GH, please remember we are not all from the PNW, nor even (shock horror to some from the sound of it) the US. There are so many interesting volcanoes around the world, some of them far greater threats to life, and with you as the only person likely to draw attention to them (at least on TH-cam).
I watch him every video, for a long time now. I'm a science nerd. I hope you saw his April fool's videos. He may sound boring, but he's also really funny!
This channel has 22 Oregon specific videos. Because the state of Oregon doesn't fund much geology, there's a lot we don't know about our Cascades wilderness. I remember this channel years ago, saying we need more up and coming geologists here in Oregon.
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Weird, in my experience the PNW has quite a lot of enthusiasm about its geology. Sure its nothing like, say, New Zealand or Iceland or Indonesia where geology is a major focus but I still see plenty of content about the region. Its just that a few volcanoes are woefully undermonitored and the funding isn't great.
I live close to sisters. One of my favorite drives is up HWY 34 coming in from I5. As you drive east you can see the 3 Sisters on the horizon, and they look like the pyramids of Giza. Absolutely beautiful.
Funny I was a teen back in the mid 80's. My girlfriend at the time wanted to go roller skating so we went to the only place close to us which was called Stake Place. One night while there we were chilling out in the bar/restaurant area I remember on the tv which was just a loop of whatever the dude that worked there wanted to show, was a slide show of the 3 sisters. I had no clue what I was watching at the time but I remember clearly the video talking about an intrusion at this spot and that it was the next St Helens but like 100x worst. For me that was a long time ago but just goes to show how geologic time is on a total different scale.
South Sister Volcano had Major Uplift USGS was Watching the South Sister Volcano in Oregon Awesome Video of the Three Sisters Volcanos in Oregon Pacific Northwest is Overdue for a Volcanic Eruption in the Near Future
Its always crazy to me how many volcanoes we will never get to experience erupting, even though they're active and capable of eruption, just cause of the vastness of the geologic timescale even on its shorter term action. So many fascinating volcanoes will just sit there, teasing us but never doing anything within our lifetimes.
If you go on to the Oregon geology website, they’ve been monitoring south sister for years. They believe if there is an eruption, it will be horizontal like St Helen’s. The geology maps show the lahars will take out the McKenzie river and the area of Belknap. I’ve been watching this volcanos progress for the last few years. The bulge continues to grow. We have lots of little quakes in this area … it’s unnerving to say the least.
This complex seems to be what the goat rocks complex used to be I think. Basalt-to rhyolite eruptions in this beautiful magmatic arc setting. Great video and perfect timing as usual.
Make a video of Alaska's Mount Spurr It is registering a lot of seismic activity, in addition to the event that occurred at the Fentale Volcano in Ethiopia that had a 4.9 earthquake and deformations were detected On the ground, Greetings from Argentina 🇦🇷
Living here for 45 years, and studying the geology, we aren't even slightly prepared for a large eruption or even lahars. Fortunately, there's little population in direct harm's way. A massive earthquake in the Portland area would be the worst.
Visting Bend in the 1960s family took me to walk in a lrg lava tube I think on Goverment Land. I think also supplied kerosene lanterns to carry. Is my discription enough to be able tell me is it still open to the public? Very youg at the time the experience is still strongly remembered.
That would be Lava River Cave. It's in Newberry National Monument now, and the cave is closed for the season. It'll open back up in May. I think you have to make advance reservations to go in it now though.
The chart at 0:57 says so much and so efficiently, it belongs in that famous Edward R. Tufte book about the display of quantitative information. How long did making that take you?
Out of curiosity, what are the major lines of evidence that the present magmatic intrusion would have a basaltic composition? Given the extremely diverse chemical suite of past eruptions scattered all over the area, I wouldn’t necessarily assume a new peripheral intrusion would have to be basalt
Same question, I've heard that if the intrusion is located near divergent plate boundaries, mid-ocean ridges, or hotspots, these environments typically produce basaltic magmas due to mantle upwelling
I forget the rationale he gave in a prior video but even if it is basalt it should be noted that most magmas start out as basaltic melts at depth which then chemically evolve into more evolved magma types through a combination of processes like crystal fractionalization, crustal melting and reactions with the surrounding rock and magma mixing between two or more compositionally distinct reservoirs of magma. Frankly given the timescale and the evidence for repeated intrusions at depth in the region it seems more likely that the melt body down there has undergone some crystal fractionalization into more evolved magmas with the new intrusions reenergizing/resupplying the magma body allowing it to continue evolving without fully crystalizing. That is after all one of the main ways volcanoes generate more chemically evolved melt pockets. Point is that the geochemical study of eruptive products of past volcanic eruptions at volcanoes around the world as well as the imaging of volcanic plumbing systems the more easily magma can reach the surface without spending prolonged periods of time stuck at intermediate depths the more likely it is to remain basalt when it reaches the surface with a few notable exceptions (i.e. ultramafic and the crustal melting type bimodal volcanism typically seen in continental rift settings etc.) as the chemistry of most magmas and various solidified igneous systems now uplifted and exposed to the surface via erosion etc. seem to indicate that virtually all magmas seem to start out as basalt.
