I'm quite disappointed. When I saw the strata, I was expecting the camera to pan across strata with the sounds of death and dying associated with each layer.
@Cody Allen You may blow that right out of your backside. I have no time to tip toe through the tulips with peoples feelings YOUR FEELINGS ARE YOUR PROBLEM
Hey I just want to let you know I've been listening to lectures for years. You give lectures at a professional level. The way you speak and explain everything is really top notch. I really like your work. Edit: a word.
Thank you, glad you enjoyed them. I keep saying this, and I hope it is true, fall of 2019 I am hopeful that I will be able to do more courses and post the lectures here.
Great lecture, lots of information!!! Thank you so much! ( I'm from Europe, we built a house on permian "desert" (which is very Bordeaux red, and yes, no fossils - a few years ago together with a Japanese scientist they found a bacteria and our mayer threw a celebration 😃 and built signs and all) right on the triassic border and I've always wanted to know all about it)
Really enjoy these videos thanks. Always been interested in the Permian extinction, the main theory I've heard is that the Siberian Traps eruptions warmed the climate so much that they triggered a massive methane release from the oceans which in turn warmed the climate even more, which then scorched and nearly wiped out all life on land and sea. If you think about it that seems plausible, no doubt there would have been massive methane resovoirs left over from the huge plant matter depositions from the Carboniferous, like a fuse waiting to be ignited. But lately, I'm beginning to wonder if something other than the Siberian Traps & methane releases was at work. Perhaps a gamma ray burst or nearby supernova, I just have this feeling that more was at play causing the extinction.
I have recently heard that only did the siberian traps occur but they erupted through Cambrian coal deposits that ignited and also released their CO2 and mercury into the atmosphere. Both adding to and driving the mass extinction event.
The siberian traps were not just a massive eruption of few days week. But they erupted with few breaks for around 500.000 years. So thats a loooooong time.
@@pauldinkmeyer2712 and future scientists will look at that layer of discarded masks and state "fear drove this species into extinction. They surrendered liberty for false security"
I literally thought that I was about to hear the sound of many things dying, glad that I instead received a lesson on the Permian extinction event. I was indeed curious tho
There is a slight misconception about the VEI measurement though, but a very common one even among scientists: VEI only really applies to volcanic explosions, not to effusive eruptions in general. It is always tempting and very intuitive to only measure the volume of lava and scale it on the VEI, but this doesn't really work - the actual VEI measurement takes account of the height of the ash columns, which makes little sense with a LIP accounting a very long period of mixed eruptions, mostly effusive. We need a new intuitive and potentially popular index for volcanic eruptions ^^' Now I understand that using the VEI reference that way makes it a very good vulgarization tool, but then the vast majority of people have the wrong idea about what the VEI measurement actually is.
So cool how ancient this planet is. Its like a life simulator. I wonder what crazy alien organisms live and die without fossil record trace. Earths big secret 🤫
It sounds as if the Great Dying turned Botany and Zoology from full time studies and lifelong learning and not even getting a glimpse into a summer course.
As our own weather starts to manifest new extremes, I'm getting a fresh perspective on The Great Dying. It's not just really hot with acid rain caustic enough to damage eyes and maybe even skin. Weather extremes like we're just starting to see, but far worse, would be augmented by the volcanic gases and metals emitted by flood basalt eruptions or leeched out of the ground by acid rain. Imagime severe acid rain and flood events and hurricanes. Or, during droughts, firenadoes kicking up heavy metals, sulfur and chlorine like the chemical weapons of WWI turned into weather bombs. Mudflows and landslides and boulder storms like the one that hit Montecito, California about 5 years ago (look up the YT video "The Night it Rained Boulders") would be common... I seem to recall one bit of research that all the rivers on Earth seem to have reverted to their pre-vegetation state, losing their meanders and charging downhill in boulder-filled ravines in a straight line. And ponds, lakes and marshes would be sour, stinking, and often poisonous, since hot standing water tends to lose its oxygen and become fit only for anoxic bacteria. it really is amazing that anything (especially plants) survived.
If you are a geologist looking for material to create a new mass extinction today, skip about 6 million years ahead of the Permian Mass extinction to find those materials.
Stumbled upon this awesome video. funny how my brain works at 2am. By the way, would you consider the Siberian Trap and the Canadian Shield as one body of lava?
I am glad you enjoyed it. The Canadian Shield is primarily Precambrian, and is therefore very, very old, while the Siberian Trap is composed of materials from the PT onward. Both have some similarities but were not deposited by the same event.
39:15 That cartoon with the fish standing outside there bowl that is caught on fire. I remember that cartoon from 25 years ago. And it was called "The "Farside." A very funny comic strip.
11:50 "If you were to stand on the terrestrial surface of the Earth just after the Permian-Triassic extinction, what you would largely see would look something like the Moon- it would just be bedrock, it would be exposed, there would be large boulders, probably not much in the way of sediment, certainly not much in terms of plant life if anything there might be some green stuff on top of things, and you might see some insect life some places."
We have good evidence large chunks of the earth became barren wastelands. Erosion from storms seemed to have regularly moved boulders as large as cars, which suggests little to no surface vegetation and flash flooding. While not all life died, certainly large tracks of the earth became inhospitable. Life did recover of course, and if you had moved towards the poles things would not have been as bad. But walking around the center of the continent would have been very dangerous from the high heat, and you might never have seen a living animal as you did.
@@thomasevans3387 According to some documentary I watched, the ocean would have turned pink as a result of the anaerobic conditions. So you would have the Earth with pink oceans, if seen from space. Not a speck of green, since all the forests have burned up, and the ground, almost all over would be red due to oxidation of iron. Red and dead like the surface of Mars, and then with a huge ocean of lava on top of that. Is this a fair picture of the Earth ca. 250 million years ago?
The global temperature was not very warm yet at the end of the permian. The whole following meszoic, (Trias, Jurassic, Cretaceous) was way warmer. The reason for this change was Antarctica moving away from the south pole. It is wrong that there is less ice because it is globally warmer. It is the other way round: No continental mass at the southpole results in no extended ice caps (Antarctica), which means less ice albedo. Antarctica moved back to the southpole at the end the Cretaceous and this why we are in the quaterian ice age, today.
Thank you! Someone gets it. Climate models are based excluding continental drift in relation to the poles. As if the continents don't drift or even disappear due to subduction... Taking polar evidence with them....
@@coreym162 Thank you! When i talked about this on 'SkepticalScience'. they told me that this is wrong because ice will build as shelf ice on water.. As if shelf ice is not a result of continental ice in the first place.. The climate models. Actualy the coolest ones like the russian INMC series do meet the observations, they just ignore this irrationaly as in: "All models are equal". As much as they ignore that 1,5°C is actually the lowest threshold of all aprehensions.
What a great set of strata there! I'm in New Zealand and with us being a very young country geologically, there isn't much at all of Permian-Triassic age or older. Makes me envious of the UK where there are **loads** of rocks of that age!
Imagine living in the Netherlands were hardly anything older than the before-last glacial reaches the surface. Luckily, it's not a long ride to Spain or Italy were they have loads of older rocks to be found due to ancient mountain ranges and uplifting of former Tethys sea bottoms
The chart @14:20 made me realize how screwed humanity is should a truly catastrophic event like this happen. So to survive the surface of the Earth at that point in time requires the following: The ability to supply your own energy (food), water, and oxygen for 1-1000+ years? We'd be boned. The only surviving that is being a microorganism(....maybe @24:23) or not being on the planet. Also it's a very great chart, like the rest of the video.
Human civilization as we know it would be destroyed, but we are probably the large complex species that has the best odds of surviving because we are intelligent and tool using. We have the ability to intentionally adapt and to construct and modify our environment in ways no other species does.
meaningless. we live 100 years or so--there is no connection or need to be concerned if humans survive--we likely shouldnt. it makes no difference to a person what might happen if an asteroid hits in 200 years and wipes EVERYTHING out including microbes.
