Serious health issues are a factor in car crashes today, but sleep is very important. Do not strain yourself on caffeine if you're on the road for too long. Take a break and sleep in a comfortable and safe place, that's the best advice ever.
This is why I don't have a drivers license, I play racing and driving games on my PC with a simulation set up and I have fallen asleep on it easily, yes it is different but still scares me and I cannot honestly put myself in that position, nor possibly risk others.
You need that REM sleep, even then, four hours can do a lot. I used to work 9-12 hour shifts at a meat packing plant on roughly 4 hours sleep on average.
@@MomentsInTrading Yes. Airbrakes failed but driver wasn't aware so it couldn't slow down. Ended up hitting a guard rail on a off ramp and flipping over it. This accident changed how airbrakes worked in heavy vehicles.
I worked as a dispatcher for a subsidized shuttle bus service. Drivers in my state (PA) are required by law to have a certain amount of time vetween daily shifts (I think it's 8 hours). I remember the safety manager talking to drivers on the phone; if they didn't feel they could drive safely, they were told to stay home. There were some accidents, of course -- one older driver kept having minor incidents, but they gave him so many chances. He was a walking liability. I heard through the grapevine that they HAD to fire him after a severe accident. I think fatigue is a major factor in many vehicle accidents, be it cars, buses, trains, or even airplanes. In the US we are constantly expected to work more with less, including sleep.
My dad was once hit by a driver while he was parked, repeatedly. Seriously this woman ran into my dad’s car, then backed up and rammed into his car. This happened four times, my dad yelling at her to stop hitting his car. It was like she was seriously drunk, but she actually had a diabetic episode. Basically untreated diabetes can impair brain function to the point where you’re behaving intoxicated just like a drunk. She was taken away by an ambulance and her insurance paired for the damage, nobody got seriously hurt. It’s totally possible the bus driver was inebriated by his diabetes.
You don’t get diabetes alone from sugar. There are multiple factors a lot of them are gene based. My sister is tall and skinny and still got diabetes with 13. She's now 22 and still skinny and rarely eat anything sweet. @GymmyRhys
@@lachlanchester8142 Whats that got to do with what im saying? Im saying that people shouldnt get diabetes to begin with in the first place, you dont need diabetes medication if you dont have diabetes...
@@GymmyRhysdiabetes is largely genetic and out of your control to be susceptible to or get diagnosed with… if it was that easy to avoid i don’t think 537 million people would have it..
The middle is your best shot, I drove MCi 102Dl3's like this one, knock on wood never had an accident but we had a few others that did. Going into a scale , some truck drivers can hit you from behind... Edit: Plus the bathroom is back there and it gets hot from being on top of the engine.
@@ColAngus I drove MCI D4500s, I never drove cross county mostly intercity with some highway during commuter service, No bathrooms in the units we had, but the engine bay does absorb a lot of impact. I guess any way you cut it there is no good place to sit in one of these, at least you're high up and protected from smaller vehicles unlike the transit bus I also drove. Now those are death traps, especially the EV ones. Those are very top heavy with the 4 giant batteries on the roof
That accident was not a school bus. It was a motorcoach operated by Silverado, carrying school students to a university visit to Cal State Humbolt. The accident occurred on 4/10/2014. It happened on I-5 near Orland California. I am a motorcoach operator and remember this accident. It rocked my world. I still drive motorcoach to this day. Silverado went out of business in 2018.
My late husband was a long-haul truck driver. I'd gone on a few trips with him and met a lot of other drivers. . . . . . . . 🚚 🚛 🚚 🚛 🚚 At that time, substance abuse was rampant among many drivers in an effort to stay awake long enough to meet ridiculous artificial deadlines imposed by the customers and the trucking companies.
kind of frustrating that in stories like this people ignore that part of the equation, if workers are pushed to the limit just to keep their jobs ofc they're gonna start doing stuff like not getting enough sleep. Not to mention he probably didn't even have enough money to treat his diabetes
@johnfreeman9349 . . . . . . . . . 🇨🇦 I'm Canadian, so I have always had some form of provincial and supplementary health insurance. Things like Doctor's Care and diabetes medications are heavily subsidized by the government. . . . . . . . . . 🇺🇲 It's a totally different story in the US. As I understand it, without insurance, people are unable to go to the doctors and even to afford the most basic of prescription medications. Let alone ongoing treatment for a chronic condition like diabetes. It would seem that the government bears a great deal of responsibility for this accident and the subsequent fatalities/injuries. Notice how they didn't end up with a black eye or a prison sentence.
@alexsetterington3142 . . . . . . . . . 💰 💰 💰 It's all about the Benjamins. . . . . . Just like with any other industry, it's all about how much money you can make at the end of the day. Here's a little industry SECRECT. Just about every trucker out there runs TWO sets of Log Books. One for the DOT (Department of Transportation) and one for himself/herself and the company. I'll let you guess which set of books has an HONEST record of the actual hours the truckers drive. . . . . . If you knew how hard these drivers pushed themselves so a store in Alabama can get it's pre-game beer delivery, you would be terrified to share the road with truckers.
I just drove thru same direction yesterday morning around the same time as the crash, something made me think about it, and then this video just popped up in my feed.
@spencerwiltse2855 it was a bus crash that killed 4 college softball players (one being my cousin) a trucker high on drugs slammed into their bus almost head on
4:40 as someone that was one the road for a living driving the Ohio belt-way from 2004-10 & I learned from a near miss you have to have music you know playing, may sound off but it keep you from "zoning out" or what some called "Highway Hypnosis" . its why even tho some states are flat they still have curves in the highway, keeps folks from "zoning out"
2 truck drivers falling asleep. Is it Negligence or working conditions. I see it as working conditions. Long haul tractor trailer drivers have all kinds of schedules. Driving nights, sleeping days. Sleeping days, driving nights and flopping regularly. Its hard to get any substantial, regenerative sleep in this state of being. Ive never hauled a load but I know what being nocturnal is like and you always feel tired.
I drove a semi for over 14 years the hours they made us work under the horrible conditions we get the places to pick up or deliver you're not allowed out of your truck for the bathroom for food for water for anything
Working conditions. When your employer expects you to get enough sleep in between runs but life gets in the way 🤷♀️... Ppl don't care about what you do in between, they just want to keep business moving.