@@Dragrath1 But this surely doesn't answer the question - it's what the magma finally erupts as that matters, not its ultimate origin. Not often I would presume to disagree with you btw.
Do magma chambers expand sometimes from lava intrusions between weaker layers of rock, causing a larger central chamber. Either through melting or fracturing? Are we able to deduce that through monitoring?
That might be one of the ways big central magma chambers can form. It has a lot of question marks because it's kind of hard to observe, and there might be multiple ways. Generally, magma forcing its way between rocks results in a sill intrusion, and these sills then can either solidify in place or grow over time. Yes, melting and fracturing are certainly two of the ways this takes place, but you can also just force more magma into a space and it will force the material that was in that space out of the way. There's probably more ways, like hydrothermal fluids chemically changing rocks around a magma body that has too high of a melting point or is too strong until they can either melt or break. We can make some good best guesses about what they look like with seismic tomography, but figuring out how it got that shape is a lot harder.
Volcanos are heat transfer. More heat in than heat out and the magma chamber will grow as the crust melts and contaminates the magma. The magma is melting through the crust and also shedding heat into the rock. In order for an intrusion to reach the surface it has to arrive fast enough to overcome heat loss and at a duration long enough to keep the burn through going.
@@tripplefives1402 True though an important additional factor is the latent heat from crystal fractionalization which can help keep magma intrusions hot over much longer periods of time as the crystalizing of minerals out of the magma injects heat into the remaining melt. The precipitation of these minerals also likely can help isolate the melt from the surrounding rocks in essence buying the magma more time before it fully crystalizes in which additional intrusions can reenergize it allowing it to continue chemically evolving and or potentially erupt Also the amount of pressure and the structure and composition of overlying rock really matter to in terms of determining whether an intrusion is likely to be able to reach the surface too. Both processes seem to usually be at play alongside magma mixing in the lead up to large explosive volcanic eruptions in particular. We can gauge this because crystal diffusion allows scientists to gauge how long a magma was in an eruptible state while the growth of crystal rims help reveal the chemically history of the melt body they cam from including whether or not there were compositionally distinct melt bodies which became mixed leading up to an eruption. In particular the fairly uncommon circumstance where two or more chemically and thermodynamically distinct magma types mix and or a large batch of fresh hot melt rejuvenates an evolved magma system and thus create the circumstances for convection and crystal fractionalization to occur simultaneously appears to be a big driver of large explosive eruptions with the larger the amount of melt mixed and the shorter the timescale of mixing being the primary drivers of high VEI levels. Basically anything above a VEI 3 is going to have occurred due to this kind of chemical mixing and rapid release of latent heat occurring too quickly for the release of the building pressure via hydrothermal systems or smaller eruptions. The scary thing is just how little warning time large explosive eruptions seem to leave between the initiation of mixing and rejuvenation for example take two geochemically distinct voluminous magma reservoirs and bring them into contact say via tectonic shifts in strain causing fault slippage and a VEI 7 to 8 eruption may follow on a timescale of several years to months or even in extreme cases, i.e. Yellowstone's lava Creek Tuff eruption VEI 8 which occurred ~630,000 years before present, mere weeks. Yes that is right the low amounts of crystal diffusion indicate that the melt present wasn't in an eruptible state (melt fraction of 30% or more) for much more than a few weeks to maybe a month or so max. It is absolutely terrifying and mind blowing just how fast these kinds of systems can mobilize or rather more aptly the rarity of such large eruptions come from the rarity that all the right conditions occur simultaneously with an appropriately large amount of accumulated rock slush. It may take tens to hundreds of thousands of years to amass the necessary amounts of melt but once things get going with the release of latent heat and rejuvenation things happen very very fast because it is now an exothermic chain of chemical reactions and phase transitions driving things rather than the slow straining of rocks and shifting of tectonic plates.
If the largest known eruption from these three volcanoes was only 1/10th as powerful as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, then these volcanoes don't appear to be an extreme danger.
Keep making the geologically interesting half of America even more geologically interesting? Or would it be "The mantle is not sending its densest material. It is the lighter material that resists sinking and comes up through the Cascade volcanoes."