Not a fungus expert at all, it would surprise me if those groups were not around at this point. I will say of course there was no such thing as wheat yet, that would be millions of years in the future. So if you are thinking could I bake bread if I was there, than the answer is not like you expect.
I'm a microbiologist most fungus that lives in the soil have multiple states mycelia, asexual yeast, and complex sexual form like mushrooms many each given diff. name before new methods like sequencing . Most likely single cell yeast form evolved first
@@thomasevans3387 I have a couple things if you could clarify my first is with all the ships and everything else that goes into bodies of water do you think with the water being displaced and rise if it does do you think that it adds to the ice melting and the other thing is the world wars especially the first world war with all the artillery bombardment what impact does that have on the geology like the ground being compacted does it have an impact on earthquakes etc...
@@robertcolajezzi5273 If I may, your questions are awesome. I think you need to look at the scale of both issues that you ask about, compared to the size of the Earth and its oceans, its crust etc. There aren't that many ships on the immense oceans to affect sea level. Compared to the size of the oceans, the world fleet is but a speck. It would be like putting a cork in swimming pool, the rise of the water would be impossible to even measure. Look up the number of ships word wide. As for artillery affecting the Earth's crust enough to impact earthquakes, again it's a matter of scale. The bombs in WWI each affected a relatively small area. Yes, there were many, but look at the regions they affected, say in France and Germany for example, there are very few earthquakes in those countries. The dropping of the bombs did cause shaking, but again, the scale over all, although they affected people, local vegetation and wildlife, would not have impacted the Earth's thick crust. I hope this makes sense. It is only my opinion. Take care! Cheers.
Hey! You leave Lystrosaurus alone! Our ancestors probably benefitted from their burrows. They even found animals taking shelter in their burrows with them, whether they were in there sheltering together or one died and another took shelter not clear, but still, I think of them as the capybaras of the PTE and early Triassic.
The answer is at about 32 minutes. Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, some animals return. -> Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, fewer animals return. Repeat until 99% of terrestrial animals don't return.
This cataclysm is documented in historic records, in different languages by people more than 16,000 km apart, who tell us the exact date that dozens of supervolcanoes erupted in North America as thousands of smaller volcanoes erupted across four continents - these reports were then corroborated in Russian, French, etc., by those who observed the on-going horror which included some of those volcanoes erupting for decades - since we have the exact date that this occurred, and since we know the names of the dozens of supervolcanoes that erupted, theories about this destruction are unnecessary.
@@oidipositas A tiny fraction of these hundreds of historic documents include reports in the captain's logs from the sailing ships going back hundreds of years - I suggest you begin with those and in particular study everything the captain's had to say about the Antarctic Circle and anything and everything they say about the regions south of the Antarctic Circle - take their words exactly as they wrote them which means you'd need to disregard the idiotic timeline from the ice cores, you'd have to toss out the timeline for the Antarctic Mountains which the idiotic geologists swear by and you'd have to toss out everything the fake experts tell us about the South Pole - that will be an excellent introduction to how the historic documents expose the unintelligent fake experts on parade as a pack of insane imbeciles.
That's pretty much true of ANY emergency/disaster situation, be it a terrorist attack, nuclear detonation, volcanic or earthquake event, flood, fire, etc. The event triggers extremely dangerous conditions that kills many individuals and poses grave risk of death to virtually all, particularly those closest to the event. The goal is to take whatever steps are necessary to protect oneself (and others) and survive the immediate situation. The longer one survives, the better one's chances are of surviving the entire event or situation... surviving the first hour is the riskiest, but surviving it gives one immeasurably better chances. Surviving the first day is slightly easier, but gives one much better chances of overall survival still. Surviving the first week again greatly increases one's chances of surviving the situation, surviving the first month and then year continue to improve one's chances commensurately. This isn't to say there aren't casualties, as there always are, and usually in larger amounts the closer in time to the original events. It's still quite possible to survive the initial events and succumb to consequences or circumstances later on, but ones odds are definitely improving over time. The same is probably true for extinction events-- those who survive the initial disastrous conditions have better chances, but it depends on the frequency and severity of follow-on consequences or "fallout" or "aftershock" type events which follow the original events that precipitated the disaster to begin with. Later! OL J R :)
Not really, the terrorist attack would have to be what's called a 'Complex attack' which isn't the most common type of attack even though Security Forces are always cautious of the possibility of an attack being a complex attack. Even if it is not necessarily a rapid complex attack like at the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania where a distraction explosion was set off to cause people to run to the side of the building that was the real target the security forces don't know that at the time and it could be a delayed complex attack and not a rapid but still a complex attack. Many times terrorist attacks are low intensity simple attacks, so more like a single bomb at a club. Something like 911 was a very high intensity very complex attack. So my point is that in most terrorist attacks it's a simple attacks, single bomb or shootings, and of course there is safety fallout for the people in the attack but not really for post attack bystanders, EMS or the broader public. Statistically you are vastly more likely to be killed driving a car than in a terrorist attack, a plane wreck or a shark attack, oddly cars are even more dangerous than gun violence, but in the US at least, things like congestive heart failure are leading causes of death. As far as fallout goes, yeah, there is usually some residual effect on surviving victims of traumatic events from mental or physical issues or even death. But with extinctions were not talking about individuals, were talking about species, genera, families (in the taxonomic sense), orders and entire clades.
I know this seems like knit-picking, but at 6:00, the Gorgonopsid is a Therapsid but I do believe that the animal the Gorgonopsid is hunting is a type of anaspid or turtle relative maybe related to Scutosaurus. Sorry, seems nerdy, carry on.
I think you are confusing the word theory in layperson speech, with hypothesis. Anything we put forward is a hypothesis until it becomes so thoroughly tested and supported it gains the impressive title of theory.
When he was finished and asked the question...does anyone have any questions, I smiled because I was thinking...yeah, could you repeat everything you just said...lol
I think before anyone starts panicking about global warming some things need to be put into perspective. Based on what I've found the estimated CO2 concentration before the Industrial Revolution was 280ppm, today it's at 415ppm. Thomas Evans said when the Permian started CO2 was 3 or 4x (28:45) what it is today, so that would put it at roughly 1200ppm. Increasing it to 30x what it is today would put it at more than 12,000ppm. In other words it took us 200 years to raise it by 135ppm. Sure it's increasing faster now thanks mostly to China, but it's still nowhere near as high as it was even at the beginning of the Permian. As long as we don't have feel good Greenpeace poverty inducing energy policies and instead have plans that are for adults, we'll be mostly off fossil fuels by the time this century is out.
While we have only increased by by ~150 ppm, keep in mind you are assuming effects are linear (i.e., 1 ppm increase produces some small temperature change which is constant); there is no reason to expect this. As temperatures go up, it gets harder and harder to get warmer, but also it causes certain effects to speed up at different points. For instance, as temperatures initially warm ice will melt, ice is a critical reflector of sunlight, without it we warm faster, but ultimately after all the ice melts we are warming as quickly as we can without this effect so it could, per CO2 ppm, not increase as rapidly. Without getting too high on the soapbox, there is no time to panic because so much needs to be done to avert disaster. Also to take note that by the time the earth reached that 1200 ppm value we are starting to talk about extinction of most metazoan life (~95%), so somewhere between that and prior to the industrial revolution lies where we are at. We have to live on this earth, loss of large portions of the living organisms will greatly increase human suffering and cause mass human mortality.
The problem with visualizing climate change is the effects all happen later... from the industrial revolution to today we increased the temperature 1.5 degrees... but that’s not based on today’s 415ppm co2. The cycle takes time to effect the environment. Our current levels of carbon output have a committed warming of 2 degrees over the next 40 years or so. Stopping all emissions today will not stop that. We are locked in. 2 degrees is a lot. It’s enough to effect crops. So total counting what we already have and what’s coming, humans are looking at a 2 degree change now... but we are not stopping. We are looking at 500ppm within a decade or two. We still won’t be at the full effects of in only ten to twenty years of our committed warming from the 400ppm. People will look around and say what change? 500ppm is a committed warming of 3 degrees. But that’s also 40 years out... then we get into the methane danger zone. Methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas then carbon. Millions of tons of it exist frozen on the ocean floors. It’s very unstable. A small temperature change can release it back to gaseous form. If we warm to ocean three degrees we start losing methane hydrates... the consensus on the models are not there yet but about 3 degrees is the idea... if we do that we start a positive feedback loop were released methane warms the planet releasing more methane and so on... no human help needed after that. Sadly people only see what’s in front of them today. Hopefully we will see enough effects to motivate us to change before we reach a tipping point. We shall see.
