. Igneous Rocks: They do not contain fossils. Igneous rocks are parents of all other rocks and also known as ‘Primary rocks’. Basalt is fine-grained and granite is coarse grained. There are two main groups of Igneous: (a) Volcanic: Also called extrusive igneous rocks. Magma erupting and solidifying after escape of gases as lava on reaching the earth surface. Basalt is the typical example of extrusive type, other examples- Andesite, Lava-obsidian etc. (b) Plutonic: Also called intrusive igneous rocks. This is formed by solidification of magma at moderate depths beneath the earth’s surface. Most common examples: granite, dolerite and Gabbro etc.  Fig: Igneous Rocks Igneous Rock Bodies: Batholiths: Batholiths are the largest intrusive igneous rock bodies. Batholiths are great granite masses forming the cores of world’s mountain systems. Stocks: The batholiths covering small areas are called stocks, having somewhat rounded form and some general characteristics. Laccoliths: These are huge masses of igneous rocks that have been formed between horizontal or slightly tilted layers of sedimentary rock near the earth’s surface. These are dome shaped and appear like a mushroom or a loaf of bread. It may be regarded as inscarried volcano. Lopolith: When batholiths are deposited into a concave form it is called lopolith. Phacolith: When magma is deposited in a wave like form. Dykes: These are near vertical formations. They come into existence when liquid material passes through cracks in the country rocks gets hardened into a rock. Sills: The magma trying to reach the surface squares between two rocks layers and solidifies into a thin sheet in horizontal position parallel to the layers of already existing rocks. 2. Sedimentary Rocks: "Sedimentary rocks constitute 75% of the earth’s surface but only 5% of the earth’s crust. All sedimentary rocks are non-crystalline. They contain fossils." Fig. Sedimentary rocks Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks: Wind-deposited sedimentary rocks-Loess. Glacier-deposited sedimentary rocks-Moraines, sands and gravels and boulder clay or sill. River-deposited-clays, alluviums etc. By compaction-sandstone (from sand). By cementation-Shale (from clay) Conglomerate and Breccia. Organically formed sedimentary rocks: (i) By animals-chalk, coral and limestone. (ii) By Plants-Coal, peat, lignite Chemically formed sedimentary rocks-Rock-salt, borax, gypsum, nitrates, potash. 3. Metamorphic Rocks: When the original character of rocks-their colour, hardness, texture and mineral composition is partly or wholly changed, it gives rise to metamorphic rocks, under favourable conditions of heat and pressure. The formation of metamorphic rocks under the stress of pressure is known as dynamic metamorphism. In this case, granite is converted in genesis; clay and shale are transformed into schist. The change of form or recrystallisation of minerals of sedimentary and igneous rocks under the influence of high temperature prevailing within the earth’s crust is known as thermal or contact metamorphism.  Fig: Metamorphic Rocks Examples: Sandstone changes into quartzite Clay and shale into slate Coal turns into anthracite and graphite Limestone into marble slate may further change into phyllite (at 150°C to 200°C). 4. Quartzite Rock: It is one of the most resistant to weathering, forming mountains and ridges. It is used in glass-making.  Fig: Quartzite Rock VOLCANOES A volcano is ‘Active’ when it is erupting intermittently or continuously. A volcano which has not erupted for a long time is known as ‘Dormant’, whereas an ‘Extinct’ volcano is one which has stopped eruption over a long time. On the basis of mode of eruption as well as on the basis of nature of eruption, different types of volcanoes have been recognised.  Fig. Volcanoes Based on the mode of eruption, volcanoes are classified as (1) Central types: where the products escape through a single pipe (or vent). (2) Fissure types: where the ejection of lava takes place from a long fissure or a group of parallel or closed fissures. Based on the nature of eruption, volcanoes may be of two types as (1) Explosive Types: In which case the lava is of acidic (felsic) in nature and because of their high degree of viscosity, they produce explosive eruptions. (2) Quiet Types: In this case, the lava is of basaltic composition (mafic lava), which is highly fluid and holds little gas, with the result that the eruptions are quiet and the lava can travel long distances to spread out in thin layers. Besides the above, a number of other types of volcanoes have been identified. According to their degree of explosive activity and nature of eruption. They are as follows Hawaiian type: Silent effusion of lava without any explosive activity. Strombolian type: Periodic e
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Ap Es Par Khitab Farmaei Kay Jab Hindustan May 1857, Key Jangh e Azadee May Ju Hindustani Mujaheid Chahei Wo Hindo, Ho Ya Musalman, Pakray Jatay Thay Uor Un Mujaheido Ko Saza e Muot Soonaei Deinay Kay Baad Un Qeidio Ko Kahan Uor Kis Mulk Kay Jaziro Par Lay Jaya Jata Tha, Jahan Say Wo Baghna Sakein,?????.Uor Fiji May Musalman Uor Hindo Kahan Say Aei Thay,1857, May. Bus.Yei Bataei.?????.
u r awesome sir. :) I used to watch your lectures on study iq
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. Igneous Rocks:
They do not contain fossils. Igneous rocks are parents of all other rocks and also known as ‘Primary rocks’. Basalt is fine-grained and granite is coarse grained.
There are two main groups of Igneous:
(a) Volcanic: Also called extrusive igneous rocks. Magma erupting and solidifying after escape of gases as lava on reaching the earth surface.
Basalt is the typical example of extrusive type, other examples- Andesite, Lava-obsidian etc.
(b) Plutonic: Also called intrusive igneous rocks. This is formed by solidification of magma at moderate depths beneath the earth’s surface.
Most common examples: granite, dolerite and Gabbro etc.