There was an ice cap along the crest of the Cascades back then. The glaciers didn't go all the way down out of the mountains though. There's still a glacier or two on the Middle Sister.
Pacific Ring Of Fire: South America: 🌋 Central America and Mexico: 🌋 Alaska: 🌋 Kamchatka and the Curiles: 🌋 Japan and the Philippines: 🌋 Indonesia: 🌋🌋🌋 !!! South Pacific: 🌋 Cascades: 😴
Something similar could be said for earthquakes as well. The cascades have been relatively quiet for earthquakes, the last significant earthquake that I can remember was a earthquake near Seattle that was felt all the way down to Oregon a little over 20 years ago.
@@cartman20000 It is worth keeping in mind that thanks to advances research in recent years we now have a good growing knowledge of why activity is so much more subdued much of the time along the Cascades the biggest factor has to deal with the age of the oceanic crust subducting which is at the oldest 16 million years at most(where it takes longest to get from the ridge down the trench) this means the ocean crust is still quite buoyant not having had many tens to hundreds of millions of years to cool down settle out and accumulate water to lubricate the downwelling plate and importantly to lower the melting point of rocks within the mantle wedge. Without that heavy load of water to lower the melting point Cascadia melts have to reach higher temperatures than is typical at other subduction zones which means you aren't going to get as frequent melting. The buoyant crust also doesn't really want to sink and really only goes down because of gravity pulling the already descending slab with it which gets compounded by the slab window opened through the Farallon plate/Juan de Fuca plate laving most of the Cascadia slab hanging freely south of Washington. This is compounded by the thick amounts of sediment completely filling in the trench with the vast apron of sediment from the interplay of the cordilleran ice sheet and Columbia river systems including all those mega floods which we now know based on acoustic/seismic properties have largely at depth fully lithified into several kilometers of sedimentary rocks primarily sandstones and silt stones. This apron is vast extending all the way out to the Juan de Fuca ridge and even crossing over onto the Pacific plate at parts creating a fairly unusual circumstance where the ocean crust is covered in insulating layers of rigid rock which means that mush of that boundary well west of the actual trench is a hard brittle rock fault interface under temperatures and pressure strains which result in the BC and Washington section of the subduction zone being fully locked. This means that the fault doesn't move at all up until a sufficient strain is reached that it gives way catastrophically. The importance of slab pull as a driver of subduction of this still buoyant ocean crust also means that as the part of the slab which is fully locked along the trench is the same section which is still attached to the larger deeper slab means it is the area with the most pulling force downwards. Of the three sections of the Cascadia subduction zone this one seems to be the one which limits activity of the system as a whole what with its all or nothing response to tectonic strain and also the one which makes this one of if not the most dangerous faults in the world with the recent analysis and updated hazard assessment seeming to suggest the capacity for this section of the Cascadia fault alone to generate magnitude 9 events. I also can't help but notice that there was a lot of activity among the cascades volcanoes in the century or two shortly after the 1700 quake which itself had involved a much shorter strain build up since the previous slippage compared to the amount of time that has passed since the 1700 megathrust quake. Cascadia is a ticking time bomb the kind which is silent until it blows so when the next megathrust occurs I expect the subsequent centuries will be more active in comparison to the big lull.
Day 15 of requesting The Meers fault in Oklahoma and talk about other intraplate faults and how large earthquakes can hit away from plate boundaries Also this video is very interesting
This channel has given us in Oregon a lot of coverage! To be fair, there's a lot of geology going on here. I'm really interested in the inner Continental activity, which doesn't get enough attention. Like the peculiar earthquakes near the Mississippi, or Arizona and Nevada. Count me in! 👍
@@outlawbillionairez9780 I think that the geologic history is amazing in the region And also I believe that Intraplate earthquakes are DANGEROUSLY under studied and that people need to be more aware of them
@@johnrottler4000 We have some of the largest basalt flows in the world. And more recent basalt flows from Central Oregon, all the way to Southern Idaho! And when I stand on Mt Mazama, looking at Crater Lake, it's incomprehensible what took place there. The West Coast is geologically a very dynamic place! 🌎
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Yup And the central US and even the middle stable parts of every other continent have interesting geologic history if you look back far enough
Lmao how can the south sister be 50 to 2000 thousand years old and the middle sister 40 to 14 thousand years old if none of them had a true eruption in 19 thousands years? If that’s the case then how is it possible for the south sister and middle sister to be younger than 21 thousand years when it shows a history of true eruptions in their life time. With that said then that would mean if they are younger then the 21 thousand years old that would mean 2 of the 3 volcanoes had true eruptions in unknown times in the last 21 thousand years. In the last 2,000 years if the south sister is truly that young which it obviously isn’t by what this video says if they haven’t had a true eruption in 21 thousand years. So I’m not sure why this is said lmao. No one noticed or am I the only one with a brain to catch this lmao. Either the dude in the vid doesn’t entirely know what he’s talking about or the geologist are id*ot geologist. Also how on earth do they find out how much magma a chamber needs to erupt and how long it would take to build that much magma? Lmao. I don’t believe it, especially if they got what I said above all silly. Can’t do that right doubt they know anything about this 2nd part of what I said but they are a geologist scientist so let’s believe them anyway bahahaha I don’t. if someone thinks they know how they figure it out lemme hear it.
