ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 ม.ค. 2022
- Computer scientist Amit Sahai, PhD, is asked to explain the concept of zero-knowledge proofs to 5 different people; a child, a teen, a college student, a grad student, and an expert. Using a variety of techniques, Amit breaks down what zero-knowledge proofs are and why it's so exciting in the world of cryptography.
Amit Sahai, PhD, is a professor of computer science at UCLA Samueli School of Engineering.
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Computer Scientist Explains One Concept in 5 Levels of Difficulty | WIRED - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
My dad explained me this a long time ago.. he would tell me how hard his path to school was without revealing anything
Lol, perfect example.
That only works if trust is presumed by appeal to authority. Which is a huge logical no-no.
This should have more upvotes. Hilarious.
I wish we could prove to u that we understood ur joke without revealing our identity
Oh wait we can
Actually he did reveal something about the problem, he didn’t wear shoes, he walked in the snow and it was uphill both directions
All I needed was the Child level and was like "Okay GOT IT. Thank you"
All of this just trying to explain Object Permanence to a linear thinker who only uses booleans and is oblivious to half truths.
I had to watch the child level several times, then finally got it. Now I'm mad at the cybersecurity industry. Who have they been hiring?
And i love how you explain geography
I admire teachers who take the time to explain new topics this way. I don’t feel offended at all. It really builds up to the more advanced studies and terminology
We need one of these videos for Geography Now to explain something
The teen version was simpler than the child one honestly. Also that ten year old is very smart.
They were very, very selective with their test subjects. That ten year old is not very representative, lol.
I haven't even passed a version for a 10 years old girl:-(
@@LMahesa Yes, I am amused that the ten year old can understand the concept in such a short time while the college student need the help of a picture to understand GCP. But maybe they just want to make the video comprehensible to general audience, like the so called experts talk discussing why it is not called zero data proof and zero information proof instead, and I think the ten year in the video are able to understand their explanation.
I was also very impressed by the ten year old. Not only did she catch on to the idea very quickly but she was also very good at summarizing what she had just learned in a clear a coherent way.
is asian so its cheat code
As a teacher, I have to admire Amit's skill for explanation!
He's highly distinguished at UCLA, a top CS school. He's brilliant! Could only dream to be in a lecture of his.
That dialogue with the child was so deep, I'm impressed that she gets it and by how well explained it was.
Pure genius.
Let's not pretend that we know how many trials they have to do this with the child/13y girl. This is where 'Availability bias' comes in.
she had a better explanation in some ways than the the teen one.
@@TheForceField dude u must be so fun at parties lmaoo
That kid is clever and definitely has a mathematical way of formulating her thoughts.
At first I thought Chelsea's analogy with the "magic trick" was wrong. Then I realized that the girl is smarter than I, because a "magic trick" in its entirety is something completely normal and understandable, but since the magician only lets you see what you're supposed to see, you receive proof that something is real without proof how it possibly could be real!
But if he is proving to me that he is a magician then he proved it with a new knowledge to me which is he can do magic.
LNGAOOO
I guess why many of us thought the magic trick analogy was wrong, its cause when a little girl says that, we tend to associate it with magic like Harry Potter.. but if the same thing was said by the last professor, we'd directly know it was sleight of hand or a misdirection trick.. its most probably cognitive bias on our part.
@@Coldcloves So true!!!
As an engineering student, I can confidently say that this is the kind of language that CS experts use all the time. In this context, "Magic" means "Some kind of complex algorithm that we don't have time to go into right now, but we understand what it does and that's enough for the topic at hand."
Please I beg you Wired... Don't stop this series and make them more, i really enjoy the multi-disciplinary people coming together and sharing this amazing concepts which I've never even heard of in such an interesting and articulate way, it keeps me going.
I use this for my kid’s homeschooling
My God relax
@@AdiViv95Perhaps you need that advice more than OP
And that's the moment when good stuff gets discontinued or cancelled.
Videos like these tell me there is so much in this world I know nothing about.
its just idea created by men that we already know deep inside our mind
@@noobster9212 what
The more knowledge you learn. The more you realise How little you know.
Don't feel bad. I've been a software developer for 26 years and have never heard of it either.