@@thomasevans3387 Ok, there's a few points so for readability I'm going to list them in no particular order. 1.) Why would it cause the extinction of 95% of metazoan life now when it didn't back then? 2.) Hasn't the science been saying for years now that we're past the tipping point anyway? 3.) If the environmentalist movement were serious about climate change the first thing they would have done was lobby to replace fossil fuels for electricity generation with nuclear power, which would have made a meaningful difference. Had they done this we would have been able to make the transition by now in the advanced countries and help the developing countries. Instead what do we get? Massive amounts of toxic waste for far less energy and, surprise! More fossil fuels for electricity! Not only that the poorer people in Europe are being badly hurt by this stupidity, all to redistribute their wealth into the hands of the 1%. 4.) My whole life I've heard nothing but endless doomsday scenarios from you guys, and even before I was born it's been nothing but failed prophecy after failed prophecy. First there was supposed to be catastrophic famines because of over population, which never materialized. Then we were supposed to be going into an ice ace, which never materialized. Then the Maldives was supposed to be underwater by the year 2000, didn't happen and in fact they are building another airport. Then there were all the failed predictions on an Inconvenient Truth. So please stop the hysteria, I've heard it all before and it's embarrassing. 5.) If we're so worried about Florida, etc being underwater then how come the High Priests of Doom like Al Gore keep buying expensive property by the ocean? Barack Obama spent 8 years telling us to "live with less" and that the sea levels were going to destroy us. What did he do when he got out of office? Buy a $14 million mansion on the ocean. Clearly these people aren't as worried as they are telling us to be. So why should we be so worried? www.worldpropertyjournal.com/featured-columnists/celebrity-homes-column-al-gore-tipper-gore-oprah-winfrey-michael-douglas-christopher-lloyd-fred-couples-nicolas-cage-peter-reckell-kelly-moneymaker-2525.php 6.) Then of course there's the idea that "someone else" should do the sacrificing. Leonardo DiCaprio flies private jets to accept environmentalist awards, telling everyone else to live with less. Give me a break, this is about power and control. Is this really the future you want, where the rich and powerful lord over us from their mega mansions, fly on airplanes, and eat beef while the rest of us are packed into a microapartments, puttering around on broken down bicycles, and eating bugs? 7.) Ever notice how environmentalists like Greta Thunberg have NOTHING to say about China, even though their CO2 emissions vastly exceed ours? Or how they have nothing to say about China sweeping our oceans of fish? Or how they having nothing to say about China being the origin of most of the plastic crap in the ocean? Or China dumping toxic waste to such an extent they have "cancer villages"? 8.) And of course who could forget Tom Steyer who, while championing Obama's "war on coal" invested hugely in coal power plants and coal mines. This more than anything else should prove the extent to which ESG is just a scam. Read it and weep. www.huffpost.com/entry/prominent-environmentalis_n_5559010
Watched this whole video great information but I’m personally not a catastrophists theory guy. It’s all about the food when one food chain goes the whole lot will follow. Personally I feel as if you already assume this but have to preach as if food will never run out.
I'm if you looked forever and got lucky enough, you'd find a fossil or two from those layers when mostly everything had gone extinct, which would be really valuable info because that fossil could give us a glimpse at what exactly it took to survive this extinction. So much life I'd love to see fossils of from a time like that, besides the few mollusks. Like the few surviving forms that were able to radiate out and evolve into all of the life we see today
Its impossible. The Solar system itself hasnt been formed for enough time as it would take for a few organisms to evolve into what we see on Earth today, let alone the time since the Earth cooled after formation. Evolution does not explain speciation. It explains incremental change over time. Thats it, nothing more. Science itself has been hijacked, and turned into a religion. Its "priests" make ludicrous claims, without actual evidence, and demands everyone to accept those claims completely on faith. Darwin himself questioned numerous aspects of the hypothesis(which is all it actually is), because he was actually interested in the truth. Just like every other human institution, Science has become corrupted, Dogma has been introduced, and it isnt in the business of finding the Truth.
@@carllennen3520 yep, anyone who denies that science has been corrupted must be reminded that humans are corruptible and scientists are merely human. Then for specifics point them to the disaster that has befallen peer review process (or as scientists who sounded the alarm a decade ago said, pal review) and add to that. Scientists are paid upon publication, publications are hidden by pay walls (even drug clinical trials!) and what most people perceive to be science is in fact publications PRE pal review. Finally, publishing certain studies with specific findings is a BIG business. Not just billions, but trillions of dollars on the line.
@@TheBelrick Of course. "Science" is 40% of Government expenditure. Prepaid conclusions, paid out through "research grants" is how academia is subsidized. If they want the spigot to stay open, they have to provide what they where paid for. For some reason, people can accept that "experts" funded by private companies are obviously biased, and any claim made must be looked at with skepticism, but if the Government is the entity paying for it, it must be gospel. The Government would never lie. They are both playing the same con. Governments are just entities made up of people, no different than companies. Their structure is the same, the only difference is who gets to control the military. This concept is not so complex that the average person couldnt understand it.
Are there issues from inbreeding within species that only had 2 individuals left? Do those species eventually die out or can they live with the defects? I guess it's case-by-case.
Great job, a perfect way to tell that story. Q: any research on the geologic reason for the Siberian traps; and other than the mini version in eastern WA and OR state, are there other examples, or places where it could happen again. Would be a cool thing to watch... :-)
I just read a real interesting theory a few years ago by Daniel Rothman from MIT.He argues the arithmetic of just volcanoes for the levels of carbon dioxide just doesn't add up. Thats why he gives reasons like a possible Gamma Ray Burst or a Microbe could of also had a huge hand in the great dying along with the Siberian Traps. It was a interesting theory to say the least. Talking about Gamma Ray Burst I see a lot more people in the corner of thats what caused the Ordovician Extinction. You think thats possible ? By the way I really enjoy you videos and I am learning a lot Thanks ; )
+E VT The Great Dying, I realized I was not clear enough about this in the lecture, is probably the result of massive volcanic eruptions of material with high volumes of CO2, about the same time as huge methane releases. These combined efforts rapidly increased world temperatures, but happened in bursts. There appeared to multiple times when life tried to recover before another massive eruption further heated the planet.
+Thomas Evans You were very clear you also hinted at something else in the video coinciding with the traps. This was the 2nd video now I have watched by you and I look so forward to the rest.I really enjoy your teaching style, you are so fantastic at teaching and putting scientific things into layman's terms so it appeals to the average student/person, and I like the way you interact with your students. I wish I had more professors and teachers like you. Again thanks so much for uploading these and I look forward to the rest and hopefully more in the future.
I assume the next event could be designated GD2, because as far as I can see, that is the fate of the Cenozoic. Sadly, there won't be "anyone" left to designate it. Well done, hoomans.
It's a shame that we have knowledge of all this history and can see all these fossils and know how the universe works but we'll be the only ones ever to do it almost feels as if it's going to waste but you never know
There is a vast difference in the scale between volcanism caused by plate tectonics and large igneous provinces (mantle plumes). Although the instructor does his best to explain the event(s) that transformed 99% of life on earth to a dead state from a living state, it is difficult for a young human mind to understand. A better visual understanding of what the instructor describes between 16:00-20:00, is explained in the first five-minutes of the first video short below. Magma Plumes Explained th-cam.com/video/NrbdYcNTo7Y/w-d-xo.html Flood Volcanism Explained th-cam.com/video/st_2C_Wrw4A/w-d-xo.html
"... difficult for a young human mind to understand"??? Seriousky??? Lol How condescending... No wonder young people get frustrated with older folks... I'm 62, I would never assume someone younger than me couldn't understand something.