I want to call this a terrible AI voice, but I have a buddy who had a head injury that sounds like this now... If you email me, I'll do a great voice-over; super cheap, too!
His voice is just fine with most of us as it is, thanks very much (sarcasm detector on?). As it happens he is autistic, but with a buddy with a voice affected by head injury surely to Cht*st you should be a bit more aware than this!
Also you will find in the scriptures 365 times which is exactly the number of days it says fear not so don't live in fear because once we live in fear we become a prisoner of fear and God does not want that
@@scrappydoo7887 geologists are finding new evidence more and more that does not explain anything other than what their Theory is. It is through faith that we understand that all things are eternal. That being said it really doesn't matter how old the Earth is because we are all eternal
Sorry I talk into my tablet and I do not proofread. However I am taking my time to watch each word that comes up right now. The almighty Creator can do anything! Yes he could create a boulder that he was still able to maneuver AKA pickup. He is the almighty creator of all things so a boulder would not be a problem for him no matter what size the boulder is. Okay since I have taken the time to slowly speak and make sure this message is accurate I hope you understand that the almighty Creator can do anything. That would also mean he can use anyone on this Earth to help his plan to come about.
The PNW and particularly Oregon are getting spoiled for local content, and Loving it!
Same lol
🎉
I just love the science!!
GH, please remember we are not all from the PNW, nor even (shock horror to some from the sound of it) the US. There are so many interesting volcanoes around the world, some of them far greater threats to life, and with you as the only person likely to draw attention to them (at least on TH-cam).
"Volcano Lava Speed" graphic is very helpful and much appreciated.
I found your channel years ago during a bout of insomnia and have been hooked ever since. Great video - I liked the graphs
I watch him every video, for a long time now. I'm a science nerd. I hope you saw his April fool's videos. He may sound boring, but he's also really funny!
Been looking forward to this video. Three Sisters doesn't get the attention I think it deserves. Most people have never heard of it
This channel has 22 Oregon specific videos.
Because the state of Oregon doesn't fund much geology, there's a lot we don't know about our Cascades wilderness. I remember this channel years ago, saying we need more up and coming geologists here in Oregon.
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Weird, in my experience the PNW has quite a lot of enthusiasm about its geology. Sure its nothing like, say, New Zealand or Iceland or Indonesia where geology is a major focus but I still see plenty of content about the region. Its just that a few volcanoes are woefully undermonitored and the funding isn't great.
Three Sisters Quilt Show!!!
I live close to sisters. One of my favorite drives is up HWY 34 coming in from I5. As you drive east you can see the 3 Sisters on the horizon, and they look like the pyramids of Giza. Absolutely beautiful.
Funny I was a teen back in the mid 80's. My girlfriend at the time wanted to go roller skating so we went to the only place close to us which was called Stake Place. One night while there we were chilling out in the bar/restaurant area I remember on the tv which was just a loop of whatever the dude that worked there wanted to show, was a slide show of the 3 sisters. I had no clue what I was watching at the time but I remember clearly the video talking about an intrusion at this spot and that it was the next St Helens but like 100x worst. For me that was a long time ago but just goes to show how geologic time is on a total different scale.
5:11 Thank You for this excellent graphic. It all makes more sense now !:-)
Thanks as always, Geology Hub!
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos!
I second that.
There aren't many people who work on geological subjects that are always bringing new subjects
South Sister Volcano had Major Uplift USGS was Watching the South Sister Volcano in Oregon
Awesome Video of the Three Sisters Volcanos in Oregon
Pacific Northwest is Overdue for a Volcanic Eruption in the Near Future
Thanks for the captions and all the wonderful visuals. The diagram about magma composition was really interesting.
Its always crazy to me how many volcanoes we will never get to experience erupting, even though they're active and capable of eruption, just cause of the vastness of the geologic timescale even on its shorter term action. So many fascinating volcanoes will just sit there, teasing us but never doing anything within our lifetimes.
I feel the same way, but I also feel like that's kind of a good thing lol.
If you go on to the Oregon geology website, they’ve been monitoring south sister for years.
