTANT FILES IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, MONITORING YOUR GEOLOCATION IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, DATA TRANSFER TO 3 FACES IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, SENDING KILLERS TO YOUR ADDRESS IS MY MOTO
![YTP: THINK BEYOND PROTEGENT, THINK VIRUS [SUBTITLES]](/img/n.gif)
All I’m saying is that if he’s changed his motto about five times, he’s so untrustworthy he doesn’t trust himself with a good motto.
He is talking about of the many things he can do
Actually make that *cant*
@@nothingnesslol9538 it's a joke
@@nothingnesslol9538 take a joke god dammit
Seriously... all I did what type in some random stuff, I'm not disagreeing or nothing you guys just dont see what I'm going for
The pitch should increase when he says "I am Proto", because he is Super Why!
yeah the Proto guy is just a Super Why ripoff lol
@@SKCro. correc
WHYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Super Why be like: do thing complete story good luck kids! **does the whole thing himself**
Yes Indian version of Super Why
its scary how high the pitch got within the first minute
ikr
Fr
Nothing but lies
No cap
It’s the human animations that are scary
"with me there's no viruses" that's what a virus would say
The captions said virus good
@@MrSonstar Hold on! Let me turn captions on and rewatch this. I NEED to see this for myself!
Edit: LOL!
BonziBuddy 😳
@@MrSonstar LOL
No other viruses that is.
I am Proto, lying is my Motto
(Pitch gets down by 99%)
1% is the one where he's super why cuz of "I am proto"
It was a legit anti-virus but it barely detected anything (sad but true)
@@crayonrando sad
@@crayonrando if it could detect a virus it would detect itself lol XD
“With 20% less staff the company is shining” -proto (whatever year it was when this was released)
"I am proto, unemployment is my motto!"
1994, according to Wikipedia because everything on Wikipedia is true.
@@EmilyTheMedic wtf
@miguel cool you missed the joke
@No one Your pfp is literally expunged bambi
oh shoot this was 4 years ago didn't realize it was this old yet
yet you're a PROTOgen
I subed to you
5
lol same
Lol true
2:14
“Fuck your lost laptop”
*I fuck your lost laptop, To let you work nonstop*
hAhAHaHa
It got so high pitched that he just "know what, forget about your laptop"
"i fuck your lost laptop" probably a full sentence for timestamp. Still funny though
I wheezed at that part
1:02
Proto: No Facebook
Captions: No Cheese
facebook is cheese
1:04
Proto: efficiency gets better
Captions: no gets better
I think the 2nd option is the actual one.
No bitches?
@@alabaster1995 no cheese
@@Pokycraftgamer9 No cheese!?
i am Protto, BSOD is my motto
That rhymes I guess.
I am proto, your security is not my motto
@@LocalUltrakillEnjoyer Capitalism is an economic system based on the private Ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets in a capitalist marker enconomy decision-making and investments are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in political encominists sociologists and historians have adopted different persepecteves in their analayses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laiseez-faire or free-market capitilsm welfare capatilism and state capitalism
@@NotJackSucksAtLife A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus)[3] is a member of the plant family Cactaceae,[a] a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales.[4] The word cactus derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek word κάκτος (káktos), a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain.[5] Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Although some species live in quite humid environments, most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth. Because of this, cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. For example, almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of true leaves, cacti's enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north-except for Rhipsalis baccifera, which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka.
Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles, a kind of highly reduced branch. Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled. Many cacti have short growing seasons and long dormancies and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface. Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted, which allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain, followed by retention over long drought periods. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called "crassulacean acid metabolism" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis. Transpiration, during which carbon dioxide enters the plant and water escapes, does not take place during the day at the same time as photosynthesis, but instead occurs at night. The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as malic acid, retaining it until daylight returns, and only then using it in photosynthesis. Because transpiration takes place during the cooler, more humid night hours, water loss is significantly reduced.
