Colligative properties ( Relative lowering of vapour pressure)

What are Colligative Properties?
Dilute solution containing non-volatile solute exhibit some properties which depend only on the number of solute particles present and not on the type of solute present. These properties are called colligative properties. These properties are mostly seen in dilute solutions.
We can further consider colligative properties as those properties that are obtained by the dissolution of a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent. Generally, the solvent properties are changed by the solute where its particles remove some of the solvent molecules in the liquid phase. This also results in the reduction of the concentration of the solvent.
Meanwhile, when we talk about the given solute-solvent mass ratio, colligative properties are said to be inversely proportional to the solute molar mass.
Different Types of Colligative Properties of Solution
There are different types of colligative properties of a solution. These include, vapour pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure.
1. Lowering of Vapour Pressure
In a pure solvent, the entire surface is occupied by the molecules of the solvent. If a non- volatile solute is added to the solvent, the surface now has both solute and solvent molecules; thereby fraction of surface covered by solvent molecules gets reduced. Since the vapour pressure of the solution is solely due to solvent alone, at the same temperature the vapour pressure of the solution is found to be lower than that of the pure solvent.
If P0 is the vapour pressure of pure solvent and Ps is the vapour pressure of the solution. The difference Po - Ps is termed as lowering in vapour pressure. The ratio Po - Ps / Po is known as the relative lowering of vapour pressure.

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