I'm a young driver and they call me "grandpa" when I drive cause I'm a very careful when behind the wheel. I never look away from the road when talking to people in the car, I never take calls or text while driving, I never overtake when I allowed until I'm 100% sure it's safe, I look very carefully before merging lanes, I keep a very safe distance from the car in front me(I always assume they can stop at any time), I always stop at STOP signs, I never try to rush to make a yellow light, I will pull over when it is safe if I feel sleepy, I never drink and drive. I get some angry drivers behind me sometimes but their anger is a better bargain than my life or the life of others. EDIT- I'm not too slow generally or slow on the fast lane or anything like that in case anyone misunderstands. I'm either right at the speed limit or like 3 mph under, nothing less. It's unsafe to drive too slowly too.
Good on you. I don't mind someone being slow as long as slow isn't miles below the speed limit in a place where I can't pass them or they aren't road raging. I'm worried about the jerks who decide to tail gate me when I'm not speeding enough for them (e.g. I'm doing 60-65 in a 55, and the guy behind me wants to be doing 80) or change lanes into me. I've always assumed that everyone else on the road is an idiot, and it's served me well. So you keep on being careful and driving like the rest of us are idiots too. If everyone on the road drove this way, the accident, injury, and death tolls would decrease dramatically!
@@vertigo2894 As long as you aren't doing it cruising along in the passing lane, anyone who has an issue with that needs to get a life (and preferably off the road). I'd hope folks don't get upset with others not at the speed limit or over it unless it's like 50 in a 65. And as long as they can pass you, why are they upset? Stay safe out there!
Unfortunately, severe accidents like this tend to not have one cause, but have a chain of failures. Partly why even smaller rules need to be adheared to. Because if only one thing is wrong, usually someone can catch that and avoid that one thing. Heck, I've nearly been in accidents where if the driver of our car hadn't reacted so quickly, there could have been serious injuries. Im willing to bet most people who frequently drive have. But this had so many things coming together so that something awful was going to happen. And unfortunately, so many people paid the price for someone else's failures.
@@ShypaxGaming And the fact that the bus driver had fallen asleep/wasn't aware of his surroundings, as it sounded like he had more than enough time to react to the stopped truck.
@@ShypaxGaming do you understand what chain means? Because i don't think you do. Chain means more than one thing. And that started the chain, but had other things also not been wrong, the bus could have stopped or swerved and missed it, or at least slowed down enough to make it a minor fender bender with maybe some nasty injuries at most.
It's like the Swiss cheese model of accident causation, where each "defense system" meant to prevent an accident still can have holes in it, and it's when all of thses flaws in these different mechanisms line up that an accident occurs.
When you're carrying passengers, you have a tremendous responsibility never to be underestimated! I work in aviation and I can't begin to tell you how seriously we take every single detail of our job!
I find it very unfair that the truck driver had to do that amount of jail time, He had no malicious intent in this accident. If anything, he should have been fined for the records violations, but jail time? No. I put the blame squarely on the bus driver. If the 5 cars ahead of him were able to move, then I think the bus driver should have been able to do the same, especially since he had room and time to take action. No signs of skid marks seal the deal; he wasn't paying attention.
I am a Californian, licensed by CA DMV witn a non-commercial class C since 1971. I also have Obstructive Sleep Apnea, which was diagnosed in 2001. At that time, CA had a law whereby if a OSA patient fails to use appropriate treatment as prescribed by a physician, or if the OSA remains uncontrolled, the physician must report that patient to DMV, which suspends the patient's driver's license until control is achieved and maintained. I wonder if that law is a result of this accident.
Truck driver got pretty shafted. While he fucked up as well, he's not the one who drove directly into a stationary object with a bus load of people. 4 years+ in jail for a normally ticketed traffic offense is kinda ridiculous.
They needed a scapegoat. He was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. He was convicted based on something he did earlier (driving over hours by just two hours) So glad I hung up truck driving back in 2017.
@@creatorcornerwithdevinhuh? What if his truck broke and he couldn't get it to go after everyone left? And how do you not see a massive truck right in front of you on a straight and level part of a highway?
my family and i were heading back home from visiting my grandparents in palm springs the morning of this accident. we left around 10 unaware of the crash, but noticed when we had to exit the freeway ahead of the site. the normally 2 hour drive became 5 hours because of the traffic and deviations. i got home and remember reading about this on twitter, but i completely forgot about it until now. great, informative video on such an unfortunate event
Lucky there were only 13 fatalities. 35 were killed and 41 injured in a head-on between two tour coaches near Kempsey New South Wales, in 1989, just months after another Coach crash near Grafton, which left 21 dead.
Alway assume the vehicle will unexpectedly stop in front of you, and always follow at a distance that you can stop so you have time to react when they do.
This! Literally the courts and prosecution admitted the truck driver wasn't ultimately to blame, but they sent him to prison. That disgusts me. This was AN ACCIDENT with the primary culprit having killed himself in the process. That truck driver should've only lost has CDL and forced to get a different job, not go to prison. Already has to live with 13 deaths on his shoulder...
@@madezra64yes the truck driver shouldn’t of got any jail time I have to wonder if the insurance company push for the truck driver to get jail time so they use it to avoid paying the victims I think he was given jail time to the state and city government got avid liability of not having proper signage out
@@madezra64 He lied to the police and broke DOT rules resulting in death of the bus passengers. It can be argued that he may not have even fallen asleep had he followed regulations.
The bus driver died...but was held responsible. But you can't prosecute someone dead. The truck driver had falsified his records and wasn't legal to drive.
It's not surprising that the trucker falsified how long he had actually been driving. The Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episode about the trucking industry showed how truckers will carry two logs of their travels: the true one, and the one to show to police that makes it LOOK like they've been getting enough sleep. The demands of the industry make it hard to enforce healthy habits on truckers.
@@the-weirdist True, they certainly don't want to work ridiculous hours either, but they're pressured to make crazy deadlines and risk getting fired if they fail.
Just drove past this accident scene yesterday morning around the same time as the crash, something made me remember this as I did. Now this video shows up in my feed.
Horrible!!! I remember one tour bus crash in Switzerland with Belgian students. Frontal crash against a concrete wall bennet the tunnel entrance, it was a brutal impact.
If you're interested in researching foreign transportation accidents I suggest looking into Konginkangas bus disaster of 2004. A bus collided with a truck transporting heavy paper bales. The bales were ejected into the bus, killing 23 and injuring many. To this day it remains the worst traffic accident in Finland's history.