1980s an article was listed. It showed a second core or mass next to the earth's core. How long will this take to surface is anyone guess. Found by seismic waves from nuclear detonations.
Are there animals or plants that are both heat and cold tolerant? How many? And could the ascetic environment have driven squid type creatures to lose their shells?
Species able to survive a wide range of conditions are called generalists. The exact number would depend on your definition of generalist. Squids probably lost their shells to help them compete with fish swimming. You can look that up on PBS Eons!
Your discussion on the differences between a meandering stream and a braided stream are wrong. Braided happens on a steep hillside on a river with a high sediment load. Meandering streams occur on flat ground.
Braided can happen on low degrees of incline if the plane is sediment Edit: search "Braided streams on a fan delta", University of Colorado Boulder [sic]
No. Fully aquatic means in the water and has to remain there. No birds are fully aquatic, and no birds ever have been fully aquatic so far as I am aware. The only currently extant fully aquatic reptiles are some sea snakes. They actually cannot move about on land and are thus obliged to stay in the water. Even sea turtles are not fully aquatic as they come ashore to lay eggs. Other extant fully aquatic non-fish vertebrates are the whales. Extinct reptiles which were fully aquatic included the Icythyosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Pilosaurs and Mosasaurs. All of them could not come onto land, as if they did they would die.
you got a lot of things wrong, the Siberian traps where do to a deep mantle plumb and not subduction of plates. their where two main pulses. the first formed a thick layer on top of Siberia but the second pulse had to move horizontally to escape to the surface. this allowed it to collect carbon by cooking carbon rich rocks and coal/oil deposits. when it finally reached the surface is when we saw the biggest spike in GHG.
it doesent matter his thing was not to lecture about geology only to point out the eruptions is what did the extinction not every micro detail about the eruptions. he also said things were pulling apart. actually the eruptions were fissures not necessarily thousands of cone shaped volcanoes.
At 23:00, I don't remember much controversy about ozone. There weren't that many years between discovering the connection between fluorocarbons and the depletion of the ozone layer above the Antarctic. Just from memory I feel like it was less than decade before the United States started restricting the use of those chemicals. I think it was a remarkably fast response. I don't see how practically the United States could have done much better. Now there are other countries in the world that took many decades before they decided to do anything about the issue. And it wouldn't surprise me if there are places right now where substantial fluorocarbon emissions are still occurring.
@@whatabouttheearth It's a more difficult problem than restricting a chemical for which we had reasonable substitutes. For an empirical demonstration of just how difficult it is, I will note that global CO2 emissions are still increasing. And also that the list of countries which are increasing their CO2 emissions is much longer than those that are decreasing them.
@@mmandrewa2397 Well yeah, because CFCs were a specific problem and are not GHGs caused by anthropogenic release such as with fossil fuels or feedback loops caused or exacerbated by that release. Including the Carbon Monoxide our cars release (while increasing GHGs) which is poisonous.
@@whatabouttheearth Is carbon monoxide a greenhouse gas? Other than people being poisoned by it when concentrations get too high -- because it binds to red blood cells and thus blocks oxygen uptake and thus suffocates people (I think that's what happens), I rarely hear about carbon monoxide.
Hmmm so I was under the impression that 360 m years ago is when trees first appeared and that it took 60 m years for bacteria to work out how to break down the lignin in those trees and that that is why coal appears worldwide in the 360 -> 300 m strata. This would seem to contradict that though...?
I was expecting a billion voices to cry out and suddenly be silenced.
No ! The ocean is boss..70% of surface areas! , What of the Manta rays an manitees ?
Lmao 66 likes
Same. Title made it seem like they would replicate the sounds of horror during the Permian by playing the rock layers like a record player.
This isn’t warhammer 40k.
It’s Earth, not Alderaan.
I think. 😂
When I read "with sound" I thought I'd hear the sound of dying🤣
Me too .
Yea, was curious to see what that could be.
it would sound like BOOOOOM!! AAAAAHHH AAHH AAHH (those are the dyin sounds) ahhh aahhh !
so it isn't?
I'm quite disappointed. When I saw the strata, I was expecting the camera to pan across strata with the sounds of death and dying associated with each layer.
The students are asking some really pointed questions. Kudos.
Except the girl who had to ask what the other period after the permian was when it's right in front of her...lol
@@missmarasmenstrualmuffmunc2085
There are no dumb questions.
At least she asked.
@@abelis644 a dumb question is one you could have answered yourself
not a value judgment, just a fact
(and if its not a fact, why do we test?)
@Cody Allen You may blow that right out of your backside.
I have no time to tip toe through the tulips with peoples feelings
YOUR FEELINGS ARE YOUR PROBLEM
Hey I just want to let you know I've been listening to lectures for years. You give lectures at a professional level. The way you speak and explain everything is really top notch. I really like your work.
Edit: a word.
Thank you, glad you enjoyed them. I keep saying this, and I hope it is true, fall of 2019 I am hopeful that I will be able to do more courses and post the lectures here.
Great lecture, lots of information!!! Thank you so much!
( I'm from Europe, we built a house on permian "desert" (which is very Bordeaux red, and yes, no fossils - a few years ago together with a Japanese scientist they found a bacteria and our mayer threw a celebration 😃 and built signs and all) right on the triassic border and I've always wanted to know all about it)
When the volcanos actually start demanding sacrefice.......
3,300 years ago, Aris the Barbarian.
this is the type of material
television and radio should have broadcast from day one
it makes me sad to think about
I don't know why I expected footage of the great dying with sound
Really enjoyed this video. Very informative, packed with many supportive diagrams and enough time to digest the
contents. Many thanks, Robert.
Very good instructor, but at some point, I afraid, he is going to repeat global warming propaganda, and I can't stand that. Better leaving.
@@seanleith5312
Propaganda... right... smdh
@@seanleith5312 Avoid learning something you might disagree with.
Some people wonder if it is possible to wipe out vertebrate life. I think we can do it ! We're #1 USA USA USA USA
But isn't China the leading contributor? And currently threatening to stop their tiny efforts if the U. S. Isn't nice to them?
Are you a ccp troll?
@@emilyhofland8219 ......no.
@@-OokySpooky- well that's strange. Cause John Oliver was sure talking about it.
Thank you for posting this. Very interesting and informative. Well-done!
Really enjoy these videos thanks. Always been interested in the Permian extinction, the main theory I've heard is that the Siberian Traps eruptions warmed the climate so much that they triggered a massive methane release from the oceans which in turn warmed the climate even more, which then scorched and nearly wiped out all life on land and sea. If you think about it that seems plausible, no doubt there would have been massive methane resovoirs left over from the huge plant matter depositions from the Carboniferous, like a fuse waiting to be ignited. But lately, I'm beginning to wonder if something other than the Siberian Traps & methane releases was at work. Perhaps a gamma ray burst or nearby supernova, I just have this feeling that more was at play causing the extinction.
Siberian Traps likely triggered end-Permian mass extinction:
th-cam.com/video/PNs9U4qVOII/w-d-xo.html
I have recently heard that only did the siberian traps occur but they erupted through Cambrian coal deposits that ignited and also released their CO2 and mercury into the atmosphere. Both adding to and driving the mass extinction event.
The siberian traps were not just a massive eruption of few days week. But they erupted with few breaks for around 500.000 years. So thats a loooooong time.
Ask Ben Davidson.
I just found your channel and already am finding your lectures fascinating. I am learning so much! Thank you for posting these.
Now a lecture on the Deccan Traps and the effect those had on our Earth and evolution! Very well presented, thanks
Fantastic work, I already watched this lecture three times along the years.
soon the entire human history will be a little narrow stripe in the sediments.