For example islam religion
Why 1.7 billion people in the world are muslims ?
I'm just blown away with the example he gave to the child with the puffin. So simple, yet it really just explains everything.
It’s even simpler than my favorite example where you can prove to me two billard balls are different (say, have a different color) without me having to even look at them - I just put them behind my back and either swap them or don’t, and then show them to you. I do this 100 times, so if they were the same color you couldn’t guess correctly whether I swapped them 100 times in row because the probability would be like 1 in a trillion trillion.
Yeah, the only problem I had with that example was that he couldn't prove that the picture behind the board was the same as the one he showed originally, though I think that defeats the purpose and js not relevant.
@@creamchunk same thought, but it could be easily fixed by showing the girl the board and the picture separately (proving they aren't something more to fo her) and then fitting the picture with puffin to the hole while covering the hole. It wouldn't reveal anything but you would know it's true
Kind of but he actually gives her a level of information the rotation of the picture is the only ambiguous factor, so it's a good way to explain it simply but is flawed.
@@magicmulder I'm not sure I follow your example. It seems you didn't prove anything in that example except that guessing would not be effective. It seems you would need to prove that you have different colors or the same without revealing...yeah, I'm not there yet.
that child level explanation was absolutely brilliant and it was really awesome to see the girl understand such a complicated topic in their own correct way
I need to see if Sahai has any publicly available lectures or tutorial videos. I love his _aura_ of calmness and his gentle tone. It makes it easier to learn in a way.
hey if you found it share it to me too
Me too
I love how epic it is when two PhDs dive so deep into a topic that only they really understand what they're talking about
What does phd mean pls?
@@shineder.7498do you want a zero knowledge proof for phd
@@waynemartins9166 I just want to know what phd means
@@shineder.7498 It's an abbreviation of the latin "Philosophiae Doctor" it just means that you have a doctor title in some field of study
@@shineder.7498 sorry to interupt, it's a title for someone expert in a field, that's the simplest term i can tell you
It’s so nice to see his past students talk about what a great professor he was. If only all educators had this much passion towards their subject matter and enjoyed imparting knowledge to others this much.
In good universities, usually most of the professors are like this. It’s a positive feedback loop in academia. Good professors = good students = good environment.
Copycats. Lame.
Great students tend to get great teachers. Disruptive, rude, lazy, disinterested students tend to get the same in their teachers.
@@ev.c6 yeah most of my professors have been p nice. Some not so great.
@@jlandles what a weird generalisation. I’ve had some amazing professors and and some who clearly would rather have done something else with their lives. Who they were teaching made a negligible difference
It revels very true about how growing up affects your way of thinking, and how not everyone can become a scientist. The child cares more about why. The teen is confused, while the college student only cares about the result. The grad student comes back to why, but with for what specifically in the real world. The expert is actually a child with a deeper interest in why, mathmatically and philosophically. Well, it seems to be true that scientists never grow up
I agree with this sentiment entirely. You must cultivate the passion and curiosity of your inner child.
Hay thế bạn ơi
Buddy its scripted.
This is 100% a pathetic analysis. EVERYONE'S capable because only human beings are doing it. At every stage of life, people can learn and people, yes, will think differently. But that's a difference of the degree to which their mind chooses or is trained to utilize facts and logics that they also chose to learn.
@ashish hembron. can you zero prove that statement?
In cyber security, Zero-Knowledge Proofs have HUGE prospects and applicability. But Dr. Sahai's example of social interaction and using ZKP's to prevent mistrust is a Blackmirror-like scenario in which social interactions are based on personal criteria of trust and, if you know you can by your own criteria not trust a person, you know that they must have broken one of these criteria, giving you knowledge about the other person that you would not be supposed to have.
But they would only be giving out the knowledge that they only want to share.
It doesn't sound like his ideal application for ZKP is to prevent mistrust, especially at the interpersonal level.
This is how I felt with the little locker example. What if he didn’t have the lock combination and the lock was broken and he pretend to open it? Has he really proven that he knew the combination? Is there a hole at the bottom of the locker box?
@Cats & Code I think this is about enhancing the trust rather than preventing distrust.
@Apples he gave the locker to the subject who can check for any holes or trick doors. Also, he can not pretend to open because he opened and read back out what was on the paper, without revealing the combination to open the lock.