I left a UFC event at 1 Am and had 1h travel back to my airbnb.. i was so hyped i couldn’t sleep so i decided to leave at 2h Am with a 6h30 minute ride ahead of me.. i drove that same 6h30 minute earlier that day and was at an event for approximately 10h.. I was good for the first 2h or so drinking my coffee until i started falling asleep and if it wasn’t for the little bumps on the side of the road i would’ve crashed and died probably.. after almost falling asleep twice. I stopped and slept in my car.. woke up 1h later.. went back on the road and same story, almost fell asleep. Stopped again at 2 different times to rest my eyes and got back home safely.. i will never underestimate sleep deprivation and driving again ever.
Can you make a video about a Los Angeles school bus that was hit by the mechanical arm of a Trash truck. It was during the 90’s when those arms were first introduced. I can’t seem to find it now but I remember the late Hal Fischman talking about it during the evening news of KTLA.
I'm looking ahead for myself, hoping to drive semi trucks someday and contemplating buses, and often swear there are so many legal hurdles (that _should_ be there, it would just be a lot for me to handle with how much I already have going on) I would have to pass that I never could. Then I hear about these corporations that get away with no maintenance, with drivers with no training, with drivers that skip sleep and health evaluations, with more infractions than I ever knew existed. If you've got a silver spoon in your mouth, the world hands itself to you want a silver platter. If you don't, well I guess you're s*** out of luck.
Kind of similar crash happened in Konginkangas, Finland. Icy roads and downhill made a trailer to swerve from side to side and oncoming bus hit it head on. Trailer had several large paper rolls which were ejected into the bus.
funny, in my world, the truck driver is 1000% the guilty part here, yes the bus driver shouldnt have been operating a bus at the state he was in , but thats speculations , fact is an unhealthy overweight man wasnt capable of staying awake parked in the middle of the highway , then nearly have several cars hitting him and most likely honking wildly at him , and still sleeping .. that guy should have NEVER been behind a wheel of a truck..
Considering how the guy fell asleep at the wheel then lied about what he was doing... "Oh I had just taken the parking brake off..." "Oh really, so why does it look like it was still engaged?" "Oh the roadblock was like half an hour..." "It was seven minutes..." "I was driving for eight hours..." "You drove for eleven hours and lied on your logs!"
In most cases I will go to the defense of CDL holders, I have one and used to haul OTR. The first thing I was taught to do was fake my logbook and stretch my time to get as much "legal" drivetime in as possible. The joys of being paid by the mile, if the truck isn't moving, you're not making money. Dispatch tended to push us pretty hard as well, if we didn't get the load to its destination, or make our pickup on time, we seemed to get shafted by dispatch and not get good paying loads. Yes, it's not right, but that's the industry. The gov't knows it, and the lobby groups do too, but nobody attempts to come up with a solution. This time, I find it hard to defend the driver of the semi. Only because a good driver has to know when to shut it down and get some good rest. I speak from experience, having two extremely close calls involving fatigue on my part. By the grace of God, I dodged both bullets. This OTR driver learned his lesson the hard way. Terrible situation.
Feels like they wanted to punish someone since the bus driver was already died, so they went for the semi driver. I think the punishment could have been something other then prison.
I don't know. Dude did fall asleep blocking the middle of a highway where traffic moves at a fast enough speed that all the other cars also didn't notice the truck was actually stopped until they were RIGHT up on it and had to quickly move around. By the time the bus driver would have realized "hey, this mofo is actually completely stopped and not moving at all", there was almost no way to avoid hitting it to at least some extent.
@@mommy2libraswhat if he had a medical emergency. He might have violated trucking policy, but he didn't break a law. Like if he drove away in time, the bus driver would have still passed thru that spot unattentive
I’m from the Coachella Valley, never thought I’d see someone talk about something happening here apart from Coachella, but yeah I remember hearing about this the next day at school (I didn’t watch the news that Sunday)
Am I the only one who thinks it's absolutely insane that the truck driver was charged? I don't give a flying F why the truck was stopped. He fell asleep, mechanical breakdown, distracted, whatever. It is the bus driver's responsibility to ensure that his lane is safe, and he didn't do that. The truck driver should hold absolutely no fault here.
falling asleep and blocking the highway, and driving over the legal limit...those are crimes that helped lead to what happened. the bus driver also would have been charged had he lived.
This is frightingly similar to a bus and semi crash near my home town in Manitoba. A bus full of senior citizens on the way back home from spending time at a casino. Crossing one part of the highway, the bus was hit by a semi. Many of our senior citizens died, one died a month later in hospital. One had been a substitute teacher that I had, and many were neighbors. It had been found to be the bus drivers fault for not checking traffic when he crossed the highway intersection. Its only been a year since the accident...
Found this video very interesting as I have diabetes (type 1) so as soon as you mentioned it, I was wondering if a low or high blood sugar had been to blame. Never thought that it could have been type 2, which "diabetes" usually automatically means.
Most likely. I had a similar problem When i started to take my diabetes medication again and decided to walk on the treadmill in the gym (haven't ate nothing in 5 hours) went to the dollar tree after going to the gym. I felt very dizzy and lightheaded. I walked with 30 dollars worth of food between two bags and 3 rice krispies for me and my niece and just walking from the store to the car i felt i was going to pass out. Lucky for me my sister was the one driving and i told her i didn't felt good. I ate my rice krispies bar quickly and felt better within a few minutes
Driving standards in the USA are pretty low, couple that with poorly maintained vehicles and there’s always going to be fatalities. Over here in Britain, our buses have seatbelts and our vehicles have to pass an MOT test and if they fail, they’re off the road immediately.
I thought this was a different crash between a bus and semi on the highway. In that one, the bus driver was going over 80 mph and lost control because he claimed the semi cut him off. I don't know enough about that crash to know for sure who was at fault, but the buses I drive can't go over 65, so I'm surprised he was even able to go that fast in one.
It is a chain of tragic mistakes like most accidents, but I'm curious as to why the bus was on I-10 in the first place. I-15 is the fastest route from Las Vegas to LA, especially at night. I know both roads well. Was 15 closed? This would be a crucial fact here. The signage and the wind farm indicate the crash happened East of Indio. Why that route?
