Genome by Matt Ridley (HINDI/हिंदी में)

Life
DNA is the blueprint of life. It carries instructions to build living things. Life began with RNA, which could store information and copy itself.
Species
Genes change over time through mutations. These changes help species survive. Human DNA shows we are related to all life on Earth.
History
DNA holds records of our past. It shows how humans migrated and faced challenges. Events like the Toba eruption shaped our genes.
Fate
Some genes cause diseases later in life, like Huntington’s disease. Genetic testing can warn us, but it raises tough questions about privacy.
Environment
Genes and the environment work together. Stress and diet can change how genes behave. This process is called epigenetics.
Intelligence
Genes affect intelligence, but so do education and health. Better living conditions have raised IQ scores over time.
Instinct
Instincts, like crying or walking, come from genes. Learning builds on instincts. For example, we are born ready to learn language.
Conflict
Sex chromosomes, like X and Y, sometimes compete. A gene that helps one sex might harm the other. This shapes traits and behavior.
Disease
Genes can cause diseases, but some also protect us. For example, the gene for sickle cell helps fight malaria.
Stress
Stress hurts our health by weakening the immune system. Low social rank often leads to more stress and illness.
Personality
Genes influence personality traits like shyness. Life experiences also shape who we are. Twins help us study these effects.
Self-Interest
Genes drive selfish and helpful behaviors. Helping family members protects shared genes. This is why people often put family first.
Sex
Sex is determined by chromosomes, like XX for females and XY for males. Some traits linked to these chromosomes affect behavior.
Death
Aging happens because cells stop repairing themselves. This process is controlled by genes. Evolution focuses on survival, not long life.
Immortality
Some cells, like cancer cells, grow without stopping. Telomeres, which protect DNA, shorten as we age. Studying telomeres might slow aging.
Disease Resistance
Genes help us fight diseases like the plague. Mutations, like CCR5, made some people resistant to HIV. Natural selection shapes these traits.
Free Will
Genes guide behavior, but choices matter too. Addiction has genetic links, but people can still choose recovery.
Eugenics
Eugenics tried to control human genetics. It led to harmful practices. Today, we must use genetics responsibly.
Intelligence and Race
Genes affect intelligence, but the environment matters more. Race has no proven link to intelligence. Misusing this research can be harmful.
Cloning
Cloning makes exact copies of genes or animals. It raises ethical concerns. Genetic diversity is key to survival.
Cancer
Cancer happens when cell growth genes go wrong. Studying these genes helps us find treatments.
The Future of Genetics
Genetic tools like CRISPR can prevent diseases. They also raise ethical questions. We must use this power carefully.
The Meaning of Life
Genes exist to copy themselves. They shape all living things. Understanding our DNA helps us learn about life and ourselves.