Many smaller cacti have globe-shaped stems, combining the highest possible volume for water storage with the lowest possible surface area for water loss from transpiration. The tallest[b] free-standing cactus is Pachycereus pringlei, with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m (63 ft),[7] and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana, only about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter at maturity.[8] A fully grown saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 U.S. gallons (760 l; 170 imp gal) of water during a rainstorm.[9] A few species differ significantly in appearance from most of the family. At least superficially, plants of the genera Leuenbergeria, Rhodocactus and Pereskia resemble other trees and shrubs growing around them. They have persistent leaves, and when older, bark-covered stems. Their areoles identify them as cacti, and in spite of their appearance, they, too, have many adaptations for water conservation. Leuenbergeria is considered close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved. In tropical regions, other cacti grow as forest climbers and epiphytes (plants that grow on trees). Their stems are typically flattened, almost leaf-like in appearance, with fewer or even no spines, such as the well-known Christmas cactus or Thanksgiving cactus (in the genus Schlumbergera).
Cacti have a variety of uses: many species are used as ornamental plants, others are grown for fodder or forage, and others for food (particularly their fruit). Cochineal is the product of an insect that lives on some cacti.
Many succulent plants in both the Old and New World - such as some Euphorbiaceae (euphorbias) - are also spiny stem succulents and because of this are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "cactus".
The 1,500 to 1,800 species of cacti mostly fall into one of two groups of "core cacti": opuntias (subfamily Opuntioideae) and "cactoids" (subfamily Cactoideae). Most members of these two groups are easily recognizable as cacti. They have fleshy succulent stems that are major organs of photosynthesis. They have absent, small, or transient leaves. They have flowers with ovaries that lie below the sepals and petals, often deeply sunken into a fleshy receptacle (the part of the stem from which the flower parts grow). All cacti have areoles-highly specialized short shoots with extremely short internodes that produce spines, normal shoots, and flowers.[10]
The remaining cacti fall into only two groups: three tree-like genera, Leuenbergeria, Pereskia and Rhodocactus (all formerly placed in Pereskia), and the much smaller Maihuenia. These two groups are rather different from other cacti,[10] which means any description of cacti as a whole must frequently make exceptions for them. Species of the first three genera superficially resemble other tropical forest trees. When mature, they have woody stems that may be covered with bark and long-lasting leaves that provide the main means of photosynthesis. Their flowers may have superior ovaries (i.e., above the points of attachment of the sepals and petals) and areoles that produce further leaves. The two species of Maihuenia have succulent but non-photosynthetic stems and prominent succulent leaves.[10]
Growth habit
Cacti show a wide variety of growth habits, which are difficult to divide into clear, simple categories.
Arborescent cacti
Cacti can be tree-like (arborescent), meaning they typically have a single more-or-less woody trunk topped by several to many branches. In the genera Leuenbergeria, Pereskia and Rhodocactus, the branches are covered with leaves, so the species of these genera may not be recognized as cacti. In most other cacti, the branches are more typically cactus-like, bare of leaves and bark and covered with spines, as in Pachycereus pringlei or the larger opuntias. Some cacti may become tree-sized but without branches, such as larger specimens of Echinocactus platyacanthus. Cacti may also be described as shrubby, with several stems coming from the ground or from branches very low down, such as in Stenocereus thurberi.[11]
Columnar cacti
Smaller cacti may be described as columnar. They consist of erect, cylinder-shaped stems, which may or may not branch, without a very clear division into trunk and branches. The boundary between columnar forms and tree-like or shrubby forms is difficult to define. Smaller and younger specimens of Cephalocereus senilis, for example, are columnar, whereas older and larger specimens may become tree-like. In some cases, the "columns" may be horizontal rather than vertical. Thus, Stenocereus eruca can be described as columnar even though it has stems growing along the ground, rooting at intervals.[11]
Globular cacti
Cacti whose stems are even smaller may be described as globular (or globose). They consist of shorter, more ball-shaped stems than columnar cacti. Globular cacti may be solitary, such as Ferocactus latispinus, or their stems may form clusters that can create large mounds. All or some stems in a cluster may share a common root.[11]
Other forms
Other cacti have a quite different appearance. In tropical regions, some grow as forest climbers and epiphytes. Their stems are typically flattened and almost leaf-like in appearance, with few or even no spines. Climbing cacti can be very large; a specimen of Hylocereus was reported as 100 meters (330 ft) long from root to the most distant stem. Epiphytic cacti, such as species of Rhipsalis or Schlumbergera, often hang downwards, forming dense clumps where they grow in trees high above the ground.[11]
@@NotJackSucksAtLife The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.[2][3][4] In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, and the production of hormones.[4]
The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, an alkaline fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, which helps the breakdown of fat. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver which is afterwards moved to the small intestine to complete digestion.[5] The liver's highly specialized tissue, consisting of mostly hepatocytes, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.[6] Estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but textbooks generally cite it being around 500.[7]
It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. Artificial livers have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. As of 2018,[8] liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure.