I've never actually seen an interstate (or major US highway for that matter) brought to a complete stop for road work. Usually, they have a work truck or police car lead a line of cars at a low speed towards the work zone, creating a break in traffic. And it has the advantage of not allowing a mechanical issue or driver fatigue to cause a vehicle to sit still once traffic starts moving.
Not taking his meds and going on very little sleep is a good example of why it’s best to take care of yourself first before you take care of others. Otherwise like this it can be fatal for everyone
Sometimes non moving vehicles appear moving until the very last second. The brain thinks they are moving, at a lower pace but moving nonetheless, and drivers make the choice to keep going and go around them as they get closer. When they notice it's actually not moving at all, it's too late. Just look at the cars that had to swerve at the last second.
This episode reminds me of what happened to my cousin and 3 other players 10 years ago when the bus she was riding in coming back from a college softball tournament in Ardmore Ok the only difference was the Trucker was high on drugs if you ever want to do an episode on the incident i can help you with some of the information
Long distance buses are so dangerous. If the driver is out, then it will generally result in horror. Near where I live we had a crash awhile back with 2 buses going head on into each other. 35 were killed and 41 injured. I have also been in a crash myself. Governments seriously need to considered providing trains (much safer) where possible. If you can't then only travel on long distance coaches with seatbelt and as far back as you can. It's not worth your life
After all the tour bus accidents in the last 20 years or so I won't set foot on one. Either the company is cutting corners on maintenance (usually with brakes and tires) or hiring unqualified drivers who act like cowboys behind the wheel. Or if it's a good driver then they work him so much to the point of little or no sleep. It's always profits before people.
A very interesting and unique crash that caused changes, and hopefully continues to cause changes, to highway regulations- the Blufton University crash off of I-75 in Georgia, March 2007. Mistook an exit ramp on the left side for an HOV lane and went over the edge of a bridge at highway speed before crashing back onto the highway.
Everyone points at worn tires as a contributing factor in crashes. Thing is, in dry conditions (and assuming the tires aren't worn down to the threads), worn or bald tires provide better stopping and cornering performance. That's because as a tire wears, more rubber ends up in contact with the road and available to slow and steer the vehicle. (Racecars use slicks - tires with no treads - for better traction in all conditions other than rain.) Separately, tires play little or no part in the outcome if the driver doesn't apply the brakes! Another issue is the statement "the traffic was stopped for only 7 minutes." While that may be true, as anyone who's been in a stopped-traffic situation knows, for all backed-up traffic to return to normal speed will take much, much longer.
I think an episode of CSI was based on this or a similar accident because nearly identical circumstances were found in that episode. I was a huge fan of all 3 main CSI shows when they were airing and I remember a bus crash episode.
Serious health issues are a factor in car crashes today, but sleep is very important. Do not strain yourself on caffeine if you're on the road for too long. Take a break and sleep in a comfortable and safe place, that's the best advice ever.
yeah if you don't have enough sleep you might as well drive drunk lol
I saw a Mythbusters episode that indeed confirmed that driving fatigued is more dangerous than driving drunk.
This is why I don't have a drivers license, I play racing and driving games on my PC with a simulation set up and I have fallen asleep on it easily, yes it is different but still scares me and I cannot honestly put myself in that position, nor possibly risk others.
You need that REM sleep, even then, four hours can do a lot. I used to work 9-12 hour shifts at a meat packing plant on roughly 4 hours sleep on average.
@@daveyjones8969 Why did you only average 4 hours of sleep?
I'm surpised no one has ever made a video about the Yuba City Highschool bus crash, 29 people died. My mom was a student at YCHS when it happened.
That might be the next one on his list.
Is that the accident where the driver drove up an off-ramp and off an overpass?
@@MomentsInTrading Yes. Airbrakes failed but driver wasn't aware so it couldn't slow down. Ended up hitting a guard rail on a off ramp and flipping over it. This accident changed how airbrakes worked in heavy vehicles.
I started a new channel that covers similar stories; check it out and stay tuned for a video about the Yuba City high school bus incident.
I saw the crash but I’m not a student there
As a retreated bus driver i know how important are the sleep and vehicle maintenance for safety at the roads, my best thougts for the victims!
I worked as a dispatcher for a subsidized shuttle bus service. Drivers in my state (PA) are required by law to have a certain amount of time vetween daily shifts (I think it's 8 hours). I remember the safety manager talking to drivers on the phone; if they didn't feel they could drive safely, they were told to stay home.
There were some accidents, of course -- one older driver kept having minor incidents, but they gave him so many chances. He was a walking liability. I heard through the grapevine that they HAD to fire him after a severe accident.
I think fatigue is a major factor in many vehicle accidents, be it cars, buses, trains, or even airplanes. In the US we are constantly expected to work more with less, including sleep.
That's universal. Greed. Humans are not machines or robots. But the driver is always responsible.
Perhaps you mean 'retired'?
Retreated?
Retreated bus driver?
My dad was once hit by a driver while he was parked, repeatedly. Seriously this woman ran into my dad’s car, then backed up and rammed into his car. This happened four times, my dad yelling at her to stop hitting his car. It was like she was seriously drunk, but she actually had a diabetic episode. Basically untreated diabetes can impair brain function to the point where you’re behaving intoxicated just like a drunk. She was taken away by an ambulance and her insurance paired for the damage, nobody got seriously hurt. It’s totally possible the bus driver was inebriated by his diabetes.
this is not an excuse though for killing people, diabetic people should just stop being irresponsible eating too much sugar
You don’t get diabetes alone from sugar. There are multiple factors a lot of them are gene based. My sister is tall and skinny and still got diabetes with 13. She's now 22 and still skinny and rarely eat anything sweet. @GymmyRhys
@@GymmyRhysdo you know how expensive diabetes medication is in countries that don’t have free healthcare?
@@lachlanchester8142 Whats that got to do with what im saying? Im saying that people shouldnt get diabetes to begin with in the first place, you dont need diabetes medication if you dont have diabetes...
@@GymmyRhysdiabetes is largely genetic and out of your control to be susceptible to or get diagnosed with… if it was that easy to avoid i don’t think 537 million people would have it..
I used to drive motor coaches like these. Always sit as far back as you can.
The middle is your best shot, I drove MCi 102Dl3's like this one, knock on wood never had an accident but we had a few others that did. Going into a scale , some truck drivers can hit you from behind...
Edit: Plus the bathroom is back there and it gets hot from being on top of the engine.