This guy was so good at explaining this topic. I bet he's a good teacher. Also this whole video series is genius because you are introducing complex topics to the masses in a way that they can understand and digest. Love this, keep it up Wired!
I wanted to write a comment but I won’t because you wrote my thoughts😂👌🏻
i have him for class rn, he's an extremely good teacher :)
I had him for a CS Automata Theory class and he's amazing. I would actually look forward to his assignments.
@@224lando I also had him for that class! He was great at making lectures interactive. Tbh I didn’t like the concept of automata, but I didn’t drop the class because he seemed chill
this is actually my professor for a theoretical CS class. he's a great teacher!!
I had Sahai for the CS theory course at UCLA and he was a great teacher. Perfect choice for this video! Go Professor Sahai!
Lol typical Indian computer nerd stereotype
@@kumarvikramaditya9636 pretty sure he is older than the stereotype
@@JohnSmith-kj2od fr
@@kumarvikramaditya9636 it's kinda a proud thing to have a stereotype like that.
@@SherinFunmes I agree, imagine an entire ethnicity being profiled as being smart and tech-savvy
If teachers teach like this I am sure students would be excited to get to class!! Amazing Professor!!
In my last final exam, I managed a beautiful proof to my professor, and convinced him that I had zero knowledge.
the actual definition of zk 😂
Underrated comment! 😂
The level 1 proof was the hardest since he had to take something complex and make it simple. A sign of a great teacher 👍
It's completely insulting and counterproductive to stage knowledge in this way, give the child 3 years to learn it the most advanced way. When I was at school over the years they give me 5 different models for an atom, WHY?
@@nnoo because reasons :(
@@nnoo School builds onto your previous knowledge. You need the simple explanation of an atom to explain multiple other concepts, and then you can learn the slightly-more-realistic explanation AND the previous concepts to explain more and more, and this keeps on going.
It's way easier to learn complex concepts by starting with simpler abstractions. Otherwise, Chelsea will have a way more difficult time understanding actual atoms in (x) years.
@@nnoo You missed the whole point of the video
Truth. Smart people who can explain an idea in child level terms are rare. And are geniuses.
Had the privilege of studying Automata Theory with him as my professor. Truly brilliant and very good at explaining and fostering discussion.
Awesome. You definitely need a good prof for that course or else you won't get anything. I was lucky to have a good prof too.
I wish I had him as a professor. I took a Compiler Design course, for which Automata theory was a requirement. I didn't do too well because my grasp on Theory of computation in general was questionable
One of my favorite courses I took. Unfortunately I didn't have a very active lecturer but I loved the content so much that the notes and textbook spoke for itself
Dudeee what an honor! For that class my professor was awful :( hope I do well in compiler design lol
I can honestly tell he's very passionate and extremely knowledgeable about many things. I have nothing but respect and admiration!
it's so interesting hearing how the younger people interpreted this. One associated Magic with it and the teenager was thinking in terms of protecting a source. Very interesting.
This video popped up in my recommendation. I didn't even know what they're talking about but I love how the professor was talking. So calm but clear. I wonder how he teaches his students?
He's reeeeeally passionate about mathematics, his eyes shines like stars. Love that
Indian
@@VK-ox2fw American
@@VK-ox2fw ok so?
@@bussycat3468 He's just implying how every Asian is passionate about Mathematics.
@@bussycat3468 if you're an engineering student you'll know that all of the engineering tutorial/problem solving videos on TH-cam are created by Indians. We owe them haha
But honestly that Grad student's research on providing statistics/Insight but doing so without disclosing any individual user's data is pretty fascinating and could have potentially huge impact on user data privacy and security. I really hope he's able to make some amazing breakthrough on his research.
Maybe we will stop seeing cookie confirmation windows on every website.
@@To-mos essentially what this whole video comes down too lmaoo
This area of study is already tremendously useful in practice! It's called differential privacy.
Facebook inc. hates people like him
@@To-mos cookies are still important for other functionalities
I haven't watched but a couple of these videos. But I like the fact that you're basically teaching us about a subject in a crawl, walk, run format. Genius
I like how he asks everyone to sum up the idea in their own words, to make sure that they fully understand everything.
