The Evolution of the Brain
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 พ.ค. 2024
- The evolution of the brain began in relatively simple creatures, possibly for the purpose of coordinating digestion and other basic physiological processes. Hundreds of millions of years later, the brain evolved into the modern versions we see across the animal kingdom today. Scientists believe that humans and all other mammals evolved from fish, so by looking at the differences between human and fish brains, we can infer some of the evolutionary changes that occurred over those ~370 million years. Much of what makes our human brains unique appears to be in the cerebral cortex, though other brain structures are no doubt important in what makes us human. Finally, many of the quirks of our behavior and mental life, especially those surrounding sex and sex differences, can be explained partly by our evolutionary history.
This video is a brief exploration of brain evolution. It addresses questions like, Why did the brain evolve? How did the brain change over evolutionary time? What makes the human brain unique? And what vestiges of evolution remain hidden in our modern minds?
However, this video is ultimately incomplete. There are so many aspects of both brain and human evolution that I did not mention here or which I did not cover in detail. If you want to know more about this topic, I encourage you to check out the books, articles, and studies cited below.
Need a quick primer on how evolution works? Check out this video: • Evolution
Chapters:
00:00 The evolution of the brain began in creatures with simple nervous systems
01:21 Bodies evolved before brains, according to The Strange Order of Things, by Antonio Damasio
02:03 The first brains were like the enteric nervous system
02:30 Cnidarian nerve nets
03:00 Taylor Guthrie’s “Cellular Republic”
04:19 Comparing the brains of various species to human brains
05:13 Subcortical brain structures evolved before the cerebral cortex
05:44 Cortical columns in the neocortex and intelligence
06:40 Executive functions of the prefrontal cortex
07:25 David Badre on the evolution of cognitive control
09:27 The human brain is functionally holistic
09:50 Mark Humphries on the function of the cerebral cortex
11:48 Evolutionary psychology - examples of sex differences
14:18 The evolution of mental illness according to Bret Stetka
15:27 Conclusion and caveats
15:53 Thank you! Please like and subscribe!
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References:
1. Damasio, A. (2019). The strange order of things: Life, feeling, and the making of cultures. Vintage.
2. Arendt, D., Tosches, M. & Marlow, H. From nerve net to nerve ring, nerve cord and brain - evolution of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 17, 61-72 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.15
3. Dawkins, R. (2004). The Ancestors Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin.
4. Gafurov, D., & Gafurov, O. (2016). In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 79, p. 01086). EDP Sciences.
5. Hawkins, J. (2021). A thousand brains: A new theory of intelligence. Basic Books.
6. Preuss, T. M., & Wise, S. P. (2022). Evolution of prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(1), 3-19.v
7. Goetz, S. M., Weisfeld, G. Z., & Zilioli, S. (2019). Reproductive behavior in the human male. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology, 125-141.
8. Clutton-Brock, T. (2007). Sexual selection in males and females. Science, 318(5858), 1882-1885.
9. Stetka, B. (2021). A History of the Human Brain: From the Sea Sponge to CRISPR, how Our Brain Evolved. Timber Press.
10. Andrews, P. W., & Durisko, Z. (2017). The evolution of depressive phenotypes. The Oxford handbook of mood disorders, 24-36.
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All 3D brain animations credit: Copyright © Society for Neuroscience (2017). Users may copy images and text, but must provide attribution to the Society for Neuroscience if an image and/or text is transmitted to another party, or if an image and/or text is used or cited in User’s work.
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#howthebrainevolved #evolutionofthehumanbrain #howthebrainworks
⚠ CORRECTION!!! In this video, I said "this video is brought to you by the Diamond Mind Foundation." Well, as of December 2022, that is no longer the case.
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What ions does the brain use? Are these types of ions naturally occurring outside of the brain?
@@ravencroft99Sodium, Chloride, Potassium and Calcium mainly
This is so well done! Props on the video editing skills and the overall flow and structure of the content. The gut brain stuff at the beginning and the connection that you made to the cnidarians was fascinating. I'm a little biased because its my favorite brain region but I really enjoyed the PFC stuff too. Can't wait to see what else you have coming down the pipeline. Thanks again too for the shoutout for my channel!