@@ColAngus I drove MCI D4500s, I never drove cross county mostly intercity with some highway during commuter service, No bathrooms in the units we had, but the engine bay does absorb a lot of impact. I guess any way you cut it there is no good place to sit in one of these, at least you're high up and protected from smaller vehicles unlike the transit bus I also drove. Now those are death traps, especially the EV ones. Those are very top heavy with the 4 giant batteries on the roof
Agreed, nice avatar BTW.
Safe travels fellow bus brother. :)
That's why I always pay extra to take the train instead of the bus. I always avoid the coach buses.
@@ColAngus You as well my friend
I’m surprised that no one has covered the FedEx and school bus crash in California back in 2014. I would love to see a video on that
That accident was not a school bus. It was a motorcoach operated by Silverado, carrying school students to a university visit to Cal State Humbolt. The accident occurred on 4/10/2014. It happened on I-5 near Orland California. I am a motorcoach operator and remember this accident. It rocked my world. I still drive motorcoach to this day. Silverado went out of business in 2018.
I still think about the twin sisters from that accident. The one sister who survived really hurt my heart. 💔
My late husband was a long-haul truck driver. I'd gone on a few trips with him and met a lot of other drivers.
. . . . . . . 🚚 🚛 🚚 🚛 🚚
At that time, substance abuse was rampant among many drivers in an effort to stay awake long enough to meet ridiculous artificial deadlines imposed by the customers and the trucking companies.
kind of frustrating that in stories like this people ignore that part of the equation, if workers are pushed to the limit just to keep their jobs ofc they're gonna start doing stuff like not getting enough sleep. Not to mention he probably didn't even have enough money to treat his diabetes
@johnfreeman9349
. . . . . . . . . 🇨🇦
I'm Canadian, so I have always had some form of provincial and supplementary health insurance. Things like Doctor's Care and diabetes medications are heavily subsidized by the government.
. . . . . . . . . 🇺🇲
It's a totally different story in the US. As I understand it, without insurance, people are unable to go to the doctors and even to afford the most basic of prescription medications. Let alone ongoing treatment for a chronic condition like diabetes. It would seem that the government bears a great deal of responsibility for this accident and the subsequent fatalities/injuries. Notice how they didn't end up with a black eye or a prison sentence.
Why would they give them fake deadlines?
@@alexsetterington3142 because of more profits. Faster delivery - costs a huge amount of money.
@alexsetterington3142
. . . . . . . . . 💰 💰 💰
It's all about the Benjamins.
. . . . .
Just like with any other industry, it's all about how much money you can make at the end of the day. Here's a little industry SECRECT. Just about every trucker out there runs TWO sets of Log Books. One for the DOT (Department of Transportation) and one for himself/herself and the company. I'll let you guess which set of books has an HONEST record of the actual hours the truckers drive.
. . . . .
If you knew how hard these drivers pushed themselves so a store in Alabama can get it's pre-game beer delivery, you would be terrified to share the road with truckers.
I drove by this wreck site on E/B I-10 that morning. My buddy and I pulled off and ate at Denny's before proceeding further east. RIP to all involved
I just drove thru same direction yesterday morning around the same time as the crash, something made me think about it, and then this video just popped up in my feed.
I think I've requested it before but could you please cover the Humbolt Broncos Bus Crash?
Interesting have you ever heard of the nctc bus accident
@@KyleShiflet13666 I don't think so
@spencerwiltse2855 it was a bus crash that killed 4 college softball players (one being my cousin) a trucker high on drugs slammed into their bus almost head on
@@KyleShiflet13666 Shit.. sorry for your loss
4:40 as someone that was one the road for a living driving the Ohio belt-way from 2004-10 & I learned from a near miss you have to have music you know playing, may sound off but it keep you from "zoning out" or what some called "Highway Hypnosis" . its why even tho some states are flat they still have curves in the highway, keeps folks from "zoning out"
2 truck drivers falling asleep. Is it Negligence or working conditions. I see it as working conditions. Long haul tractor trailer drivers have all kinds of schedules. Driving nights, sleeping days. Sleeping days, driving nights and flopping regularly. Its hard to get any substantial, regenerative sleep in this state of being. Ive never hauled a load but I know what being nocturnal is like and you always feel tired.
I drove a semi for over 14 years the hours they made us work under the horrible conditions we get the places to pick up or deliver you're not allowed out of your truck for the bathroom for food for water for anything
Working conditions. When your employer expects you to get enough sleep in between runs but life gets in the way 🤷♀️... Ppl don't care about what you do in between, they just want to keep business moving.
The one who died was most to blame, they are just throwing this guy in jail as a scape goat.
California hates truck drivers so this was expected.
My aunt died in this crash. It’s crazy seeing a video explaining the incident. Thank you
I'm a young driver and they call me "grandpa" when I drive cause I'm a very careful when behind the wheel. I never look away from the road when talking to people in the car, I never take calls or text while driving, I never overtake when I allowed until I'm 100% sure it's safe, I look very carefully before merging lanes, I keep a very safe distance from the car in front me(I always assume they can stop at any time), I always stop at STOP signs, I never try to rush to make a yellow light, I will pull over when it is safe if I feel sleepy, I never drink and drive. I get some angry drivers behind me sometimes but their anger is a better bargain than my life or the life of others.
EDIT- I'm not too slow generally or slow on the fast lane or anything like that in case anyone misunderstands. I'm either right at the speed limit or like 3 mph under, nothing less. It's unsafe to drive too slowly too.
Good on you. I don't mind someone being slow as long as slow isn't miles below the speed limit in a place where I can't pass them or they aren't road raging. I'm worried about the jerks who decide to tail gate me when I'm not speeding enough for them (e.g. I'm doing 60-65 in a 55, and the guy behind me wants to be doing 80) or change lanes into me. I've always assumed that everyone else on the road is an idiot, and it's served me well. So you keep on being careful and driving like the rest of us are idiots too. If everyone on the road drove this way, the accident, injury, and death tolls would decrease dramatically!
@@pippagrey9633 I'm like 3m slower.
@@vertigo2894 As long as you aren't doing it cruising along in the passing lane, anyone who has an issue with that needs to get a life (and preferably off the road). I'd hope folks don't get upset with others not at the speed limit or over it unless it's like 50 in a 65. And as long as they can pass you, why are they upset?
Stay safe out there!