This teacher seems really down-to-earth and very articulate in his words.
Wait is he a teacher or scientist??
@@cleppy1311 Both! He's a professor of computer science so he teaches classes and courses as well as conduct his own research and likely assist and peer-review the research of other scientists
@@cleppy1311 well, a professor means he is all of them.
@@cleppy1311 He teaches the complexity and automata class at UCLA! I have had friends take his course
What a dumbb lazy comment Garfield
I am impressed by Chelsea, this topic is really hard, but she managed to come up with a summary for what she learned in such a short time!
THIS IMPRESSED ME BIG TIME!
@@BirdFinder100 yea bc its scripted
Very smart girl indeed
almost because she's reading off of a script!
ajwadd anwarr nah, shang hua, explain very good came up with his own assumption, really fascinating
Amit Sahai definitely deserves recognition for his passion in explaining topics. He certainly provides explanations that are superior to many sources on the internet.
There's a difference between the two experts, one saying 💡 and the other saying concepts. Was a beautiful debate. Thanks Google
Bro this guy is a great teacher. The way that he asks the earlier ones 'based on what we discussed what is zero knowledge proof to you' is genius because now the person needs to explain the concept based on what they have learned and in that moment they are not passively learning (by listening to a lecture) but also actively learning by applying what they have heard.
@@invalleria hi my name is Giovanni Giorgio, but everybody calls me:
zero proof
Timestamps because I know you got sheit to do:
0:35 - Child
3:24 - Teen
6:08 - College Student
11:55 - Grad Student
17:05 - Expert
Upvote for others to see.
College Student aka "like"
The last guy seem both of them like having a blast
A fellow reddit / quora user isee ? 🤔
@@Shirokokun howd ja know? Lmfao
@@hyronharrison8127 *zero knowledge proof hahahahahah* (lmfao jk , you typed upvote and basically we have reddit and quora the popular two apps/websites where we use the term 'upvote') XD
This has to be one of fav videos with a great teacher like him explaining something so complicated.
Just finished watching the Child Level explanation and the illustration. That’s more than adequate, and probably the best explanation.
Really, there is still doubt for me about the existence of the puffin in the original picture.
What an amazing role model this man is. Teaching is actually only a small part of his contribution to society. Truly an honorable intellectual.
Yeah he's got smarts but how far can he throw a pigskin
@@clydesweetfeetlivingston1180 he could probably calculate the trajectory and spin required for a perfect spiral, or at least develop a computer program to calculate it. I wouldn't doubt in his pigskin throwing ability, he could learn it faster than most.
@@josephn364 Lol nice one m8
how did blind man managed to recognize all these drinks
th-cam.com/video/oZ6ZPhomysA/w-d-xo.html
@@officialjomo no one cares
I like how he doesn't even need examples to explain the grad and the expert and it's more like a flowing conversation about two topics that both people enjoy
Well, he didn't explain it to the grad and the expert, because they obviously already know it. They were just having a conversation about it.
yeah its more of a discussion as the level increases
They were having fun... God the passion their eyes was just sooooo cool to watch.....
the last level was no longer an explanation
it was a discussion
beautiful to see
Yeah, you're right! That's because both of them are experts and are on pretty much the same level.
The Child level example was nothing short of ABSOLUTELY BRILLIANT. I came back to this video because Im thinking about doing an independent study of zero-knowledge proofs with my professor for my next (final) semester. Getting my masters in CIS focusing in Cybersecurity. Amazing video!
“It’s our job to make the impossible possible”
Beautiful. That’s really the fundamental goal of researchers.
Amen to that!
a trait of good teacher is that she/he cross checks whether you got what has been taught. Instead most teachers "dust their hands" once class is over
most? never met a teacher like that.
Classes would double in time, which is not feasible for large classes.
That's why you can go to the professor's office after regular class hours if you're trying to understand something for some time and you're stuck.
Teachers of younger ages need to be like that but come highschool and especially college it changes. Older students have to realize for themselves that they need help and are responsible for going to the teacher for help. I wish more people were taught this.
I had one teacher like that he was great
Nice username bro
What a soft spoken, amazing teacher. Love this.