Thank you so much, Taylor! That means a lot! And thanks for the great interview… I’ll be dropping the full one next week 🔥
@@senseofmindshow …. th-cam.com/video/WNYu682LfpI/w-d-xo.html. The Brain. 12mins. 🏴
Hey man, this channel is going to go very far if you keep presenting information in this way. Your ideas are so well thought through and presented that makes understanding easy. Your ideas are thoughtful and interesting. Keep up the good work.
Development is a key to success.
really enjoyed this video, Production is great as well as the info and your Host persona is great!
Thank you!
I am very positively impressed by the quality and insight of this video. The very fine and well focussed selection of citations and excerpts from leading researchers is outstanding. And the causal flow of evolutionary events proposed in the common thread of this production is very thought-provoking and certainly enriches our evolutionary awareness. Thank you for producing such a valuable knowledge contribution!
This channel is dedicated to making neuroscience and psychology clear and simple. Immediately subscribed!
I have heard a theory of how trauma can effect DNA, specifically the DNA described here, that predisposes a person to have a very "reactive" brain leading to anxiety and a propensity for ptsd, as well as neurodivergence and the whole spectrum. So, it's always your DNA that you are passing down, but over time, the trauma you experience can alter which DNA gets copied and to what extent. So your first child could be quite normal, then if you experience quite a bit of trauma, the child you have much later in life would be more likely to have a brain "wired for stress". It's also theorized that in times of great stability, the brains of the population get less and less reactive, while times of great chaos and upheaval produce more offspring wired for stress. I haven't seen any numbers to back this up, but it's an interesting theory.
Great point! This touches on epigenetics, where trauma doesn't change DNA sequence but can influence how genes are expressed. However, it's complex and not yet fully understood. The idea of passing these changes to future generations is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. It's also key to remember that many factors, not just genes, contribute to behaviors and mental health conditions. A fascinating field indeed!
Love this 👍 signed up for news letter. Thank you 🤗
It’s also noted from the video that the PFC has a large part of how anxiety is externalized. Some people can have a lot of anxiety from the core limbic system of their brain, but with a strong PFC, it can executively “dampen” those feelings to be more externally, socially acceptable. On the contrary, people with large spikes of anxiety and a weak PFC are at a bit of a double whammy situation with little executive say in how those emotions are externalized, making them more “raw” which may not be fitting in every situation especially social ones. Video is very informative and enjoyable.
Really Deserve millions of views ..keep up
Will do! Thank you so much.
Interesting topic. I like the way you present complex topics in a way that is clear and accessible to a layperson such as myself. Keep up the good work.
Thank you so much for your contribution and kind words.
0:15 Brain originally used probably to coordinate organs
1:30 bodys preceed the brains
5:00 brain stem = oldest part of the brain
6:45 PFC is especially developed in humans. It's what allows us to engage in cognitive control, executive functions. Translate intentions and goals into action.
Fantastic! I have sooo much to say, but it's supper time!
Brain function, consciousness, and the implications of qualitative experience have been all I've been thinking about for the last 30some years.
I'll be back!
This was pretty insightful. Thanks!
Thank you for watching!
I'm slightly embarrassed.. Just wanted to correct myself and clarify that I mentioned in my clip that the Locus Coeruleus was the brain region in the midbrain responsible for orienting us to danger and it is actually the Superior Colliculus. Just wanted to make sure I set the record straight!
That’s good to note! Thanks for the correction, Taylor!
Your work matters and thank you for the Foundation that is supporting your work!
Thanks so much for your kind words! But actually, I'm no longer supported by any outside funding, so your support is more important than ever. Thanks for watching!
By the way, if anyone reading this wants to help keep this channel alive and thriving, go to www.patreon.com/Senseofmind
Great video, is there sketched out tree or flow diagram of the evolution of abilities from single cell to human brain?
For example, ability to absorb nutrients, to ability to move, to ability to control direction, to ability to sense light, this may the wrong order...
Neurologically, is there a map/tree for what changes between eukaryotes to bilateria to vertebrates to tetrapods.... to the human brain?