Good on you gramps 👍
With those driving habits, you’ll live long enough to be a “Grandpa”. Kudos to you. Stay safe! ❤
Unfortunately, severe accidents like this tend to not have one cause, but have a chain of failures. Partly why even smaller rules need to be adheared to. Because if only one thing is wrong, usually someone can catch that and avoid that one thing. Heck, I've nearly been in accidents where if the driver of our car hadn't reacted so quickly, there could have been serious injuries. Im willing to bet most people who frequently drive have. But this had so many things coming together so that something awful was going to happen. And unfortunately, so many people paid the price for someone else's failures.
having a f*cking truck parked in the middle of the highway is the only chain here.
@@ShypaxGaming And the fact that the bus driver had fallen asleep/wasn't aware of his surroundings, as it sounded like he had more than enough time to react to the stopped truck.
@@ShypaxGaming do you understand what chain means? Because i don't think you do. Chain means more than one thing. And that started the chain, but had other things also not been wrong, the bus could have stopped or swerved and missed it, or at least slowed down enough to make it a minor fender bender with maybe some nasty injuries at most.
It's like the Swiss cheese model of accident causation, where each "defense system" meant to prevent an accident still can have holes in it, and it's when all of thses flaws in these different mechanisms line up that an accident occurs.
@ben-- busdriver didn't fall asleep ? It says so nowhere.. fact is homie parked his truck and then fell asleep parked in the middle of the highway .
When you're carrying passengers, you have a tremendous responsibility never to be underestimated!
I work in aviation and I can't begin to tell you how seriously we take every single detail of our job!
It better not be Boeing, because that will be a lie.
@@MrWolfSnack We are an operator so we are the client that buys the aircraft and I specifically work in maintenance
4:59
Ah yes, my glucose levels are HIGHT.
Mine are SHORT
@@AsliceOFtea413 SHORTT*
I find it very unfair that the truck driver had to do that amount of jail time, He had no malicious intent in this accident. If anything, he should have been fined for the records violations, but jail time? No. I put the blame squarely on the bus driver. If the 5 cars ahead of him were able to move, then I think the bus driver should have been able to do the same, especially since he had room and time to take action. No signs of skid marks seal the deal; he wasn't paying attention.
Please cover the Humbolt Broncos bus crash in Saskatchewan.
Heartbreaking.
I am a Californian, licensed by CA DMV witn a non-commercial class C since 1971. I also have Obstructive Sleep Apnea, which was diagnosed in 2001. At that time, CA had a law whereby if a OSA patient fails to use appropriate treatment as prescribed by a physician, or if the OSA remains uncontrolled, the physician must report that patient to DMV, which suspends the patient's driver's license until control is achieved and maintained. I wonder if that law is a result of this accident.
I may be misunderstanding the timeline you're referring to, but this crash occurred in 2016, not prior to 2001.
What a freakin COOL channel this is. Glad I randomly stumbled across it!
Truck driver got pretty shafted. While he fucked up as well, he's not the one who drove directly into a stationary object with a bus load of people. 4 years+ in jail for a normally ticketed traffic offense is kinda ridiculous.
thank you for this it brings a little closure for me
Amazing video like always
First! Thanks for your videos❤💙💛 Greetings from Germany
I don't think the truck driver should have been charged for manslaughter.
They needed a scapegoat. He was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. He was convicted based on something he did earlier (driving over hours by just two hours) So glad I hung up truck driving back in 2017.
@@muffs55mercury61 Right
lol all the truckers and their families coming to stick up for the pos that caused this.
He literally has a massive truck on a highway while asleep. He caused the accident more than anybody
@@creatorcornerwithdevinhuh? What if his truck broke and he couldn't get it to go after everyone left? And how do you not see a massive truck right in front of you on a straight and level part of a highway?
my family and i were heading back home from visiting my grandparents in palm springs the morning of this accident. we left around 10 unaware of the crash, but noticed when we had to exit the freeway ahead of the site. the normally 2 hour drive became 5 hours because of the traffic and deviations. i got home and remember reading about this on twitter, but i completely forgot about it until now. great, informative video on such an unfortunate event
Lucky there were only 13 fatalities. 35 were killed and 41 injured in a head-on between two tour coaches near Kempsey New South Wales, in 1989, just months after another Coach crash near Grafton, which left 21 dead.
No one is lucky here. 35 is terrible and so is 13 and 21 and 1.
lol so the trucking company that overworked its employees got off free?
The driver is the "captain of the ship"
How's that "lol" funny?
Extremely good. Excellent channel. Live long and prosper.😇🖖
Congrats on your 100th long-form video. 🎉❤👏🏿👏🏿👏🏿
Alway assume the vehicle will unexpectedly stop in front of you, and always follow at a distance that you can stop so you have time to react when they do.
thank you for posting
It was a fucking accident. These insurance companies are ridiculous, trying to find someone to blame. Just pay the fucking Damages
This! Literally the courts and prosecution admitted the truck driver wasn't ultimately to blame, but they sent him to prison. That disgusts me. This was AN ACCIDENT with the primary culprit having killed himself in the process. That truck driver should've only lost has CDL and forced to get a different job, not go to prison. Already has to live with 13 deaths on his shoulder...
@@madezra64yes the truck driver shouldn’t of got any jail time I have to wonder if the insurance company push for the truck driver to get jail time so they use it to avoid paying the victims
I think he was given jail time to the state and city government got avid liability of not having proper signage out
@@dogcat823 If you cause other drivers to have to take evasive action you are an accident waiting to happen.
@@madezra64 He lied to the police and broke DOT rules resulting in death of the bus passengers. It can be argued that he may not have even fallen asleep had he followed regulations.
The bus driver died...but was held responsible. But you can't prosecute someone dead. The truck driver had falsified his records and wasn't legal to drive.
Love the vids mate very good love from NZ❤
It's not surprising that the trucker falsified how long he had actually been driving. The Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episode about the trucking industry showed how truckers will carry two logs of their travels: the true one, and the one to show to police that makes it LOOK like they've been getting enough sleep. The demands of the industry make it hard to enforce healthy habits on truckers.
@@the-weirdist True, they certainly don't want to work ridiculous hours either, but they're pressured to make crazy deadlines and risk getting fired if they fail.
By 2019 paper logs had been eliminated in favor of electronic logs.
Just drove past this accident scene yesterday morning around the same time as the crash, something made me remember this as I did. Now this video shows up in my feed.