They believe if there is an eruption, it will be horizontal like St Helen’s. The geology maps show the lahars will take out the McKenzie river and the area of Belknap. I’ve been watching this volcanos progress for the last few years. The bulge continues to grow. We have lots of little quakes in this area … it’s unnerving to say the least.
This complex seems to be what the goat rocks complex used to be I think. Basalt-to rhyolite eruptions in this beautiful magmatic arc setting. Great video and perfect timing as usual.
There are great views of the 3 Sisters when hiking on the Pacific Crest Trail, especially of South Sister as you approach. She's quite the red head.
Make a video of Alaska's Mount Spurr It is registering a lot of seismic activity, in addition to the event that occurred at the Fentale Volcano in Ethiopia that had a 4.9 earthquake and deformations were detected On the ground,
Greetings from Argentina 🇦🇷
very cool, hello from Bend, OR!
Thank you so much for this video! I was hoping you'd make a video on the Three Sisters, they are my favorite volcano in Oregon
Yeah, such a cool name.
It’s a really cool climb too. Beautiful area
It looks incredibly photogenic, I'd love to see it in person.
This is very interesting! Thank you so much for covering this. First
This is something known for years now.
Having visited friends in the area, I’d hate to see this area in the news for an eruption
Living here for 45 years, and studying the geology, we aren't even slightly prepared for a large eruption or even lahars. Fortunately, there's little population in direct harm's way. A massive earthquake in the Portland area would be the worst.
Visting Bend in the 1960s family took me to walk in a lrg lava tube I think on Goverment Land. I think also supplied kerosene lanterns to carry. Is my discription enough to be able tell me is it still open to the public? Very youg at the time the experience is still strongly remembered.
Could be the Lava River Cave near Sunriver, but there are caves all over the place!
@@chappybmx thank you these days I live in UK and dearly miss the high desert
@@spocksdaughter9641 I'm currently in Klamath Falls but I spent 6 years in the UK from 08-14. Such an amazing place with great people!
@@chappybmx Oregon Caves National Monument isn't too far from you. They're the only caves I haven't been inside.
That would be Lava River Cave.
It's in Newberry National Monument now, and the cave is closed for the season. It'll open back up in May. I think you have to make advance reservations to go in it now though.
Another Oregon based video! Yay. Thank you for explaining about the Three Sisters. I can't remember if you've done one on Mt. Jefferson. 😃🖖❤️
Mt Bachelor and Inn of the Seventh Mountain are also "must dos," because of the ski resort and the banquet hall.
We've got 22 Oregon videos in the playlist! Tied with California!
Wow! The scenery in Oregon is beautiful! I’m loving the scenic shots in this video
The chart at 0:57 says so much and so efficiently, it belongs in that famous Edward R. Tufte book about the display of quantitative information. How long did making that take you?
Right behind the graphic of the Napoleon’s army in Russia…?
Surprising that the Tonga volcano is in the middle of that explosivity chart…
@@swainschepsYou ain't seen nothing yet!
Out of curiosity, what are the major lines of evidence that the present magmatic intrusion would have a basaltic composition? Given the extremely diverse chemical suite of past eruptions scattered all over the area, I wouldn’t necessarily assume a new peripheral intrusion would have to be basalt
Same question, I've heard that if the intrusion is located near divergent plate boundaries, mid-ocean ridges, or hotspots, these environments typically produce basaltic magmas due to mantle upwelling
I forget the rationale he gave in a prior video but even if it is basalt it should be noted that most magmas start out as basaltic melts at depth which then chemically evolve into more evolved magma types through a combination of processes like crystal fractionalization, crustal melting and reactions with the surrounding rock and magma mixing between two or more compositionally distinct reservoirs of magma.
Frankly given the timescale and the evidence for repeated intrusions at depth in the region it seems more likely that the melt body down there has undergone some crystal fractionalization into more evolved magmas with the new intrusions reenergizing/resupplying the magma body allowing it to continue evolving without fully crystalizing. That is after all one of the main ways volcanoes generate more chemically evolved melt pockets.
Point is that the geochemical study of eruptive products of past volcanic eruptions at volcanoes around the world as well as the imaging of volcanic plumbing systems the more easily magma can reach the surface without spending prolonged periods of time stuck at intermediate depths the more likely it is to remain basalt when it reaches the surface with a few notable exceptions (i.e. ultramafic and the crustal melting type bimodal volcanism typically seen in continental rift settings etc.) as the chemistry of most magmas and various solidified igneous systems now uplifted and exposed to the surface via erosion etc. seem to indicate that virtually all magmas seem to start out as basalt.