Well, this is an article rather than a flow chart, but I think it provides the information you're looking for: www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2015.15
Thanks so much for you comment!
Excellent and very diplomatic 😌
Excellent video. Please do not add that horrible background music. It distracts, it doesn’t add value
Brilliant video; the content is very engaging and well explained! Thank you! P. S, you're very handsome. 🙈
This is very good!!
Rodolfo Llinãs, in his "i of the vortex", talks about a worm that is mobile until it finds a good place to live, and once it roots itself it consumes its own brain. From this and the observation that plants and such don't have brains he argues that the brain evolved for locomotion. I leverage the notion of homeostasis and suggest that the brain evolved as a comfort finder. It started as a comfort finder and is in us becoming a coherence detector. And i think there's reason to believe that coherence detection is... somehow a collective cognition of some sort: i had a meditative experience that lasted one full week, and it felt normal and sensical and physiologically grounded. Just the once, on and off like a tap.
14:42 another example i would like to say is that ADHD and autism have traits that might be selected for in hunters but less useful in agricultural civilization.
ADHD has impulsivity, tendency towards short-term rewards and hypersensitivity, and a dislike of stagnation and sameness that would lead someone to be nomadic and great at foraging and hunting.
Autistic people have some of the same traits, but prefer familiarity and routine, are generally even more sensitive to changes in their surroundings, keen eyes for detail which are good for tracking and also serve a similar role to anxiety in evolution.
Further, autistic people and people with ADHD more easily get into flow states and develope fixations and obsessions, perfect for persuit and for paranoia.
The above is just repeating reasoning i have heard before and that could also apply to autistic people and people with ADHD.
I think this goes further though, with the way that different neurotypes socialize being an important factor. Many autistic people are hypersexual or have very little interest in sexual activity, and communicate very directly and prefer very consistent social order and rules, whereas the neurotypical population has less or a problem breaking minor rules (while preffering social norms instead), small dishonesties and in general have lower social openmindedness and lower consideration of rules and others.
People with antisocial personality disorder, (formerly dubbed psychopathy and sociopathy) are thought by some to be an extreme expression of aggressive traits and an adaptation for social parasitism and highly competitive and dangerous environments.
I think that due to autistic people's tendency for consistency, conscientiousness and the like that autism is partly a selection towards to in-group interactions, while the typical population is more inclined to outrgoups comparatively.
Wow, thank you for this very thoughtful comment! I really like the idea that interpretation and I heard a similar take from the scientist (who as autism) Temple Grandin about the possible evolutionary advantages of autism (e.g. attention to detail).
@@senseofmindshow you're welcome
Also i want to add that OCD would have a similar selection to anxiety, and is very common in both autistic people and people with ADHD, and autistic people without it are also likely to display traits of it notably rumination, anxiety, can have keen eye for detail, and dislike of change.
People with OCD also may be extremely anxious of breaking social, religious and moral taboos, which is also a form of high conscientiousness. It's reasonable that autism and OCD also share in-group oriented selection.
Also people with OCD are often more repulsed by dirt, germs or really any potential contaminants, which is especially useful for preventing the spread of disease if you stay in large groups or live in confined spaces.
Disinterest in sexual activity or strongly homosexual attraction has been noted by evolutionary biologists to be a way of trying to ensure survival of other individuals young, which helps to ensure a wider gene pool and continuation of your own genetics in K selected species. Autistic people often being disinterested in sexual activity also adds evidence to in-group selection in my opinion.
It also helps to reduce the spread of disease.
Inversely, autistic people tending towards hypersexuality might pick up on reproductive slack or help the proliferation of genes into other groups, perhaps even to help proliferation of autism itself but that is a bit far, just a place my mind ran with it.
Also there was a meta-analysis done that says that autistic people have a higher likelihood of being queer, which again i am going to say hints at selection for in-group interactions.
This hypothesis that autism is naturally selected for ingroup and allistic (non autistic) minus possibly OCD is selected for outgroups is my own.
@@senseofmindshow also ADHD, OCD and autism, aswell as shizophrenia(though it gets complicated for them) have stronger pattern recognition
this was incredably interesting
Thank you for saying "end quote". That practice is largely unused any more and can cause confusion as to who's saying what.