As a teacher, I could say that he is an amazing teacher.
Prof. Sahai’s classes at UCLA were amazing! I remember walking out of his lecture on Gödels incompleteness theorem with my mind blown
does he have any lectures available online? he is so good at explaining
They teach godel's incompleteness in undergrad??
@@shubhangmishra7063 yep. It came up in my undergrad class as well, but I was in a math course that wasn't required for my cs degree. I think it was predicate logic?
@@shubhangmishra7063 CS is heavy math that’s why
@@shubhangmishra7063 Yeah, they do. In my case it was in a logic class
"Lets say you are trying to prove you have 0.3 bitcoin"
"OK so you have 0.2 bitcoin"
Guy is charging the poor kid some exorbitant gas fees...
Mr 1st thought too😭
ROFL died at this comment 🤣🤣🤣
It's interesting to hear people recognize that a systemic lack of trust is one of the major problems we face, without recognizing that the way people build trust is not with math that enables them to keep not trusting each other, but by building relationships that grow our ability to be vulnerable.
When I was a CS major 20 years ago, I'd have been right there with them, but since then I've come to realize that the solution to mistrust is not security, it's relationships, and ultimately vulnerability. You only really grow to trust people when you need them and see them show up for you, which necessarily means that to cultivate trust you have to be willing to need someone who might not come through. Therefore, learning how to need each other more is an essential component of building networks of trust.
Great video and what a great expert! So gentle and happy about his subject. Loved seeing his passion!
this professor communicates so gently, i wouldve loved to have him as a professor during my CS degree.
It may sound weird but seeing the smile on they girl when she "gets it" made me cry, it's just so beautiful to me to see people being fascinated by new knowledge, I wish the education system was able to give people more moments like that
beautiful comment, so true!!
Yes! He’s such an incredible and engaging teacher. If all teachers taught like this, I have no doubt that students would be much more interested and invested in learning!
Too much tequila not that big of a deal lol
I felt very touched by their interaction but I couldn’t make out why - through this I understand. Thank you!
I am not a mathematician, but this is one of the most fascinating videos that I come across on TH-cam. Thank you.
Only took a few seconds to see this guy is a great educator and likely person. I love his energy, he just radiates kindness and a lack of judgemental...ness.
Wow... I love how he explains things and especially his "aura"--calming and not judgmental. Imho, pure of the intention to "I want to help you to understand this". Honestly, it has been a very long time I haven't feel this feeling. Very soothing...
100%. All teachers should be like this. Education should have no bias and be pure as to allow the student to learn the subjects they need for their daily life. It's a shame in the US that academic policy and the related debates seems so contrary to this. Things like standardized testing seem to be being misused and opaque to the student...like a simple thing such as getting your test results back so that you can benchmark yourself on whether you're actually learning or your teacher is actually teaching could help. McGraw Hill's ALEKS program (digital) that they're using now doesn't even let you flip back to previous chapters, or re-take tests that you screwed up on...in order to allow you to re-learn something or even test yourself.
Gosh this comment is perfect and needs to be pinned. In school it was never like this. There is never a feeling like “I want to help you understand stand this.” It’s always “just remember as much as you can.. grades are all that matter. You can forget afterwards.”
Maybe I should change my mindset to this.
He's a good teacher for sure.
He seems like a teacher with no ego, that only enjoys sharing what he knows, and he actually seems like he loves what he does.
That’s why college was my favorite schooling, most of the professors loved what they taught and wanted to be there
There's something so intriguing about watching two highly intellectual and knowledgable people have a deep conversation about a topic they mutually share experience and knowledge even though you have zero understanding of what is going. Intelligence is truly a gift and a responsbility that should be used for the betterment of mankind.
The main reason why I don't like viewing and listening to dialogues between two intellectuals addressing a complex topic they're profusely educated on, is because when you think about it to sufficiently deep extents, you can infer how jejune and monotonous the average person is. According to my experience, I can deduce that the average person has nothing unique or interesting to offer. The intelligent people have all of these exclusive privileges and opportunities that are products of high intelligence, which the average person intrinsically cannot have.
@@solonada9602 This is the product of living in an intellectual bubble and becoming either extremely narcissistic or extremely self-loathing. Either way it's not a healthy outlook on life.