@@Dragrath1 But this surely doesn't answer the question - it's what the magma finally erupts as that matters, not its ultimate origin. Not often I would presume to disagree with you btw.
My question too.
Much appreciated, Timothy
I live in the Shadow of these mountains and have hiked to the top of two of the Three. South Sister is the one that worries me.
I've hiked and summited South Sister. No special gear needed!
It's wild that the 3 Sisters could produce different silica amounts in the same area.
Maybe there is a little brother that is trying to be born? Good report, thanks!
It's already born.
It's a minor peak near the North Sister.
I love your channel so much ❤. Could you do another video about The San Andreas Fault?
Do magma chambers expand sometimes from lava intrusions between weaker layers of rock, causing a larger central chamber. Either through melting or fracturing?
Are we able to deduce that through monitoring?
That might be one of the ways big central magma chambers can form. It has a lot of question marks because it's kind of hard to observe, and there might be multiple ways. Generally, magma forcing its way between rocks results in a sill intrusion, and these sills then can either solidify in place or grow over time. Yes, melting and fracturing are certainly two of the ways this takes place, but you can also just force more magma into a space and it will force the material that was in that space out of the way. There's probably more ways, like hydrothermal fluids chemically changing rocks around a magma body that has too high of a melting point or is too strong until they can either melt or break.
We can make some good best guesses about what they look like with seismic tomography, but figuring out how it got that shape is a lot harder.
Id say that chamber formation is done just like that but it would take huge lengths of time
Volcanos are heat transfer. More heat in than heat out and the magma chamber will grow as the crust melts and contaminates the magma. The magma is melting through the crust and also shedding heat into the rock. In order for an intrusion to reach the surface it has to arrive fast enough to overcome heat loss and at a duration long enough to keep the burn through going.
@@tripplefives1402 True though an important additional factor is the latent heat from crystal fractionalization which can help keep magma intrusions hot over much longer periods of time as the crystalizing of minerals out of the magma injects heat into the remaining melt. The precipitation of these minerals also likely can help isolate the melt from the surrounding rocks in essence buying the magma more time before it fully crystalizes in which additional intrusions can reenergize it allowing it to continue chemically evolving and or potentially erupt
Also the amount of pressure and the structure and composition of overlying rock really matter to in terms of determining whether an intrusion is likely to be able to reach the surface too.
Both processes seem to usually be at play alongside magma mixing in the lead up to large explosive volcanic eruptions in particular. We can gauge this because crystal diffusion allows scientists to gauge how long a magma was in an eruptible state while the growth of crystal rims help reveal the chemically history of the melt body they cam from including whether or not there were compositionally distinct melt bodies which became mixed leading up to an eruption. In particular the fairly uncommon circumstance where two or more chemically and thermodynamically distinct magma types mix and or a large batch of fresh hot melt rejuvenates an evolved magma system and thus create the circumstances for convection and crystal fractionalization to occur simultaneously appears to be a big driver of large explosive eruptions with the larger the amount of melt mixed and the shorter the timescale of mixing being the primary drivers of high VEI levels. Basically anything above a VEI 3 is going to have occurred due to this kind of chemical mixing and rapid release of latent heat occurring too quickly for the release of the building pressure via hydrothermal systems or smaller eruptions.
The scary thing is just how little warning time large explosive eruptions seem to leave between the initiation of mixing and rejuvenation for example take two geochemically distinct voluminous magma reservoirs and bring them into contact say via tectonic shifts in strain causing fault slippage and a VEI 7 to 8 eruption may follow on a timescale of several years to months or even in extreme cases, i.e. Yellowstone's lava Creek Tuff eruption VEI 8 which occurred ~630,000 years before present, mere weeks.
Yes that is right the low amounts of crystal diffusion indicate that the melt present wasn't in an eruptible state (melt fraction of 30% or more) for much more than a few weeks to maybe a month or so max. It is absolutely terrifying and mind blowing just how fast these kinds of systems can mobilize or rather more aptly the rarity of such large eruptions come from the rarity that all the right conditions occur simultaneously with an appropriately large amount of accumulated rock slush. It may take tens to hundreds of thousands of years to amass the necessary amounts of melt but once things get going with the release of latent heat and rejuvenation things happen very very fast because it is now an exothermic chain of chemical reactions and phase transitions driving things rather than the slow straining of rocks and shifting of tectonic plates.
Thank you everyone!
Our beautiful Sisters and their Bachelor are accessible in many places. Please come visit!! You're welcome here!
Yes, just secure the proper permits 1st ;)
Is that little Pond the area where the uplift is occurring
I’m literally staring at these three mountains and Mount bachelor while on my lunch break
If the largest known eruption from these three volcanoes was only 1/10th as powerful as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, then these volcanoes don't appear to be an extreme danger.