This deserves more recongnition
That fish is our true Hero. Deserses all the recognitions!
Imagine the self respect this man has to not edit out that voice crack
😆
The brain, or the CNS is so complex. Hard to really know if the brain evolution has maxed out, law of use/disuse should still apply, no doubt the sulci/gyri is more important than just the mass itself, we need lots of time meaning next several generations to answer; unicellular creature B was injured by A, leaking its content while swimming away and repairing its disrupted cell wall in flight, what control B's fright/flight impulses to do so, love to learn more from you.
Thanks, nice talk. Your take on male sex genetic wiring to spread many seeds, through many partners, doesn't overtly account for a generalized cultural idea of father's being "fiercely protective," which might require less spreading, and greater focus on small numbers. What do you think?
Nice
Do you have any more information on GABA ?
Yes! I’m not sure if you’ve seen it, but I have a whole video on GABA: th-cam.com/video/NV-gCH4O0Os/w-d-xo.html
i have a question on cognitive control. do we really have control?? i mean it feels like we change our minds, but is it really us? or does it just happen like heartbeats or breathing
Great question! I've wrestled with this issue of free will (the ability to willfully control one's thoughts and actions) for a long time. Personally, I think it's hard to see how mental activity could be anything but a process in the brain that is governed by the laws of physics, and therefore can't be under our conscious control. However, I think the truth may be more nuanced. Or perhaps we're just not cognitively equipped to understand how it works.
Regardless, it's clear that our brains have a capacity for cognitive control, whether or not we as the conscious agents are actually in control. My video on the PFC and cognitive control explains more: th-cam.com/video/p04xZjZUl2o/w-d-xo.html
It's hard to imagine how depression could be naturally or sexually selected for. It would be more plausible to say that it hasn't been completely deselected yet. Manic depression is a different issue, as it may give rise to great bursts of creativity, cf Van Gogh.
What makes humans unique is their sense of self, the ability to observe and manipulate the model of the world in the brain with an inner eye. Lower organisms have at most attention but not imagination.
This means that Homo sapiens draws many more conclusions and has more fantasies to remember. The size of the neocortex is therefore a consequence of our unique capabilities, not the cause, I think.
Thanks 😊
Such an Amazing organ! 🧠
Can you please explain about Evolution of brain in animals
I feel like it’s kinda obvious bodies would have evolved brains to serve the needs of the body
-I don’t see how it even could be the other way around
I kinda think you’re the 2nd or 3rd cousin of Kenadian (a Minecraft TH-camr), just because your voices are so similar.
The beard looks good on you.
Much appreciated! I’m gonna see how long it’ll go.
we are groups of cells which make up brains and other organs watching a technology about the brains that power us
Good compilation of ideas. It takes time to research for that amount on information.
I would like to comment on a couple of ideas.
On sexual behaviour, it makes sense to think that the genes of males have interest in spreading as much as possible by having as much intercourse as possible.
It fact, this is the strategy of male chimps. But the reverse of the coin is that female chimps have interest in getting the protection of as many males as possible for the baby, because all these males that have copulated with this female know that the baby might be theirs.
This is also why male chimps have large testicles, bigger than human ones, as they need to copulate more frequently with more females. On the contrary, their glandes are not as impressive as in humans. Also, sexual dimorphism is more accentuated than in humans.
However, in the humans case, with lesser testicles and bigger glandes and smaller dimorphism, there are other influences at play. It seems that humans have evolved differently during the last 7 million years and in a way that favours more stable couples.
It seems that the smaller testicles in humans indicate that there is no such a need to go about having intercourse regularly as fewer production of sperm still ensures the passing of the genes which it would indicate, that there was more couple stability as the females had 1 only protector of their babies. This in turn would mean, that there was in the past some kind of social stability in the group to allow for this to happen.
Then, less sexual dimorphism in humans would mean that evolution has favoured males that are not so bigger than females, which would point to less violence between males and between males and females: "I don't need to be much bigger than the female and I still pass on my genes". This is because there are other factors at play than male size and strength hierarchy.