@@solonada9602 - Yeah, that jejune.
Could that be an example of a zero knowledge proof, in that you don't have a clue what they are talking about, but fully buy into the idea that both people actually know what they are talking about?
@@zhouwu - Yeah, like Hawking talking about what's going on inside a Black Hole. Nobody knows, nobody ever will know, and first nothing escapes and now Hawking radiation escapes, thus giving them a lifespan. How convenient.
The best interaction for me was the graduate student one. Where he knew the concept enough to talk about it but at the same time learn more by raising relevant queries like how do I apply them in real life. Also, we need more hard problems part. :chef's kiss:
The teen example is like RSA/public key cryptography. The prover can "prove" they are who they are by encrypting a message with their own private key, and the verifier can verify by decrypting it with the public key. Likewise, the recipient/prover can prove they received a message that was encrypted with their own public key by decrypting it with their private key.
I love how Dr. Amit gets extremely happy talking to the PhD student. He genuinely cares about spreading knowledge and seems to truly find joy in its practice.
This video just proved that my intelligence is at an 8 year old level
Same lmao
BRUH NOT EVEN LMAOO
I don't mean to brag but I'm a smart as a 13 year high school student 😔
Its your inftormation about this topic.
In order to understand advanced levels, you need to have some back up knowledge.
you could do better than that
I like this kind of teacher when teaching a child. Not very overactive, but calm and clear sound.
I really liked the college level explanation. I think it was very complete and it showed the randomness and probabilistic way of zero knowledge proof.
Man this teacher can teach anything. He's amazing.
Req: Wired, Can you make another video asking him some teaching tips / "How to teach anything to anyone in 5 different levels" like something? Would be super useful.
his explanations were brilliant but how do get that he can teach anything by him talking about only what he is an expert in?
@@toadalmoji5853 I don't think he assumed that he can teach "anything" as in any topic, but that he can teach you to teach anything, because his teaching skills can transfer to any topic. I for instance am a medical doctor, do you think he can teach me how to teach my patients something depending on their "level"? Or maybe you think his skills to teach are totally non translatable?
@@toadalmoji5853 it's not about the subject but rather how he's breaking the information down into digestible pieces that the listener can understand.
@@toadalmoji5853 Einstein was a bad teacher because he couldn't mince words in accordance with his audience.
It is about the skills on how you provide information rather the information itself
if you can teach anything to anyone then why would you need 5 different levels?
He looks like a proud father when he speaks to the grad student.
22:22 And that's why science and scientists are rightfully held in such high regards.
The teen part really cemented the example 🌟 glad to have learned something new today 🎉
Man this makes me miss being in the academic space. I miss casually running into professors and fellow grad students and hearing their profound perspectives on all sorts of concepts.
True this is the best thing about collage
I wish I could be this smart.
I just never seem to grasp concept that gets a little bit complex!
No online?
The worlds a small place now, BBS boards were casually posting to see who would respond and how would it be
I've noticed that when they get to experts instead of getting more specific they usually end up going back to the fundamentals and philosophy of the subject.
actually not only for experts, it should be like that for everyone . if u want to understand & learn but kot not memorising things, u should know the philosophy or fundamentals. Then u could process any kind of information given about the topic.
@Gabe Ron Big words very fancy.
Once you get to that level, the methods become common knowledge. The philosophy of which methods are worth pursuing becomes the real discussion
Amit did an amazing job at teaching this difficult topic! Great job XD
I love this series so much, thanks for making these Wired. Please don’t stop
Why is he so much nicer and easier to understand than every one of my graduate advisors and professors...can I take his class?
He’s a much more charismatic person.
Passion
Because the concept is so cool that he himself is also stunned and enthusiastic about that
Top school ;)
because some do it with passion and other for just the pay check
Even though I am a grad student I only understand when someone explains to a child for some reason
Lmao
This
same 🗿
those two spammers just heard "im 18+" lol, if it ever gets deleted, im not weird. Two people replied with spam links.
@@dot-ammar They're probably hacked accounts or bots. Just report them. I've seen those two on just about everywhere already.