Most likely - since a lot of humans ( 90% ) are just biological replicators that thinks they are"special" because they can talk.
i dont know dude we will probably leave quite a radioactive layer
A PFAS layer probably. Isotopes will decay...
Marked near the very top by discarded surgical masks
@@pauldinkmeyer2712 and future scientists will look at that layer of discarded masks and state "fear drove this species into extinction. They surrendered liberty for false security"
Great video - and I have that book "When Life Nearly Died"! Brilliant - and really readable for a layman.
I literally thought that I was about to hear the sound of many things dying, glad that I instead received a lesson on the Permian extinction event. I was indeed curious tho
Wow. This was posted five years ago, and I just found it. Good show.
Very intresting for 5 years ago! Learning about the Great Dying is fun
This is amazing, glad i have insomnia tonight.
We should mention, that the survival of some synasids was quite somewhat important for us :-)
Indeed it was!
Brilliant! You're a hugely valuable resource. Many thanks. (my writing coach said never use exclamation points but in this case, it's a must)
Now I see why they never made a “Triassic Park” movie.
You cracked me up.
"Triassic Park! The Movie":
🦗🦗🦗 minus the 🦗🦗🦗
🤣
I really like your channel and look forward to your new videos.
Expectation: Screaming animals dying in fire and toxic air
Reality: A highly informative description of the permian extinction
I'm not even mad
There is a slight misconception about the VEI measurement though, but a very common one even among scientists: VEI only really applies to volcanic explosions, not to effusive eruptions in general.
It is always tempting and very intuitive to only measure the volume of lava and scale it on the VEI, but this doesn't really work - the actual VEI measurement takes account of the height of the ash columns, which makes little sense with a LIP accounting a very long period of mixed eruptions, mostly effusive.
We need a new intuitive and potentially popular index for volcanic eruptions ^^' Now I understand that using the VEI reference that way makes it a very good vulgarization tool, but then the vast majority of people have the wrong idea about what the VEI measurement actually is.
Excelente presentación amigo Tomas...Saludos desde Kitu-Ecuador
So cool how ancient this planet is. Its like a life simulator. I wonder what crazy alien organisms live and die without fossil record trace. Earths big secret 🤫
We may find out soon enough, at least on Mars. If life existed on Mars we may get to see fossils of another life in our lifetimes.
It sounds as if the Great Dying turned Botany and Zoology from full time studies and lifelong learning and not even getting a glimpse into a summer course.
As our own weather starts to manifest new extremes, I'm getting a fresh perspective on The Great Dying. It's not just really hot with acid rain caustic enough to damage eyes and maybe even skin. Weather extremes like we're just starting to see, but far worse, would be augmented by the volcanic gases and metals emitted by flood basalt eruptions or leeched out of the ground by acid rain.
Imagime severe acid rain and flood events and hurricanes. Or, during droughts, firenadoes kicking up heavy metals, sulfur and chlorine like the chemical weapons of WWI turned into weather bombs. Mudflows and landslides and boulder storms like the one that hit Montecito, California about 5 years ago (look up the YT video "The Night it Rained Boulders") would be common... I seem to recall one bit of research that all the rivers on Earth seem to have reverted to their pre-vegetation state, losing their meanders and charging downhill in boulder-filled ravines in a straight line. And ponds, lakes and marshes would be sour, stinking, and often poisonous, since hot standing water tends to lose its oxygen and become fit only for anoxic bacteria.
it really is amazing that anything (especially plants) survived.
If you are a geologist looking for material to create a new mass extinction today, skip about 6 million years ahead of the Permian Mass extinction to find those materials.
👏😄 It was interesting, informative, and entertaining.
Very nice to listen to, you have a fun way of presenting. Hope you have more of these lectures on YT!
I can only wonder what The Great Dying without sound would be like.
Stumbled upon this awesome video. funny how my brain works at 2am. By the way, would you consider the Siberian Trap and the Canadian Shield as one body of lava?
I am glad you enjoyed it. The Canadian Shield is primarily Precambrian, and is therefore very, very old, while the Siberian Trap is composed of materials from the PT onward. Both have some similarities but were not deposited by the same event.
:) reading this at midnight. Only started but it seems like a gem.
Why has this geology lecture from 5 years ago been recommended to me?
Comments, when many people comment the video moves back up on the algorithm search tool.
39:15 That cartoon with the fish standing outside there bowl that is caught on fire. I remember that cartoon from 25 years ago. And it was called "The "Farside." A very funny comic strip.
11:50 "If you were to stand on the terrestrial surface of the Earth just after the Permian-Triassic extinction, what you would largely see would look something like the Moon- it would just be bedrock, it would be exposed, there would be large boulders, probably not much in the way of sediment, certainly not much in terms of plant life if anything there might be some green stuff on top of things, and you might see some insect life some places."
Nah, it probably looks like an area near an active volcano. A lot of small plant life and small animals
We have good evidence large chunks of the earth became barren wastelands. Erosion from storms seemed to have regularly moved boulders as large as cars, which suggests little to no surface vegetation and flash flooding. While not all life died, certainly large tracks of the earth became inhospitable. Life did recover of course, and if you had moved towards the poles things would not have been as bad. But walking around the center of the continent would have been very dangerous from the high heat, and you might never have seen a living animal as you did.
@@thomasevans3387 According to some documentary I watched, the ocean would have turned pink as a result of the anaerobic conditions. So you would have the Earth with pink oceans, if seen from space. Not a speck of green, since all the forests have burned up, and the ground, almost all over would be red due to oxidation of iron. Red and dead like the surface of Mars, and then with a huge ocean of lava on top of that. Is this a fair picture of the Earth ca. 250 million years ago?
Dude, you need to make some more videos
The global temperature was not very warm yet at the end of the permian. The whole following meszoic, (Trias, Jurassic, Cretaceous) was way warmer. The reason for this change was Antarctica moving away from the south pole. It is wrong that there is less ice because it is globally warmer. It is the other way round: No continental mass at the southpole results in no extended ice caps (Antarctica), which means less ice albedo. Antarctica moved back to the southpole at the end the Cretaceous and this why we are in the quaterian ice age, today.
Thank you! Someone gets it. Climate models are based excluding continental drift in relation to the poles. As if the continents don't drift or even disappear due to subduction... Taking polar evidence with them....
@@coreym162 Thank you! When i talked about this on 'SkepticalScience'. they told me that this is wrong because ice will build as shelf ice on water.. As if shelf ice is not a result of continental ice in the first place.. The climate models. Actualy the coolest ones like the russian INMC series do meet the observations, they just ignore this irrationaly as in: "All models are equal". As much as they ignore that 1,5°C is actually the lowest threshold of all aprehensions.
What a great set of strata there! I'm in New Zealand and with us being a very young country geologically, there isn't much at all of Permian-Triassic age or older. Makes me envious of the UK where there are **loads** of rocks of that age!
makes me sad too. We can find a few million year old sharks teeth or whale vertebrae or large crabs or oooh molluscs. That's about it.
Imagine living in the Netherlands were hardly anything older than the before-last glacial reaches the surface.
Luckily, it's not a long ride to Spain or Italy were they have loads of older rocks to be found due to ancient mountain ranges and uplifting of former Tethys sea bottoms
Below the waves you have old rocks
The chart @14:20 made me realize how screwed humanity is should a truly catastrophic event like this happen.
So to survive the surface of the Earth at that point in time requires the following:
The ability to supply your own energy (food), water, and oxygen for 1-1000+ years?
We'd be boned. The only surviving that is being a microorganism(....maybe @24:23) or not being on the planet.
Also it's a very great chart, like the rest of the video.
Human civilization as we know it would be destroyed, but we are probably the large complex species that has the best odds of surviving because we are intelligent and tool using. We have the ability to intentionally adapt and to construct and modify our environment in ways no other species does.
meaningless. we live 100 years or so--there is no connection or need to be concerned if humans survive--we likely shouldnt. it makes no difference to a person what might happen if an asteroid hits in 200 years and wipes EVERYTHING out including microbes.