I heard that strato volcanoes have a lifespan of about 3m years and the Cascades are full of ancient volcanoes.
I wonder if there is any geothermal activity with the three sisters
Great. We went through St Helens tantrum, don't want to go through another.
I live near the 3 sisters outside of Bend
“Liquid Hot Magma” 😊
MAGMA 2024!
Sorry, I tried to resist it but I couldn't.
magma 202VEI4!
Keep making the geologically interesting half of America even more geologically interesting?
Or would it be "The mantle is not sending its densest material. It is the lighter material that resists sinking and comes up through the Cascade volcanoes."
@@wahitsoctavia Good one!
@@scillyautomatic it's cool
Molten hot magmaaa
-Dr.Evil
Who has major volcanic eruption in the US on you bingo card?
Should I call my friends to evacuate from Oregon!
Interesting
Magma PI
I love living above a subduction zone.
Is there a chance for middle sister to erupt? [PS: i have been a subscriber for 3 years.]
Would Oregon and the middle sister have been under a glacier 14,000 years ago ?
There was an ice cap along the crest of the Cascades back then.
The glaciers didn't go all the way down out of the mountains though.
There's still a glacier or two on the Middle Sister.
Did you go to UO?
Pacific Ring Of Fire:
South America: 🌋
Central America and Mexico: 🌋
Alaska: 🌋
Kamchatka and the Curiles: 🌋
Japan and the Philippines: 🌋
Indonesia: 🌋🌋🌋 !!!
South Pacific: 🌋
Cascades: 😴
Something similar could be said for earthquakes as well. The cascades have been relatively quiet for earthquakes, the last significant earthquake that I can remember was a earthquake near Seattle that was felt all the way down to Oregon a little over 20 years ago.
@@cartman20000 It is worth keeping in mind that thanks to advances research in recent years we now have a good growing knowledge of why activity is so much more subdued much of the time along the Cascades the biggest factor has to deal with the age of the oceanic crust subducting which is at the oldest 16 million years at most(where it takes longest to get from the ridge down the trench) this means the ocean crust is still quite buoyant not having had many tens to hundreds of millions of years to cool down settle out and accumulate water to lubricate the downwelling plate and importantly to lower the melting point of rocks within the mantle wedge.
Without that heavy load of water to lower the melting point Cascadia melts have to reach higher temperatures than is typical at other subduction zones which means you aren't going to get as frequent melting.
The buoyant crust also doesn't really want to sink and really only goes down because of gravity pulling the already descending slab with it which gets compounded by the slab window opened through the Farallon plate/Juan de Fuca plate laving most of the Cascadia slab hanging freely south of Washington. This is compounded by the thick amounts of sediment completely filling in the trench with the vast apron of sediment from the interplay of the cordilleran ice sheet and Columbia river systems including all those mega floods which we now know based on acoustic/seismic properties have largely at depth fully lithified into several kilometers of sedimentary rocks primarily sandstones and silt stones.
This apron is vast extending all the way out to the Juan de Fuca ridge and even crossing over onto the Pacific plate at parts creating a fairly unusual circumstance where the ocean crust is covered in insulating layers of rigid rock which means that mush of that boundary well west of the actual trench is a hard brittle rock fault interface under temperatures and pressure strains which result in the BC and Washington section of the subduction zone being fully locked. This means that the fault doesn't move at all up until a sufficient strain is reached that it gives way catastrophically. The importance of slab pull as a driver of subduction of this still buoyant ocean crust also means that as the part of the slab which is fully locked along the trench is the same section which is still attached to the larger deeper slab means it is the area with the most pulling force downwards.
Of the three sections of the Cascadia subduction zone this one seems to be the one which limits activity of the system as a whole what with its all or nothing response to tectonic strain and also the one which makes this one of if not the most dangerous faults in the world with the recent analysis and updated hazard assessment seeming to suggest the capacity for this section of the Cascadia fault alone to generate magnitude 9 events. I also can't help but notice that there was a lot of activity among the cascades volcanoes in the century or two shortly after the 1700 quake which itself had involved a much shorter strain build up since the previous slippage compared to the amount of time that has passed since the 1700 megathrust quake.
Cascadia is a ticking time bomb the kind which is silent until it blows so when the next megathrust occurs I expect the subsequent centuries will be more active in comparison to the big lull.
So are we going with the Four Sisters, or just Three Sisters and their Cousin?
Oh my gosh. Just think.... some day, it could be " Three Sisters and a Baby!" 😅
South Sister is an excellent mountain to snow shoe hike! ❤
Bend and Brothers is downwind from them.