Then, the bigger glande might have to do with female selection and preference. Other primates don't need such big glandes. In gorillas, they are very small. Why the glande is so big and the testicle to small in relation to the human body in humans?
Also, human culture has universally evolved in a way that strongly penalises men over-spreading their genes to multiple females because it destabilizes the group and generates lineage insecurity over the resulting babies. This at least since the Neolithic, human social stratification and private property.
However, 12,000 years is not enough for such spectacular sexual organ differences from chimps, we need to understand better the human behaviour over the last 2 million years, including that of over humans of the past, Homo Erectus, Neandertal, Denisovans, Homo Longi.
We all know that some men engage in this chimp sexual strategy of gene spreading. The question is then, why this behaviour has persisted in natural evolution?, why has it not been rooted out by deselection?. It seems that this behaviour, like other seemingly anti-social behaviours, might have a function in modern humans.
Because humans have not always lived in an era of bounty and refrigerators at home. Only 25,000 years ago, humans were almost rooted out of Europe by the last glacial peak. It looks as if in periods of gene pool stress and extinction, it might be sensible to keep some male individuals in the species that adopt this strategy engage in multiple intercourse to ensure the continuation of the species. This is only an assumption, a hypothesis.
In fact, there are societies and cultures nowadays that still favour this schema of one super-reproduction male by allowing some rich men to have different legal women. Again, this is associated with poverty within those societies. Because women only accept to share a man in cases of scarcity of resources, by associating themselves with other women to share a powerful, nurturing man capable to providing for their offspring. If there are enough resources and men available, women and cultures do not go down the path of polygamy.
I think the brain is still a servant to the body
I see what you mean, although it’s quite an influential servant if so. Maybe it’s more of a business partner arrangement, rather than servant-master relationship.
@@senseofmindshow I only say that not because we have free will but because of the programming of our life long desires all centred around what happens to your DNA, your DNA is only serving itself and it programs your lives rewards around it, having sex, having kids, eating, sleeping, raising your children, its all just to serve the DNA's survival. Yes we destroy our bodies all the time through dangerous behaviours like drugs, violence, suicide but thats a tiny proportion of the population and that is just the modern equivalent of random chance and also natural selection. I really dont think we have come as far from our primal days as people think we have. Im not disagreeing with you i think it is very buisness partner, we get to experince the universe and be rewarding for doing this everyday, i only have this more extreme opinion as our consciousness never got consent to be a part of it, our DNA chose that.
@@senseofmindshow Agreed, without the brain the stomach wouldn't be able to gather any food, without the stomach the brain wouldn't be able carry out it's functions. and so on
Really, gentleman? Sentient beings evolve to advance data acquisition for advanced survival. The brain is a processor of manifold taxis/sense data that is acquired via a body that has evolved to acutely hear, see, smell etc. The body exists to feed the brain-- including the stomach. Sustaining the life of the brain, of consciousness, is why bodies exist as they do. Every sentient species is possessed of a body that specializes in forms of taxis that advantages survival of sentience.
Freewill? When it is time to feed the brain and its supporting organs, your gut tortures you until you obey or die.
Addendum: The greater curiosity is why so many forms of sentient life fight to remain of taxis consciousness.
This offers some really valuable clarifications, I think. Especially the idea that the neocortex is NOT completely nonexistent until humans come along, meaning that all the species that led to H sapiens were not merely steps of additive intellectual improvement, with little discrete anatomic improvements. Makes those lampreys a little anxiety-inducing.
And doesn't my edification around columnar neural architecture potentiating the storied human impulse to modify the world seem like a dangerous moment of meta-apprehension in potential service of limbic euphoria nurturing a delusional megalomania? Suddenly I'm obsessing on winning the GOP nomination. Whaddya mean, for what office? For any office. Or wait--every office! Say, that Lukashenko sure cuts a dashing figure. Hmm, does Erdogan need a VP, I wonder . . . . ?
Thank you for your comment! I'm glad you found the video valuable and enjoyed the clarifications. And I'll have to think a little more about your speculations regarding megalomania, etc. Thanks again :D
@@senseofmindshow Thank you for noticing my comment! My megalomania quip was meant as a joke, but I do wish more people in our time would appreciate their capacity for critical inquiry, and pursue humble individuation instead of arrogant conformity.