You talked about fungal spores and what I was wondering if yeast had evolved yet.
Not a fungus expert at all, it would surprise me if those groups were not around at this point. I will say of course there was no such thing as wheat yet, that would be millions of years in the future. So if you are thinking could I bake bread if I was there, than the answer is not like you expect.
I'm a microbiologist most fungus that lives in the soil have multiple states mycelia, asexual yeast, and complex sexual form like mushrooms many each given diff. name before new methods like sequencing . Most likely single cell yeast form evolved first
Spores are part of the sexual cycle
@@thomasevans3387 I have a couple things if you could clarify my first is with all the ships and everything else that goes into bodies of water do you think with the water being displaced and rise if it does do you think that it adds to the ice melting and the other thing is the world wars especially the first world war with all the artillery bombardment what impact does that have on the geology like the ground being compacted does it have an impact on earthquakes etc...
@@robertcolajezzi5273
If I may, your questions are awesome.
I think you need to look at the scale of both issues that you ask about, compared to the size of the Earth and its oceans, its crust etc.
There aren't that many ships on the immense oceans to affect sea level.
Compared to the size of the oceans, the world fleet is but a speck.
It would be like putting a cork in swimming pool, the rise of the water would be impossible to even measure.
Look up the number of ships word wide.
As for artillery affecting the Earth's crust enough to impact earthquakes, again it's a matter of scale.
The bombs in WWI each affected a relatively small area. Yes, there were many, but look at the regions they affected, say in France and Germany for example, there are very few earthquakes in those countries.
The dropping of the bombs did cause shaking, but again, the scale over all, although they affected people, local vegetation and wildlife, would not have impacted the Earth's thick crust.
I hope this makes sense. It is only my opinion.
Take care!
Cheers.
Amazing, nature is metal!!
From "with sound" I was expecting a lot more screaming
Hey! You leave Lystrosaurus alone! Our ancestors probably benefitted from their burrows. They even found animals taking shelter in their burrows with them, whether they were in there sheltering together or one died and another took shelter not clear, but still, I think of them as the capybaras of the PTE and early Triassic.
Very interesting conference. You’re bringing in many new infos and interpretations. Very interesting, indeed. 👍
Geologist: 1000 of volcanoes goes of at the same time!
Me: define "same time".
The answer is at about 32 minutes. Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, some animals return. -> Volcanoes, much death. -> No volcanoes, fewer animals return. Repeat until 99% of terrestrial animals don't return.
This cataclysm is documented in historic records, in different languages by people more than 16,000 km apart, who tell us the exact date that dozens of supervolcanoes erupted in North America as thousands of smaller volcanoes erupted across four continents - these reports were then corroborated in Russian, French, etc., by those who observed the on-going horror which included some of those volcanoes erupting for decades - since we have the exact date that this occurred, and since we know the names of the dozens of supervolcanoes that erupted, theories about this destruction are unnecessary.
@@WhirledPublishing Really? Historic records?
@@oidipositas A tiny fraction of these hundreds of historic documents include reports in the captain's logs from the sailing ships going back hundreds of years - I suggest you begin with those and in particular study everything the captain's had to say about the Antarctic Circle and anything and everything they say about the regions south of the Antarctic Circle - take their words exactly as they wrote them which means you'd need to disregard the idiotic timeline from the ice cores, you'd have to toss out the timeline for the Antarctic Mountains which the idiotic geologists swear by and you'd have to toss out everything the fake experts tell us about the South Pole - that will be an excellent introduction to how the historic documents expose the unintelligent fake experts on parade as a pack of insane imbeciles.
@@WhirledPublishing Ok buster... is it ok if i say hard pass on crasy?
That's pretty much true of ANY emergency/disaster situation, be it a terrorist attack, nuclear detonation, volcanic or earthquake event, flood, fire, etc. The event triggers extremely dangerous conditions that kills many individuals and poses grave risk of death to virtually all, particularly those closest to the event. The goal is to take whatever steps are necessary to protect oneself (and others) and survive the immediate situation. The longer one survives, the better one's chances are of surviving the entire event or situation... surviving the first hour is the riskiest, but surviving it gives one immeasurably better chances. Surviving the first day is slightly easier, but gives one much better chances of overall survival still. Surviving the first week again greatly increases one's chances of surviving the situation, surviving the first month and then year continue to improve one's chances commensurately. This isn't to say there aren't casualties, as there always are, and usually in larger amounts the closer in time to the original events. It's still quite possible to survive the initial events and succumb to consequences or circumstances later on, but ones odds are definitely improving over time. The same is probably true for extinction events-- those who survive the initial disastrous conditions have better chances, but it depends on the frequency and severity of follow-on consequences or "fallout" or "aftershock" type events which follow the original events that precipitated the disaster to begin with.
Later! OL J R :)
Not really, the terrorist attack would have to be what's called a 'Complex attack' which isn't the most common type of attack even though Security Forces are always cautious of the possibility of an attack being a complex attack. Even if it is not necessarily a rapid complex attack like at the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania where a distraction explosion was set off to cause people to run to the side of the building that was the real target the security forces don't know that at the time and it could be a delayed complex attack and not a rapid but still a complex attack. Many times terrorist attacks are low intensity simple attacks, so more like a single bomb at a club. Something like 911 was a very high intensity very complex attack.
So my point is that in most terrorist attacks it's a simple attacks, single bomb or shootings, and of course there is safety fallout for the people in the attack but not really for post attack bystanders, EMS or the broader public.
Statistically you are vastly more likely to be killed driving a car than in a terrorist attack, a plane wreck or a shark attack, oddly cars are even more dangerous than gun violence, but in the US at least, things like congestive heart failure are leading causes of death.
As far as fallout goes, yeah, there is usually some residual effect on surviving victims of traumatic events from mental or physical issues or even death. But with extinctions were not talking about individuals, were talking about species, genera, families (in the taxonomic sense), orders and entire clades.
My friend's Dad has The Great Dying in Technicolor if you want to borrow it.
Great video; thanks for posting.
I know this seems like knit-picking, but at 6:00, the Gorgonopsid is a Therapsid but I do believe that the animal the Gorgonopsid is hunting is a type of anaspid or turtle relative maybe related to Scutosaurus. Sorry, seems nerdy, carry on.
frankos rooni oh 🐳 but ok I will next time
poor therapsids, they went from rhino size to dog size.
if only a couple types of molluscs were there but nothing else what did the mollusks as filter feeders subsist on?
Theory. All theory. This is good. Theories give us start points to study.
I think you are confusing the word theory in layperson speech, with hypothesis. Anything we put forward is a hypothesis until it becomes so thoroughly tested and supported it gains the impressive title of theory.
Great video. TY
When he was finished and asked the question...does anyone have any questions, I smiled because I was thinking...yeah, could you repeat everything you just said...lol
About 36:00: Great landscape!
I think before anyone starts panicking about global warming some things need to be put into perspective. Based on what I've found the estimated CO2 concentration before the Industrial Revolution was 280ppm, today it's at 415ppm. Thomas Evans said when the Permian started CO2 was 3 or 4x (28:45) what it is today, so that would put it at roughly 1200ppm. Increasing it to 30x what it is today would put it at more than 12,000ppm.
In other words it took us 200 years to raise it by 135ppm. Sure it's increasing faster now thanks mostly to China, but it's still nowhere near as high as it was even at the beginning of the Permian. As long as we don't have feel good Greenpeace poverty inducing energy policies and instead have plans that are for adults, we'll be mostly off fossil fuels by the time this century is out.
While we have only increased by by ~150 ppm, keep in mind you are assuming effects are linear (i.e., 1 ppm increase produces some small temperature change which is constant); there is no reason to expect this. As temperatures go up, it gets harder and harder to get warmer, but also it causes certain effects to speed up at different points. For instance, as temperatures initially warm ice will melt, ice is a critical reflector of sunlight, without it we warm faster, but ultimately after all the ice melts we are warming as quickly as we can without this effect so it could, per CO2 ppm, not increase as rapidly. Without getting too high on the soapbox, there is no time to panic because so much needs to be done to avert disaster. Also to take note that by the time the earth reached that 1200 ppm value we are starting to talk about extinction of most metazoan life (~95%), so somewhere between that and prior to the industrial revolution lies where we are at. We have to live on this earth, loss of large portions of the living organisms will greatly increase human suffering and cause mass human mortality.