Tap the area for geothermal energy ⚡️
Easier and cheaper to continue the solar rollout that is going on locally.
Well, there's plans to tap Newberry! Its not quite so simple but the area as a whole is promising enough to warrant projects.
@@StuffandThings_ locals would never allow it. just 1 company pushing for access.
Lots of great car camping south of the Sisters
new gold.
So the Big One or a contribution from The Ring of Fire?
Maybe it will become the 4 sisters
Day 15 of requesting
The Meers fault in Oklahoma and talk about other intraplate faults and how large earthquakes can hit away from plate boundaries
Also this video is very interesting
This channel has given us in Oregon a lot of coverage! To be fair, there's a lot of geology going on here. I'm really interested in the inner Continental activity, which doesn't get enough attention. Like the peculiar earthquakes near the Mississippi, or Arizona and Nevada.
Count me in! 👍
@@outlawbillionairez9780 I think that the geologic history is amazing in the region
And also I believe that Intraplate earthquakes are DANGEROUSLY under studied and that people need to be more aware of them
@@johnrottler4000 We have some of the largest basalt flows in the world. And more recent basalt flows from Central Oregon, all the way to Southern Idaho! And when I stand on Mt Mazama, looking at Crater Lake, it's incomprehensible what took place there. The West Coast is geologically a very dynamic place! 🌎
@@outlawbillionairez9780 Yup
And the central US and even the middle stable parts of every other continent have interesting geologic history if you look back far enough
👍👍👍
😊
I think this is the next volcano going to erupt with lava flow.
I’m in the comments in under 10. Woohoo !!!!
All that training has paid off! 🏆
Hot story🎉
Kim Clemet...
Lmao how can the south sister be 50 to 2000 thousand years old and the middle sister 40 to 14 thousand years old if none of them had a true eruption in 19 thousands years? If that’s the case then how is it possible for the south sister and middle sister to be younger than 21 thousand years when it shows a history of true eruptions in their life time. With that said then that would mean if they are younger then the 21 thousand years old that would mean 2 of the 3 volcanoes had true eruptions in unknown times in the last 21 thousand years. In the last 2,000 years if the south sister is truly that young which it obviously isn’t by what this video says if they haven’t had a true eruption in 21 thousand years. So I’m not sure why this is said lmao. No one noticed or am I the only one with a brain to catch this lmao. Either the dude in the vid doesn’t entirely know what he’s talking about or the geologist are id*ot geologist. Also how on earth do they find out how much magma a chamber needs to erupt and how long it would take to build that much magma? Lmao. I don’t believe it, especially if they got what I said above all silly. Can’t do that right doubt they know anything about this 2nd part of what I said but they are a geologist scientist so let’s believe them anyway bahahaha I don’t. if someone thinks they know how they figure it out lemme hear it.
ohhh ... i thought they said MAGA
I want to call this a terrible AI voice, but I have a buddy who had a head injury that sounds like this now...
If you email me, I'll do a great voice-over; super cheap, too!
Luckily for you this is a real person talking, just sounds like AI.
His voice is just fine with most of us as it is, thanks very much (sarcasm detector on?). As it happens he is autistic, but with a buddy with a voice affected by head injury surely to Cht*st you should be a bit more aware than this!
2:24 - Y'all need to work on your names guys, those suck.
I'm sure they had better names before colonization. 😃🖖
@@rainydaylady6596 naturally. Things that don't make sense are always better
Only 212 views in 6 min? Bro fell off
At 20 minutes, 923 views 😂
Over 31,000 views now
LMAO 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 🤣 sounds so STUPID 😅
Fear porn pusher!
This channel doesn't push fear mongering. You lost?
Also you will find in the scriptures 365 times which is exactly the number of days it says fear not so don't live in fear because once we live in fear we become a prisoner of fear and God does not want that
Everyone remember God can do anything
I thought he wasn't able to create the earth before 6000 years ......
Could god create a boulder so heavy that god could not pick it up?
@@scrappydoo7887 geologists are finding new evidence more and more that does not explain anything other than what their Theory is. It is through faith that we understand that all things are eternal. That being said it really doesn't matter how old the Earth is because we are all eternal
@@joannb6254 But he can't "do anything" if he's unable to create a boulder that heavy.
Sorry I talk into my tablet and I do not proofread. However I am taking my time to watch each word that comes up right now. The almighty Creator can do anything! Yes he could create a boulder that he was still able to maneuver AKA pickup. He is the almighty creator of all things so a boulder would not be a problem for him no matter what size the boulder is. Okay since I have taken the time to slowly speak and make sure this message is accurate I hope you understand that the almighty Creator can do anything. That would also mean he can use anyone on this Earth to help his plan to come about.