VSEPR for 4 electron clouds | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy

[@nk52358]

You are the best for students! Love you, sir!

[@sciencenerd7639]

this is great, thanks

[@fpschannel2616]

*_General concepts_*
- Electron clouds trying to get as far away from each other as possible.
- Presence of lone pairs affects the molecular geometry and bond angles.
- *Electron Cloud Geometry:* This considers both lone electron pairs and bond electron pairs on the central atom. It provides an understanding of how different electron groups (both bonding and non-bonding) are arranged around the central atom​​​​.
- *Molecular Geometry:* It focuses on the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and *only considers bond electron pairs.* This geometry is more about the actual positions of atoms in the molecule, excluding the arrangement of lone electron pairs.
*_Methane (CH₄) Example:_*
- Methane has four electron clouds around the central carbon atom.
- These clouds adopt a *tetrahedral* geometry to minimise repulsion.
- The bond angles in methane are approximately 109.5 degrees.
*_Ammonia (NH₃) Example:_*
- Ammonia also has four electron clouds, including *one lone pair* on the nitrogen atom.
- The _electron clouds geometry_ is *tetrahedral.*
- Ignoring the lone pair, the _molecular geometry_ adopts a *trigonal pyramidal shape.*
- The bond angles are slightly less than 109.5 degrees, approximately 107 degrees, due to the *lone pair occupying more space.*
*_Water (H₂O) Example:_*
- Water has four electron clouds, including *two lone pairs* on the oxygen atom.
- While the electron clouds try to form a tetrahedral arrangement, the lone pairs repel the bonding pairs more strongly.
- This results in a *bent or angular molecular shape.*
- The bond angles are around 104.5 degrees, smaller than in methane and ammonia due to the two lone pairs.

[@ClitaLarue]

Water molecule is HOH

[@lontongtepungroti2777]

wow