The problem with visualizing climate change is the effects all happen later...
from the industrial revolution to today we increased the temperature 1.5 degrees... but that’s not based on today’s 415ppm co2. The cycle takes time to effect the environment. Our current levels of carbon output have a committed warming of 2 degrees over the next 40 years or so. Stopping all emissions today will not stop that. We are locked in. 2 degrees is a lot. It’s enough to effect crops. So total counting what we already have and what’s coming, humans are looking at a 2 degree change now... but we are not stopping. We are looking at 500ppm within a decade or two. We still won’t be at the full effects of in only ten to twenty years of our committed warming from the 400ppm. People will look around and say what change? 500ppm is a committed warming of 3 degrees. But that’s also 40 years out... then we get into the methane danger zone. Methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas then carbon. Millions of tons of it exist frozen on the ocean floors. It’s very unstable. A small temperature change can release it back to gaseous form. If we warm to ocean three degrees we start losing methane hydrates... the consensus on the models are not there yet but about 3 degrees is the idea... if we do that we start a positive feedback loop were released methane warms the planet releasing more methane and so on... no human help needed after that.
Sadly people only see what’s in front of them today. Hopefully we will see enough effects to motivate us to change before we reach a tipping point. We shall see.
@@thomasevans3387 Ok, there's a few points so for readability I'm going to list them in no particular order.
1.) Why would it cause the extinction of 95% of metazoan life now when it didn't back then?
2.) Hasn't the science been saying for years now that we're past the tipping point anyway?
3.) If the environmentalist movement were serious about climate change the first thing they would have done was lobby to replace fossil fuels for electricity generation with nuclear power, which would have made a meaningful difference. Had they done this we would have been able to make the transition by now in the advanced countries and help the developing countries. Instead what do we get? Massive amounts of toxic waste for far less energy and, surprise! More fossil fuels for electricity! Not only that the poorer people in Europe are being badly hurt by this stupidity, all to redistribute their wealth into the hands of the 1%.
4.) My whole life I've heard nothing but endless doomsday scenarios from you guys, and even before I was born it's been nothing but failed prophecy after failed prophecy. First there was supposed to be catastrophic famines because of over population, which never materialized. Then we were supposed to be going into an ice ace, which never materialized. Then the Maldives was supposed to be underwater by the year 2000, didn't happen and in fact they are building another airport. Then there were all the failed predictions on an Inconvenient Truth. So please stop the hysteria, I've heard it all before and it's embarrassing.
5.) If we're so worried about Florida, etc being underwater then how come the High Priests of Doom like Al Gore keep buying expensive property by the ocean? Barack Obama spent 8 years telling us to "live with less" and that the sea levels were going to destroy us. What did he do when he got out of office? Buy a $14 million mansion on the ocean. Clearly these people aren't as worried as they are telling us to be. So why should we be so worried? www.worldpropertyjournal.com/featured-columnists/celebrity-homes-column-al-gore-tipper-gore-oprah-winfrey-michael-douglas-christopher-lloyd-fred-couples-nicolas-cage-peter-reckell-kelly-moneymaker-2525.php
6.) Then of course there's the idea that "someone else" should do the sacrificing. Leonardo DiCaprio flies private jets to accept environmentalist awards, telling everyone else to live with less. Give me a break, this is about power and control. Is this really the future you want, where the rich and powerful lord over us from their mega mansions, fly on airplanes, and eat beef while the rest of us are packed into a microapartments, puttering around on broken down bicycles, and eating bugs?
7.) Ever notice how environmentalists like Greta Thunberg have NOTHING to say about China, even though their CO2 emissions vastly exceed ours? Or how they have nothing to say about China sweeping our oceans of fish? Or how they having nothing to say about China being the origin of most of the plastic crap in the ocean? Or China dumping toxic waste to such an extent they have "cancer villages"?
8.) And of course who could forget Tom Steyer who, while championing Obama's "war on coal" invested hugely in coal power plants and coal mines. This more than anything else should prove the extent to which ESG is just a scam. Read it and weep. www.huffpost.com/entry/prominent-environmentalis_n_5559010
Watched this whole video great information but I’m personally not a catastrophists theory guy. It’s all about the food when one food chain goes the whole lot will follow. Personally I feel as if you already assume this but have to preach as if food will never run out.
I'm just imagine all those agonizing scream of any living being showed by those hot burning acid rain. Dear Merciful God...
"Dear Merciful God"...
@@osbertsnudge4385 Dear merciful God, thank you for sending acid rain to burn my flesh!
Could they scream?
This is great, thanks (:
I wish I knew about this channel 5 years ago
I'm if you looked forever and got lucky enough, you'd find a fossil or two from those layers when mostly everything had gone extinct, which would be really valuable info because that fossil could give us a glimpse at what exactly it took to survive this extinction. So much life I'd love to see fossils of from a time like that, besides the few mollusks. Like the few surviving forms that were able to radiate out and evolve into all of the life we see today
Its impossible. The Solar system itself hasnt been formed for enough time as it would take for a few organisms to evolve into what we see on Earth today, let alone the time since the Earth cooled after formation.
Evolution does not explain speciation. It explains incremental change over time. Thats it, nothing more.
Science itself has been hijacked, and turned into a religion. Its "priests" make ludicrous claims, without actual evidence, and demands everyone to accept those claims completely on faith.
Darwin himself questioned numerous aspects of the hypothesis(which is all it actually is), because he was actually interested in the truth.
Just like every other human institution, Science has become corrupted, Dogma has been introduced, and it isnt in the business of finding the Truth.
@@carllennen3520 It feels good playing God , its a past of own desire .
@@carllennen3520 yep, anyone who denies that science has been corrupted must be reminded that humans are corruptible and scientists are merely human. Then for specifics point them to the disaster that has befallen peer review process (or as scientists who sounded the alarm a decade ago said, pal review) and add to that. Scientists are paid upon publication, publications are hidden by pay walls (even drug clinical trials!) and what most people perceive to be science is in fact publications PRE pal review.
Finally, publishing certain studies with specific findings is a BIG business. Not just billions, but trillions of dollars on the line.
@@TheBelrick Of course. "Science" is 40% of Government expenditure. Prepaid conclusions, paid out through "research grants" is how academia is subsidized. If they want the spigot to stay open, they have to provide what they where paid for.
For some reason, people can accept that "experts" funded by private companies are obviously biased, and any claim made must be looked at with skepticism, but if the Government is the entity paying for it, it must be gospel. The Government would never lie.
They are both playing the same con. Governments are just entities made up of people, no different than companies. Their structure is the same, the only difference is who gets to control the military.
This concept is not so complex that the average person couldnt understand it.
@@carllennen3520 you hit the nail on the head. Like you said, Scientists are the new priests for the religion of science.
2:40. what are you talking about? the avg. temp was +4 to +8C during the Holocene Thermal Maximum from 4000-8000 years ago.
Are there issues from inbreeding within species that only had 2 individuals left? Do those species eventually die out or can they live with the defects? I guess it's case-by-case.
No defects that's fake how come most animals and people don't have defects even tho there a result of it?
Great job, a perfect way to tell that story. Q: any research on the geologic reason for the Siberian traps; and other than the mini version in eastern WA and OR state, are there other examples, or places where it could happen again. Would be a cool thing to watch... :-)
He mentioned a reason, continental drift, subduction events.
I live on Canada,'s West Coast, we await the next Cascadia event...😬
Completely fascinating. Love it!
What class and institution is the source for this video? Its very good, just wondering.