Horrible!!! I remember one tour bus crash in Switzerland with Belgian students. Frontal crash against a concrete wall bennet the tunnel entrance, it was a brutal impact.
The Sierre coach crash in 2012, an almost exact replica of the Måbödalen bus accident in Norway 1988.
@@swedishmeatball4382 blir nesten nødt å lese om det der no
Great Video!
Thank you for conversions (European here). It makes it much more watchable for me :)
On a dark desert highway, cool wind in my hair
Warm smell of Doritos, dipping in vein
Cool documentary, but sad tour Bus, and a truck😢
0:03 On a dark desert highway, cool wind in my hair, warm smell of colitas rising up through the air. [continue]
Up ahead in the distance I saw a shimmering light.
My head grew heavy and my sight grew dim.
I had to rest for the night.
@@CatMom-uw9jl There she stood in the doorway, I heard the mission bell. I was thinking to myself this could be heaven or this could be hell.
If you're interested in researching foreign transportation accidents I suggest looking into Konginkangas bus disaster of 2004. A bus collided with a truck transporting heavy paper bales. The bales were ejected into the bus, killing 23 and injuring many. To this day it remains the worst traffic accident in Finland's history.
I left a UFC event at 1 Am and had 1h travel back to my airbnb.. i was so hyped i couldn’t sleep so i decided to leave at 2h Am with a 6h30 minute ride ahead of me..
i drove that same 6h30 minute earlier that day and was at an event for approximately 10h..
I was good for the first 2h or so drinking my coffee until i started falling asleep and if it wasn’t for the little bumps on the side of the road i would’ve crashed and died probably.. after almost falling asleep twice. I stopped and slept in my car.. woke up 1h later.. went back on the road and same story, almost fell asleep. Stopped again at 2 different times to rest my eyes and got back home safely..
i will never underestimate sleep deprivation and driving again ever.
i live there in the CV valley, i remember i10 being shut down for a large chunk of that day and hearing all about it throughout that day.
The amount of absolute idiots in here sticking up for the truck driver…
That intro had me thinking of Hotel California HAHA
🏨🎶
You can check out any, time you like! But you can never leave!
Can you make a video about a Los Angeles school bus that was hit by the mechanical arm of a Trash truck. It was during the 90’s when those arms were first introduced. I can’t seem to find it now but I remember the late Hal Fischman talking about it during the evening news of KTLA.
I'm looking ahead for myself, hoping to drive semi trucks someday and contemplating buses, and often swear there are so many legal hurdles (that _should_ be there, it would just be a lot for me to handle with how much I already have going on) I would have to pass that I never could.
Then I hear about these corporations that get away with no maintenance, with drivers with no training, with drivers that skip sleep and health evaluations, with more infractions than I ever knew existed.
If you've got a silver spoon in your mouth, the world hands itself to you want a silver platter. If you don't, well I guess you're s*** out of luck.
Kind of similar crash happened in Konginkangas, Finland. Icy roads and downhill made a trailer to swerve from side to side and oncoming bus hit it head on. Trailer had several large paper rolls which were ejected into the bus.
funny, in my world, the truck driver is 1000% the guilty part here, yes the bus driver shouldnt have been operating a bus at the state he was in , but thats speculations , fact is an unhealthy overweight man wasnt capable of staying awake parked in the middle of the highway , then nearly have several cars hitting him and most likely honking wildly at him , and still sleeping .. that guy should have NEVER been behind a wheel of a truck..
I'll tell you. I've fallen asleep at the wheel one time that scared the s**t out of me. Never again will I let that happen.
Lol as always the truck driver is always to blame. The bus driver here is to blame not the trucker.
The truck driver is to blame and always will be. Get over it, renter.
Can you do the Humboldt Broncos bus crash
Never knew about that
Four years doesn't seem fair to charge the guy who fell asleep with, considering the other guy plowed into HIM
Considering how the guy fell asleep at the wheel then lied about what he was doing... "Oh I had just taken the parking brake off..." "Oh really, so why does it look like it was still engaged?" "Oh the roadblock was like half an hour..." "It was seven minutes..." "I was driving for eight hours..." "You drove for eleven hours and lied on your logs!"
In most cases I will go to the defense of CDL holders, I have one and used to haul OTR. The first thing I was taught to do was fake my logbook and stretch my time to get as much "legal" drivetime in as possible. The joys of being paid by the mile, if the truck isn't moving, you're not making money. Dispatch tended to push us pretty hard as well, if we didn't get the load to its destination, or make our pickup on time, we seemed to get shafted by dispatch and not get good paying loads. Yes, it's not right, but that's the industry. The gov't knows it, and the lobby groups do too, but nobody attempts to come up with a solution.
This time, I find it hard to defend the driver of the semi. Only because a good driver has to know when to shut it down and get some good rest. I speak from experience, having two extremely close calls involving fatigue on my part. By the grace of God, I dodged both bullets. This OTR driver learned his lesson the hard way. Terrible situation.
Feels like they wanted to punish someone since the bus driver was already died, so they went for the semi driver. I think the punishment could have been something other then prison.
I don't know. Dude did fall asleep blocking the middle of a highway where traffic moves at a fast enough speed that all the other cars also didn't notice the truck was actually stopped until they were RIGHT up on it and had to quickly move around. By the time the bus driver would have realized "hey, this mofo is actually completely stopped and not moving at all", there was almost no way to avoid hitting it to at least some extent.
@@mommy2libraswhat if he had a medical emergency. He might have violated trucking policy, but he didn't break a law. Like if he drove away in time, the bus driver would have still passed thru that spot unattentive
I love ur videos nothing like watching ur video and eating a mid night snack
I’m from the Coachella Valley, never thought I’d see someone talk about something happening here apart from Coachella, but yeah I remember hearing about this the next day at school (I didn’t watch the news that Sunday)
RIP To All The Dead 🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️
Am I the only one who thinks it's absolutely insane that the truck driver was charged? I don't give a flying F why the truck was stopped. He fell asleep, mechanical breakdown, distracted, whatever. It is the bus driver's responsibility to ensure that his lane is safe, and he didn't do that. The truck driver should hold absolutely no fault here.
AMEN
Are you fucking kidding me? Grow up.
falling asleep and blocking the highway, and driving over the legal limit...those are crimes that helped lead to what happened. the bus driver also would have been charged had he lived.