Structure
The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament
The liver is a reddish-brown, wedge-shaped organ with two lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)[9] and has a width of about 15 cm (6 in).[10] There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard reference range for men being 970-1,860 g (2.14-4.10 lb)[11] and for women 600-1,770 g (1.32-3.90 lb).[12] It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.[5]
The liver is connected to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta via the celiac trunk, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas.[8] These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids, which then lead to lobules.
Lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson's capsule.[4] This extends into the structure of the liver by accompanying the blood vessels, ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver, except for the bare area, is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson's capsule.
Gross anatomy
Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat- from ἡπατο-, from the Greek word for liver.[13]
Lobes
Further information: Lobes of liver
The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions
The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above - a right and a left lobe - and four parts when viewed from below (left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes).[14]
The falciform ligament makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves.[15] This line is called Cantlie's line.[16]
Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver, which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view.[17]
Surfaces
On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the peritoneum, that helps to reduce friction against other organs.[18] This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments.[19]
These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks.[19] The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall.
The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis.[18] The fossa of gall bladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of porta hepatis.
Impressions
Impressions of the liver
Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland.[20]
The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland.[21]
Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.[21]
The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left of the gastric impression.[21] This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum.
Microscopic anatomy
Cells, ducts, and blood vessels
Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of hepatocytes, and sinusoids radiating from a central vein towards an imaginary perimeter of interlobular portal triads.[22] The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad, which can be found running along each of the lobule's corners. The portal triad, consists of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the common bile duct.[23] The triad may be seen on a liver ultrasound, as a Mickey Mouse sign with the portal vein as the head, and the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct as the ears.[24]
Histology, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells. About 70-85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume.[25] The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupffer cells.[26] Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte.[25] Additionally, intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen.[25]
Pov: you are seeing proto's last rap before the room where he is, is being filled with helium to end him. (He lied)
I didn’t know my boss was a squirrel and not a pirate.
suprised proto's voice didint instantly sound like a toddler
cheese
chez pop
cheese
Chess
NO CHEESE!
I am Proto, lying is my *akwardly long silence* Motto!
hes trying to catch his breathe
"As I know, parenting is tough"
Another lie. Nobody would spend a day with Proto, let alone have kids with him.
Thinking about the time Vinesauce installed this on one of his destruction videos and it was one of the few things that didnt kill his computer
2:02 ngl, I expected Joel to scream "FILES"
S a m e
*F I L E S*
I really feel, that Proto becomes from serious chibi man to ill-manered murry sue when he is lies 😂
That's a frickin masterpiece, when you know a little bit about computers you will protect yourself, this program looks like it's meant for installing on school PC's from grade 1-4 lol
Everybody gangster until the pitch goes up so high that only dogs can hear it
1:17 the employees are trying to figure out how to delete protogent
He’s not proto, *_he is SUPER WHYY, SUPER WHYYYYYY~_*
He's the guy, he's, Super Why!
He has the power the power to read
@@MrConfused. he listens to calls from friends in need
(Bob)
WHYYYYY GOD WHY
@@MrConfused. he became a virus
He has no idea what we need
"My security acts silently."
Yeah, that's kinda what's so sus about it.
Thats creepier than the satanic music we heard on DeepWeb. Btw it hilariously funny parody 😂
And there is a mistake in title i think. You wrote “0,5” i think it will be “0.5”
Siam Alam in Russia it is "0,5". In other countries it is "0.5"
ar8artemiy da player ohh! I am sorry I didn’t know that :(
pi pi
@@SiamAlamOfficial I think that you write "0.5" in english countries, but "0,5" in (maybe) all other countries.
@@germanlime And what about 0;6?
2:44 i littrly hear hide and run lol
more like "I am a Super Why rip-off character, your grandma falling for me is my motto"
0:19 he sounds like parappa now
Great, thanks. Can't unhear that now.
'As i know, parenting is tough'
Proto is a dad confirmed
his son is super why
turning on captions is an absolute blast
It says the start viruses good xD
prepare for purple proto
Purple
no cheese.