@@dot-ammar they’re bots
Ignore
I'm no so fond of maths but I would be more than glad to attend to a class of this gentleman 👌
this guy definitely doesn't need zero knowledge proof because he just gives off the most trustworthy vibe already!! 🥰
Anyone else appreciate Dr. Sahai's clear, calm and gentle manner of speaking? I would love to have had an instructor like this irl. Also, excellent use of the penguin-puffin poster and the safe with the 10 and 13 year olds. Just wonderful!
I like the explanations fit for the child and teenager, I am 34 years old and have always worked in software 😅
I feel like at the PhD level they weren’t even explaining anything. And there are a bunch of questions at the freshman level that I’d want to ask. Like, in an iterated three color problem, couldn’t I as the prover just return arbitrary results? What ensures to the questioner that I’m not changing the answer behind their back?
@@DannoHung I was having trouble understanding why the proof worked, too. I think my problem with it was the same as yours. Because you have already chosen all of the colors in the envelopes before the verifier can pick two at random, and the verifier can visually assess that you have not tampered with the envelopes after the pair was chosen, the verifier knows that if you were lying about the 3-colorability there is a chance you have two identical colors next to each other. The key is that the verifier chose the envelopes after you have already rearranged *all* of the envelopes. Otherwise, if you knew which two envelopes the verifier would pick, you would be correct and could easily "prove" it without really having an answer
@@OrangeC7 Ah, ok. I see, so the protocol requires that the prover and the verifier arrange some method such that the "shape" of the newly-colored proof is embedded in the challenge/response in order to ensure that there can be no tampering. That wasn't immediately obvious.
@@OrangeC7 so is this a vigorous proof that it’s 3-colorable, or are we supposed to infer that the probability of it not being 3-colorable is very very very low after being verified a huge amount of times? That’s my question with the explanation
@@noobmasteryoyo5136 Although I’m not studying cryptography, I would assume that billions of calculations take place per second or every few seconds. That would be a certainty of over like 99.9999999%? Unless I’m totally wrong on how this works though lol
this was so interesting especially the convo with the grad student.
The talk between the two specialists was very informative.
Fantastic teacher. If it wasn't for his explanation, I would've been too intimidated to stay on this video about a topic I knew I'd struggle with.
how did blind man managed to recognize all these drinks
th-cam.com/video/oZ6ZPhomysA/w-d-xo.html
I dont think the emperor is wearing clothes.
@@officialjomo great question
@@officialjomo Before I watch, the answer us taste
The sad part is that most teachers would be like this if they have an interactive student in front of them. Unfortunately, our students prefer to interact on social media rather than in person.
everybody in this video just exudes positive energy. The scientist is a great teacher.
6:55
what you're basically asking me is: "wait, what?"
i loved it!!
As a teacher, I have to admire Amit's skill for explanation!. As a teacher, I have to admire Amit's skill for explanation!.
the college student definitely appreciated the explanation and you can see how invested he was in the topic
All really
As a final year computer science student, I still barely understand “Np complete” but this explanation is super useful! It’s like abstraction.
i wonder how he didnt explain what NP stands for, and why its important
@@Drewer ig np stands for non Deterministic polynomial. Basically in cs, algorithms are tested wrt to their time and space complexity, all algorithms whose time complexity is non deterministic yet polynomial come under this np class, algorithms like knapsack, TSP, etc are all considered as np problems, and there is a further classification of algorithms under np class as np-hard and np-complete. It's a lot of theory but still it's interesting if you're into this field.
@@nikhilanand7805 P vs NP was a Sar dard! Head ache! Tala noppi!!
Polynomial vs Non polynomial, it just designates the time complexity of the problem, but the completeness part indicates that if you could prove that any one NP complete problem could be solved in polynomial time then they all could. Current mathematical theory suggests P doesn’t equal NP, ie none of them can be, but the meme shows up all over. The Simpsons reference it in an episode on a blackboard if you look close.
Flew right over my head when we studied it
Explanation to zero knowledge proof is done amazingly.
Simply Amazing. I am so glad that I found this!
I love how with each level, the explanations became more and more conversational as the educational prowess of each person the professor is talking to increases. Cool video idea.