Fig: Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock Bodies:
Batholiths: Batholiths are the largest intrusive igneous rock bodies. Batholiths are great granite masses forming the cores of world’s mountain systems.
Stocks: The batholiths covering small areas are called stocks, having somewhat rounded form and some general characteristics.
Laccoliths: These are huge masses of igneous rocks that have been formed between horizontal or slightly tilted layers of sedimentary rock near the earth’s surface. These are dome shaped and appear like a mushroom or a loaf of bread. It may be regarded as inscarried volcano.
Lopolith: When batholiths are deposited into a concave form it is called lopolith.
Phacolith: When magma is deposited in a wave like form.
Dykes: These are near vertical formations. They come into existence when liquid material passes through cracks in the country rocks gets hardened into a rock.
Sills: The magma trying to reach the surface squares between two rocks layers and solidifies into a thin sheet in horizontal position parallel to the layers of already existing rocks.
2. Sedimentary Rocks:
"Sedimentary rocks constitute 75% of the earth’s surface but only 5% of the earth’s crust. All sedimentary rocks are non-crystalline. They contain fossils."
Fig. Sedimentary rocks
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks:
Wind-deposited sedimentary rocks-Loess.
Glacier-deposited sedimentary rocks-Moraines, sands and gravels and boulder clay or sill.
River-deposited-clays, alluviums etc. By compaction-sandstone (from sand).
By cementation-Shale (from clay) Conglomerate and Breccia.
Organically formed sedimentary rocks:
(i) By animals-chalk, coral and limestone.
(ii) By Plants-Coal, peat, lignite
Chemically formed sedimentary rocks-Rock-salt, borax, gypsum, nitrates, potash.
3. Metamorphic Rocks:
When the original character of rocks-their colour, hardness, texture and mineral composition is partly or wholly changed, it gives rise to metamorphic rocks, under favourable conditions of heat and pressure.
The formation of metamorphic rocks under the stress of pressure is known as dynamic metamorphism. In this case, granite is converted in genesis; clay and shale are transformed into schist. The change of form or recrystallisation of minerals of sedimentary and igneous rocks under the influence of high temperature prevailing within the earth’s crust is known as thermal or contact metamorphism.

Fig: Metamorphic Rocks
Examples:
Sandstone changes into quartzite
Clay and shale into slate
Coal turns into anthracite and graphite
Limestone into marble slate may further change into phyllite (at 150°C to 200°C).
4. Quartzite Rock:
It is one of the most resistant to weathering, forming mountains and ridges. It is used in glass-making.

Fig: Quartzite Rock
VOLCANOES
A volcano is ‘Active’ when it is erupting intermittently or continuously. A volcano which has not erupted for a long time is known as ‘Dormant’, whereas an ‘Extinct’ volcano is one which has stopped eruption over a long time.
On the basis of mode of eruption as well as on the basis of nature of eruption, different types of volcanoes have been recognised.

Fig. Volcanoes
Based on the mode of eruption, volcanoes are classified as
(1) Central types: where the products escape through a single pipe (or vent).
(2) Fissure types: where the ejection of lava takes place from a long fissure or a group of parallel or closed fissures.
Based on the nature of eruption, volcanoes may be of two types as
(1) Explosive Types: In which case the lava is of acidic (felsic) in nature and because of their high degree of viscosity, they produce explosive eruptions.
(2) Quiet Types: In this case, the lava is of basaltic composition (mafic lava), which is highly fluid and holds little gas, with the result that the eruptions are quiet and the lava can travel long distances to spread out in thin layers.
Besides the above, a number of other types of volcanoes have been identified. According to their degree of explosive activity and nature of eruption. They are as follows
Hawaiian type: Silent effusion of lava without any explosive activity.
Strombolian type: Periodic e
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Thank you very much mujha tst exam hai yeh bahut helpful tha and again thanks maina kuch nhi padha tha lakin iss video sa mujha bahut help mili aur mujha 1st poisition aaye ...thanks 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
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Ap Es Par Khitab Farmaei Kay Jab Hindustan May 1857, Key Jangh e Azadee May Ju Hindustani Mujaheid Chahei Wo Hindo, Ho Ya Musalman, Pakray Jatay Thay Uor Un Mujaheido Ko Saza e Muot Soonaei Deinay Kay Baad Un Qeidio Ko Kahan Uor Kis Mulk Kay Jaziro Par Lay Jaya Jata Tha, Jahan Say Wo Baghna Sakein,?????.Uor Fiji May Musalman Uor Hindo Kahan Say Aei Thay,1857, May. Bus.Yei Bataei.?????.
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Police act 1861
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