No gets better
Why is this getting reccomended to me after this many years
All of Proto’s reasons for being an antivirus just sound like he’s going to do all the things he said he protects against
Fun fact: protegeng does work, but it only kills like old viruses or really noticeable ones.
your security being his motto isn't a lie though
he just doesn't protect it, and he doesn't say "I am proto protecting your security is my motto" so there's no issue with it
He changes his motto like 6 times in 3 minutes, so he's lying through his teeth anyway.
All my brain cells.... gone
1:56 this is terrifying as heck
For being a Super Why rip-off, it's actually good.
In the start on captions it says ‘I am pro to ur security is my mojo’
As a person who watched super why 8 - 6 years ago, i am deeply offended by protogent and you are revealing how much lies they are making
He sounds like he is just thinking of the lyrics lol
I was named after Super Why, then this happened.
“With 20% Staff Gone The Company Is Shining!!!” Excuse me?
You are a god for knowing the difference between speed and pitch.
Imagine if every time he lies his nose gets taller so his nose would be 17 inches tall
At the end: I am proto,having mice voice is my moto
"No Facebook"
Well you sure?
It looks like when proto lies he get younger
I an proto, shitting up literally everything is my motto
This got recommended for me, and I am not disappointed.
Enderman, we all miss you if you take down by TH-cam
Would never expect this from here
I havent seen you in years and this then got in my reccomended
Proto is just getting... Younger
The real ones remember Super Why
I am Proto, PTSD is my motto
It was so terrifying how high pitch he got
Enhanced performance is my motto
The pitch may not go higher that fast but try it with 2x
He became the rejected member of Alvin and the chipmunks
Putting this video in 2x speed makes this so much better.
His voice is constantly getting higher
this should be called Protegent Rap but every time the pitch increases
I’m dying inside and outside
Here before this randomly starts popping up in everyone's recommended
I like how he's lying about 99.99 percent of the time
I am proto, being horrible at grammar is my motto
I didn’t realize Enderman made it
Bro sounds like a chipmunk 💀💀💀💀💀💀
"I am Proto, your attention is my, Motto!"
everybody gangsta until people start bypassing windows administrator prompts to disable the antivirus
i cant believe i wasnt there at that year because i was watching object shows
I remember before I knew about the Protegent meme, I kept seeing this in my recommended. I legit thought it was from super why just from the thumbnail and I knew this was a tech channel and I was so confused until I clicked on this video and then digged into the Protegent meme lmao
You just turned him into Super Why!
1:12
Proto… where did they go???
Proto?????
this is in my recommended for over a month now
I have a feeling this video was intended as “every time Proto lies the video gets faster” but the person just didn’t know how to speed up the video and just stuck with increasing the pitch lol
why does stuff like this appear on my main page after 5 years?
I am Proto, BSOD, Malware and Lying is my Motto!
Lol
at least he admits he's dystopian
Lore of Protegent Rap but every time he lies pitch increases momentum 100
Thank you recommended
Sounds like alvin the chipmunk :skull:
Every time he lies? You mean everything he says?
D O N ' T
T R U S T
P R O T E G E N T
It should be "I am proto,Ensuring that malware can enter your computer is my Motto!"
Yeah, that is the sound of my soul being destroyed...
just pop up after years xd
Yes
The fact that the business man isnt doing anything he is just clicking random keys 0:48
da man is playing osu
that was the longest three minutes of my life
1:00 turn subtitles on
N O CHEEZE
This one Protegent Rap made me toss my brain out the window.
It's so bad it's good
When he said "parenting is tough" you should've made his voice pitch to negative value
Looks like YT is recommending old videos again
one minute in proto sounds like one of those whammys from press your luck
wait HOW IS THIS FROM 4 YEARS AGO????
idk
i thought each time he would increase the stakes, like I AM PROTO, DELETE IMPORTANT FILES IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, MONITORING YOUR GEOLOCATION IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, DATA TRANSFER TO 3 FACES IS MY MOTO, I AM PROTO, SENDING KILLERS TO YOUR ADDRESS IS MY MOTO
I think that bit at the end was a reminder of how he sounded when the video began
1:02 my mom's punishments when I'm grounded:
forgot why this was recommended to me but I’m not complaining I forgot this existed lol
Proto sits on a throne of LIES
proto: no email
also proto: *aNd yOU woORk wItHOUt ANy tEnSiOoN*