I really think if all education placed the principles of evolutionary biology at the core of all academic studies, then our disciplines of ethology, Paleolithic psychology, neurology, linguistics and psychiatry could really enrich history, sociology, philosophy, critical theory, government and economics more than they do currently.
1:42
8:55
AGI Will help augment the brain
has someone thought of unwrinkeling the brain for study
Does eating brains make you more smarter?
Great question 😆 I haven't researched this specifically, but no, definitely not... On the other hand, if you were starving and your brain was degenerating because of the lack of sustenance, then, yes, eating anything (including brains!) would make you smarter than if you continued to not eat anything (in which case your brain would shut down entirely).
only if you are a zombie. and no.
@@senseofmindshow What if you had to eat your own brains? Good, or not good?
You keep mentioning what a couple individuals 'believe', that's not science and not good science communication.
If what these individuals believe are reflected in the scientific consensus the. It's certainly worth mentioning
It is if it represents the consensus of scientists in that field on what happened. This is EXCELLENT science communication and a phenomenal production. You likely have ideological hang ups.
Oxytocin
Have you ever contemplated that matter without a mind and therefore incapable of understanding mathematics, supposedly over the course of time, using unguided, random mutational processes without intent constructs a complex brain that is capable of understanding the abstract concept of numbers, utterly preposterous!
Preposterous is such a great word.
All evidence of the fossil record and human genome sequencing proves that our brain, just like our bodies, did indeed evolve over millions of years.
13:33 what about gay?
A gay person's medial preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus wiring resembles that of the opposite sex. Which can be reflected in 3 nuclei that is sexually dimorphic in nature (even at birth). This is due to atypical hormone secretion of androgen hormones and a non androgen hormone called anti mullerian hormone that being secreted by the mother during child development (this sequence of events relies heavily on different stages of development).
@@kingthief9118 so being gay is a genetic disorder passed by the mother?
@@insertyourfeelingshere8106 While being gay has genetic factors, it's not a disorder of any kind.
In text bro
11:49 proceeds to drone on about severely oversimplified shit that he backstops on seconds later... Cringe Garbage
not watched your vid but I have a question about brain evolution , how can a theory of evolution be correct when nobody has figured out the origin of life , abiogenesis , life from no life , give us that first because there is no evolution until you have life
It’s a theory for a reason. It’s implied that they are still learning and do not know for sure with a 100 percent certainty. They usually have other facts they they look at to have these theories but they are still just that; a theory
Evolution is life itself. We all know that exists. That's all the theory of Evolution explains and accurately predicts. Abiogenesis is a completely different thing. So it doesn't matter if no one figures out the absolute origin of life or whatever, because it as nothing to do with the theory of evolution.
@@terranceanderson5180 you need to explain how information is passed when a cell divides and not just claim it happens , good luck
@@philiphall4805 i need to explain? Why me? I have not spoken one thing about cell division nor was it the topic at hand. Also, a simple Google search will help ya with all you need to know. I'm not telling you because ALL you science deniars ignore what is told to you. Just like you did before you decided to ask a stupid question. BTW. The process you're erroneously thinking about is called 'Mitosis' AAAAND there are such things as stupid questions. Like questions ment to stump the opposition, but the answer to said question is actually well understood and you only asked it because of your ignorance. Like, you know you know nothing about it, yet, you still asked about it in hopes of winning because I imagine that you imagine you know everything without having studied anything, and not been tutored by anyone. That's stupid.
@@philiphall4805 By "information" are you referring to generic variation due to meiosis?
The human brain was created when the first humans were created. Keep believing in your evolution fairy tale.
Humans were never "created"
Layers of feedback systems. I was hoping for more at the first multi cell level. How big can a bunch of single cells get before they have to specialize and become dependent on each other. That requires a " brain ". The chemical brain must have started before the nervous brain. So what prompted some cells to become neurons?
Keeping using the null answer of evolution makes nonsense at all.
Such a great(!) theory that explains everything.!!
hm. combine legal eagle and micheal bisbing and you get an excellent channel