I just read a real interesting theory a few years ago by Daniel Rothman from MIT.He argues the arithmetic of just volcanoes for the levels of carbon dioxide just doesn't add up. Thats why he gives reasons like a possible Gamma Ray Burst or a Microbe could of also had a huge hand in the great dying along with the Siberian Traps. It was a interesting theory to say the least. Talking about Gamma Ray Burst I see a lot more people in the corner of thats what caused the Ordovician Extinction. You think thats possible ?
By the way I really enjoy you videos and I am learning a lot Thanks ; )
+E VT The Great Dying, I realized I was not clear enough about this in the lecture, is probably the result of massive volcanic eruptions of material with high volumes of CO2, about the same time as huge methane releases. These combined efforts rapidly increased world temperatures, but happened in bursts. There appeared to multiple times when life tried to recover before another massive eruption further heated the planet.
+Thomas Evans You were very clear you also hinted at something else in the video coinciding with the traps. This was the 2nd video now I have watched by you and I look so forward to the rest.I really enjoy your teaching style, you are so fantastic at teaching and putting scientific things into layman's terms so it appeals to the average student/person, and I like the way you interact with your students. I wish I had more professors and teachers like you. Again thanks so much for uploading these and I look forward to the rest and hopefully more in the future.
+E VT Thank you, I appreciate it. I hope you enjoy the rest of the lectures.
Cyanobacteria would have checked the CO2 and Methane too. Unless you block the sun and cook a ton of them...
So are we learning climatology or paleontology?
Both, since you need both to understand past earth.
Good work, first class
It wasn’t a supernova
8.35 - I think that illustration is from the Day Earth Nearly Died.
I assume the next event could be designated GD2, because as far as I can see, that is the fate of the Cenozoic.
Sadly, there won't be "anyone" left to designate it.
Well done, hoomans.
It's a shame that we have knowledge of all this history and can see all these fossils and know how the universe works but we'll be the only ones ever to do it almost feels as if it's going to waste but you never know
Bisakah membedakan zaman sebelum dan sesudah era permain triassic ,jurassic ,holsin dan plestosin ?
There is a vast difference in the scale between volcanism caused by plate tectonics and large igneous provinces (mantle plumes). Although the instructor does his best to explain the event(s) that transformed 99% of life on earth to a dead state from a living state, it is difficult for a young human mind to understand. A better visual understanding of what the instructor describes between 16:00-20:00, is explained in the first five-minutes of the first video short below.
Magma Plumes Explained
th-cam.com/video/NrbdYcNTo7Y/w-d-xo.html
Flood Volcanism Explained
th-cam.com/video/st_2C_Wrw4A/w-d-xo.html
"... difficult for a young human mind to understand"???
Seriousky??? Lol
How condescending...
No wonder young people get frustrated with older folks...
I'm 62, I would never assume someone younger than me couldn't understand something.
The reason we don't find ancient dinosaur fossils from the Sea like the Kraken is because Krakens never die.
Ah, yes, the time when Pennsylvania (my native State) butted up against Morocco, who have common rock formations,
and South Jersey had to wait.
I have a question! I have a question!🖐️🖐️
Thank you for telling the truth. People wont live in these places at this time, unless underground.
Dear life, I actually hadn't finished forming the crust, you began prematurely. sincere apologies; The Earth.
1980s an article was listed. It showed a second core or mass next to the earth's core. How long will this take to surface is anyone guess. Found by seismic waves from nuclear detonations.
5:00 Dude looks like he's about to tell a whopper dad joke.
Would not have been as interesting without sound.
What was the sun doing during this time?
My only question is what's with the 'nitch'?
I was there. It wasn't THAT bad!
ha, ha, ha,
@@loginlava Mammals RULE!
So what did you die of?
Really 95% went extinct that's not bad, would 100% be bad enough?
Are there animals or plants that are both heat and cold tolerant? How many? And could the ascetic environment have driven squid type creatures to lose their shells?
Species able to survive a wide range of conditions are called generalists. The exact number would depend on your definition of generalist. Squids probably lost their shells to help them compete with fish swimming. You can look that up on PBS Eons!
What caused that thin layer of white rock at the boundary? I guess my question is, why is it that color in that thin layer at the boundary?
You need a geologist to answer this question.
Your discussion on the differences between a meandering stream and a braided stream are wrong.
Braided happens on a steep hillside on a river with a high sediment load.
Meandering streams occur on flat ground.
Braided can happen on low degrees of incline if the plane is sediment
Edit: search "Braided streams on a fan delta", University of Colorado Boulder [sic]
In colour too.
Wasn't Hesperornis a fully aquatic dinosaur or was he just a semiaquatic litoral animal?
He presumably means non-avian dinosaurs.
No. Fully aquatic means in the water and has to remain there. No birds are fully aquatic, and no birds ever have been fully aquatic so far as I am aware.
The only currently extant fully aquatic reptiles are some sea snakes. They actually cannot move about on land and are thus obliged to stay in the water. Even sea turtles are not fully aquatic as they come ashore to lay eggs. Other extant fully aquatic non-fish vertebrates are the whales.
Extinct reptiles which were fully aquatic included the Icythyosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Pilosaurs and Mosasaurs. All of them could not come onto land, as if they did they would die.
@@davidpnewton Just was online and instantaneously got your reply - thanks a lot!
Very useful!!
you got a lot of things wrong, the Siberian traps where do to a deep mantle plumb and not subduction of plates. their where two main pulses. the first formed a thick layer on top of Siberia but the second pulse had to move horizontally to escape to the surface. this allowed it to collect carbon by cooking carbon rich rocks and coal/oil deposits. when it finally reached the surface is when we saw the biggest spike in GHG.
it doesent matter his thing was not to lecture about geology only to point out the eruptions is what did the extinction not every micro detail about the eruptions. he also said things were pulling apart. actually the eruptions were fissures not necessarily thousands of cone shaped volcanoes.
Now I understand Yellowstone and global warming it's nothing we can control
Good job my man
At 23:00, I don't remember much controversy about ozone. There weren't that many years between discovering the connection between fluorocarbons and the depletion of the ozone layer above the Antarctic. Just from memory I feel like it was less than decade before the United States started restricting the use of those chemicals. I think it was a remarkably fast response. I don't see how practically the United States could have done much better.
Now there are other countries in the world that took many decades before they decided to do anything about the issue. And it wouldn't surprise me if there are places right now where substantial fluorocarbon emissions are still occurring.
Back when the Republicans weren't completely stupid and the Nixon administration created the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
@@whatabouttheearth It's a more difficult problem than restricting a chemical for which we had reasonable substitutes.
For an empirical demonstration of just how difficult it is, I will note that global CO2 emissions are still increasing.
And also that the list of countries which are increasing their CO2 emissions is much longer than those that are decreasing them.
@@mmandrewa2397
Well yeah, because CFCs were a specific problem and are not GHGs caused by anthropogenic release such as with fossil fuels or feedback loops caused or exacerbated by that release. Including the Carbon Monoxide our cars release (while increasing GHGs) which is poisonous.
@@whatabouttheearth Is carbon monoxide a greenhouse gas?
Other than people being poisoned by it when concentrations get too high -- because it binds to red blood cells and thus blocks oxygen uptake and thus suffocates people (I think that's what happens), I rarely hear about carbon monoxide.
@@mmandrewa2397
I don't think it's a GHG because it doesn't really block IR, but it cause some other crazy effects that I don't understand.
Hmmm so I was under the impression that 360 m years ago is when trees first appeared and that it took 60 m years for bacteria to work out how to break down the lignin in those trees and that that is why coal appears worldwide in the 360 -> 300 m strata. This would seem to contradict that though...?
A lot can happen in 60 millions year. Heck, the Cubs could even win the
World Series again in 60 million years. On second thought, scrub that....
@@robinblankenship9234 Keep it real buddy.
From my understanding, basalt eruptions do not eminate from traditional cononical mounds as in first slide.
take a look at iceland, it is primarily basalt, from a mid-ocean ridge. it has cones, cinder cones, and that can make pillow lava too.