P
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The 10-year-old's question at the end of her segment is impressive for her age.
ngl it sounds like they told her to ask that
that college student thought he was so smart by asking that question, glad Amit put him in his place. Always hated those kids in college who thought they could impress the teacher with an unnecessarily wordy question.
watching two knowledgeable man share about complexion of a thing fires up an appetite to learn more.
I wish all my teachers taught me things like how this guy taught the child. Simple and effective.
Exactly
Most Indians are good teachers but the Indian education system needs a revamp. He teaches in the US but he was surely born in India. He still has an Indian accent which he tries hard to hide under his acquired American accent.
@@rajdas1201 hes really fluent, i could honestly not tell english wasnt his first language but its not mine either so idk
@Raj Das he is an American, born in California. He speaks proper English and isn't hiding a non-existent Indian accent. You're spreading fake news about this man, stop it.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sahai
My favorite part of this was when they (the postgrad and the expert) moved into the whole philosophy of it: what is ‘knowledge’ and what is ‘data,’ when you have the ability to predict additional information during a transaction?
That gives me mad chills thinking about it
Hardcore mathematicians and physicists are NOT excited at all by this new method of proof, but as a 1st-year computer science student, I can appreciate its importance in data encryption and cyber security in general.
I've been struggling to decide if I should really go into computer science as my major and him explaining the basic level to a child had me thinking yes I should use zero knowledge proof purely to find puffins.
Computer science is good if you like thinking very logically
I'd highly recommend taking up CS. I was also in the same situation as you once when I opted to go for Maths first and was least interested in CS even in my high school years. But getting in CS made me love Computer Science so much. I'm finally post graduating with my Masters this May.
me, a computer science major and now a software engineer: I know nothing about 0 knowledge proofs. i was expecting algorithms lmao
Prove to me that you know nothing about 0 knowledge proofs without telling me how you know nothing about 0 knowledge proofs.
I know something about zero knowledge proofs as provided by having watched this video. Now, how much did I actually learn?
computer science is so broad that its impossible to know everything about it. I'm in my second year too and ive never even heard this xD
Something like binary search or merge sort lol I've never heard if this in my life
You're mostly learning foundational concepts in undergrad, and maybe a little about popular industrial research areas. If it's not useful to the industry somehow, you will never hear of the concept. Plus, just hearing about this, it has to be very difficult to understand at a deep level.
I LOVE the expression of pride and admiration and excitement on the interviewer's face when talking with the grad student. He's soooo happy that someone up-and-coming really gets it. ^___^ I don't get it completely, but I'm glad there are people out there who love to learn and love when others learn, too. Fantastic.
He might also be the guys advisor. I could instantly tell he was super happy with his understanding and explanation.
This isnot only one of the best folks you have had on here- This concept is something people don't wrap their head around- on the basis they didnt understand it was a thing. The somewhat outdated randomly seeded MD5 hash- was just this... If you have not learned about how hashing works and why seeding a hash is much more secure- it is hard to imagine how it is even possible a password is not stored as plain text- and also encoding cannot be logged and reverse engineered. It is so cool to see how else it can be used outside of storing passwords without knowing them.
Wow! I read a bunch of Sahai's papers in grad school. This is great
I don't even have a single interest in mathematics and this professor kept me hooked the entire way through, that's how I know he's great at what he does and has a natural passion for it. I really appreciate that.
It's interesting to see how in the first 3 levels, Dr Sahai is simply teaching, or explaining the concept. It's a strictly one-way flow.
By the time we get to Grad Student and Expert, it turns into a full-blown conversation between two people about what they know and what they've discovered. It becomes a two-way flow between the people.
I mean a kid in elementary school doesn’t really have enough knowledge on zero knowledge proofs to have a proper flowing discussion with an expert
I could see how the more you learn eventually the less you listen and more you talk but when you learn enough, you become genuinely curious and ask questions and want to listen again. The PhD student talked more than he listened, while the expert asked genuinely curious questions given that he made a presentation in Zero Knowledge proofs in '86, the dude knows this concept for a while 37 years.
All this time my wife was using zero knowledge proofs.
She always proved that it was my mistake without sharing any specific details
If he were my professor, I would attend every lecture even if I already know the topic.
Until your alarm goes off at 7 and you know you could just hit snooze for another 2 hours instead…
@@redloopy this was much needed