So infamous that ive never heard of it
This is frightingly similar to a bus and semi crash near my home town in Manitoba. A bus full of senior citizens on the way back home from spending time at a casino. Crossing one part of the highway, the bus was hit by a semi. Many of our senior citizens died, one died a month later in hospital. One had been a substitute teacher that I had, and many were neighbors. It had been found to be the bus drivers fault for not checking traffic when he crossed the highway intersection. Its only been a year since the accident...
Disgusted by the greed. Thanks for the metric measurements.
You should do the hunter valley one next
Found this video very interesting as I have diabetes (type 1) so as soon as you mentioned it, I was wondering if a low or high blood sugar had been to blame. Never thought that it could have been type 2, which "diabetes" usually automatically means.
Most likely. I had a similar problem When i started to take my diabetes medication again and decided to walk on the treadmill in the gym (haven't ate nothing in 5 hours) went to the dollar tree after going to the gym. I felt very dizzy and lightheaded. I walked with 30 dollars worth of food between two bags and 3 rice krispies for me and my niece and just walking from the store to the car i felt i was going to pass out. Lucky for me my sister was the one driving and i told her i didn't felt good. I ate my rice krispies bar quickly and felt better within a few minutes
I wonder if this incident inspired that similar episode in CSI Las Vegas
Off topic, but the pattern on the seats of that bus is amazing
Driving standards in the USA are pretty low, couple that with poorly maintained vehicles and there’s always going to be fatalities. Over here in Britain, our buses have seatbelts and our vehicles have to pass an MOT test and if they fail, they’re off the road immediately.
Everything was wrong with this and a disaster waiting to happen. RIP to all the victims 😢
I thought this was a different crash between a bus and semi on the highway. In that one, the bus driver was going over 80 mph and lost control because he claimed the semi cut him off.
I don't know enough about that crash to know for sure who was at fault, but the buses I drive can't go over 65, so I'm surprised he was even able to go that fast in one.
Helloooo I love your videos so much please keep posting
quoting hotel California lyrics at the start there 😂
This is unreal. Dont tell me you allow a bus to drive 107 mph without being a good driver lmao
It is a chain of tragic mistakes like most accidents, but I'm curious as to why the bus was on I-10 in the first place. I-15 is the fastest route from Las Vegas to LA, especially at night. I know both roads well. Was 15 closed? This would be a crucial fact here. The signage and the wind farm indicate the crash happened East of Indio. Why that route?
They weren’t coming from Vegas. They were at the Red Rock casino which is next to the Salton Sea.
3:45 Gotta love the guy just driving away from a crash instead of trying to help or anything.
Not his problem
Extraordinarily dangerous to stop on an interstate especially at night for any reason
So why did the truck stop in the middle of the highway? It wasn’t disabled?
Get the heck out of the way!
The truck stop because the road was closed then for what ever reason didn’t start moving once the road opened
“In a dark desert highway”, hey haven’t I heard those lyrics before?
Cool wind in my hair…
That's awful 😨😱
I've never actually seen an interstate (or major US highway for that matter) brought to a complete stop for road work. Usually, they have a work truck or police car lead a line of cars at a low speed towards the work zone, creating a break in traffic. And it has the advantage of not allowing a mechanical issue or driver fatigue to cause a vehicle to sit still once traffic starts moving.
State of Indiana on i70.
When there is a large truck and materials being moved across all lanes of traffic, it has to be stopped. And they were stopped for 7 mins.
Bus crashes are always the worst
Not taking his meds and going on very little sleep is a good example of why it’s best to take care of yourself first before you take care of others. Otherwise like this it can be fatal for everyone
Sometimes non moving vehicles appear moving until the very last second. The brain thinks they are moving, at a lower pace but moving nonetheless, and drivers make the choice to keep going and go around them as they get closer. When they notice it's actually not moving at all, it's too late. Just look at the cars that had to swerve at the last second.
Thank you and have a great day.
This episode reminds me of what happened to my cousin and 3 other players 10 years ago when the bus she was riding in coming back from a college softball tournament in Ardmore Ok the only difference was the Trucker was high on drugs if you ever want to do an episode on the incident i can help you with some of the information
oh, i forgot about this one.
No😢
As soon as I got on my school bus, I looked qt my subscriptions and saw this. 😅
Wait wait wait... Did they really say the truck driver was sentenced/convicted of something? Madness!!!
If possible, would you be able to cover the Carberry 2023 bus crash in Manitoba?
The Hunter Valley bus crash is also a good one to do a video on
Did you ever used to do voice work for the History Channel or Discovery or something? Your voice honestly sounds super familiar.
Extreme day-time fatigue?
Long distance buses are so dangerous. If the driver is out, then it will generally result in horror. Near where I live we had a crash awhile back with 2 buses going head on into each other. 35 were killed and 41 injured. I have also been in a crash myself. Governments seriously need to considered providing trains (much safer) where possible. If you can't then only travel on long distance coaches with seatbelt and as far back as you can. It's not worth your life
After all the tour bus accidents in the last 20 years or so I won't set foot on one. Either the company is cutting corners on maintenance (usually with brakes and tires) or hiring unqualified drivers who act like cowboys behind the wheel. Or if it's a good driver then they work him so much to the point of little or no sleep. It's always profits before people.
That is horrible
Happy to catch a new one. I've been binging
A very interesting and unique crash that caused changes, and hopefully continues to cause changes, to highway regulations- the Blufton University crash off of I-75 in Georgia, March 2007. Mistook an exit ramp on the left side for an HOV lane and went over the edge of a bridge at highway speed before crashing back onto the highway.
I remember that one like yesterday. The college was about 50 miles from where I was living at the time. Very tragic and not forgotten today.
Everyone points at worn tires as a contributing factor in crashes. Thing is, in dry conditions (and assuming the tires aren't worn down to the threads), worn or bald tires provide better stopping and cornering performance. That's because as a tire wears, more rubber ends up in contact with the road and available to slow and steer the vehicle. (Racecars use slicks - tires with no treads - for better traction in all conditions other than rain.) Separately, tires play little or no part in the outcome if the driver doesn't apply the brakes! Another issue is the statement "the traffic was stopped for only 7 minutes." While that may be true, as anyone who's been in a stopped-traffic situation knows, for all backed-up traffic to return to normal speed will take much, much longer.
I think an episode of CSI was based on this or a similar accident because nearly identical circumstances were found in that episode. I was a huge fan of all 3 main CSI shows when they were airing and I remember a bus crash episode.