1 Bula Sirika Wayessa, Buna Qalaa: A Quest for Traditional Uses of Coffee Among Oromo People with Special Emphasis on Wallaga, Ethiopia, _African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter_ , vol.14, no.3, (September, 2011), p. 5. 2 A. Davidson, ‘Coffee’, in Tom Jaine ed. _The Oxford Companion to Food_ 3rd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 205; Rhazes image 3 Jonathan Morris, _Coffee: A Global History_ , (London, Reaktion, 2019), p. 54. 4 Steven Topik, ‘Coffee’, in K.F Kipple and K.C Ornelas (eds), _The Cambridge World History of Food_ 2 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 642; Depiction of an Ottoman coffeehouse by Amadeo Preziosi, 1854, Daily Sabeh, www.dailysabah.com/history/2018/07/20/coffeehouses-in-ottoman-society accessed 26 October 2023. 5 _Ibidem_ . 6 Ralph Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses : The Origins Of A Social Beverage In The Medieval Near East_ , (Seatle, University of Washington Press, 1988), p. 82. 7 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642. 8 Morris, _Coffee_ , p. 54; Topik, ‘Coffee’, pp. 642-643; Antoine-Ignace Melling, A depiction of a late eighteenth-century Ottoman coffeehouse in Istanbul, (Paris, 1819), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg accessed 25 October 2023. 9 Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses_ , p. 102; Nihal Bursa, ‘Brewing Pots of Revolt: Coffeehouses’, _Dublin Gastronomy Symposium_ ,(Dublin, 2016), p. 4; Osman Masood, ‘Of coffee, conspiracies, and the Sufis’, _TRT WORLD_ , www.trtworld.com/opinion/of-coffee-conspiracies-and-the-sufis-46405, accessed 27 October 2023; Agha of the Janissaries and a Bölük of the Janissaries, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lambert_Wyts_-_Agha_of_the_Janissaries_and_a_Bölük_of_the_Janissaries.jpg accessed 26 October 2023. 10 Osman II, 1604 - 1622, sultan of the Ottoman empire, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osman_2.jpg accessed 26 October 2023. 11 Portrait of Mustafa I, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_I_portrait.jpg accessed 26 October 2023; Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses_ , p. 102; Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642. 12 IV Murad in his young age, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_I_portrait.jpg accessed 25 October 2023; Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642. 13 Morris,_Coffee_ , p. 69; Thornbury Walter, Location, in red, of Pasqua Rosée's coffee shop, in St Michael's Alley, mid-17th century, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pasqua_Rosée%27s_coffee_shop,_St_Michael%27s_Alley.png accessed 25 October 2023; Pasqua Rosée, A 1652 handbill advertising coffee for sale in St. Michael's Alley, London. It is held in the British Museum, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg accessed 26 October 2023. 14 Morris, _Coffee_ , pp. 69-74. 15 Interior of a London coffee-house 1690-1700, www.bl.uk/collection-items/drawing-of-a-london-coffee-house-c-1690-1700, accessed 26 October 2023. 16 Steve Pincus, ‘ “Coffee Politicians Does Create”: Coffee and Restoration Political Culture, _The Journal of Modern History_ , vol. 67, no.4, (December, 1995). 17 Ralph Thoresby, _The Diary_ , p. 117. (London, Colburn and Bentley, 1830), p. 117. 18 Steven Topik, The History of Coffee Commodification 1500-Today, _Thomas Lapp TH-cam_ , th-cam.com/video/Pm-m1Ya29Qs/w-d-xo.htmlsi=QrvzHA0IN13OYi5O accessed 20 October 2023. 19 Jurgen Habermas et al, ‘The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)’, _The New German Critique_ , no.3, (Autumn, 1974), p. 49. 20 Thomas P. Slaughter,ed., _ Ideology and Politics on the Eve of Restoration: Newcastle's Advice to Charles II_ , (Philadelphia,1984), p. 56. 21 Louis Marin Bonnet, The Woman Taking Coffee, _The Metropolitan Museum_ , www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/713319 accessed 25 October 2023. Pincus, ‘Coffee Politicians’, pp. 814-815; 22 _ibid_ . 23 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.643. 24 Houghton, John. Collection for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, no. 461. (London, Randal Taylor, 1692-1703) Quoted in B. Cowan, _The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse_ , (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005), p. 99. 25 The London Gazette, 26-30 March 1668, www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/247/page/1/data.htm accessed 25 October 2023. 26 Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Open Letter to Lord North, 5 April 1774’, _National Archives Founders Online_ , founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-21-02-0075 accessed 26 October 2023. 27 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.644. 28 Nicolas de Largillière, Voltaire 1718, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Largillière_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_(1694-1778)_en_1718_-_P208_-_musée_Carnavalet_-_5.jpg accessed 24 October 2023; Maurice Quentin de La Tour, Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg accessed 25 October 2023. 29 Louis-Michel van Loo, Portrait of Denis Diderot, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg accessed 26 October 2023; 30 The Café Procope: A Cradle of Freedom, parcoursrevolution.paris.fr/en/points-of-interest/85-the-cafe-procope-a-cradle-of-freedom accessed 26 October 2023. Camille Desmoulins and the Orators of the Palais-Royal, parcoursrevolution.paris.fr/en/points-of-interest/98-camille-desmoulins-and-the-orators-of-the-palais-royal accessed 27 October 2023; 31 Khairudin Aljunied, ‘Coffeeshops in Colonial Singapore: Domains of Contentious Publics’, _History Workshop Journal_ , no. 77, (Spring, 2014). 32 _ibid_ . 33 _Ibid_ .
BIBLIOGRAPHY -------------------------- Khairudin Aljunied, ‘Coffeeshops in Colonial Singapore: Domains of Contentious Publics’, _History Workshop Journal_ , no. 77, (Spring, 2014). John Barell, ‘Coffee-House Politicians’, _Journal of British Studies_ , vol. 43, no.2, (April, 2004). Nihal Bursa, ‘Brewing Pots of Revolt: Coffeehouses’, _Dublin Gastronomy Symposium_ ,(Dublin, 2016). Brian Cowan, _The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse_ , (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005). A. Davidson, ‘Coffee’, in Tom Jaine ed. _The Oxford Companion to Food_ 3rd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014). Markman Ellis, _The Coffee-House: A Cultural History Kindle Edition_ (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011). Jurgen Habermas et al, ‘The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)’, _The New German Critique_ , no.3, (Autumn, 1974). Ralph Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses : The Origins Of A Social Beverage In The Medieval Near East_ , (Seatle, University of Washington Press, 1988). Maire Kennedy, ‘ “Politics, Coffee and News”: The Dublin Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century, _Dublin Historical Record_ , vol. 58, no.1, (Spring, 2005). Osman Masood, ‘Of coffee, conspiracies, and the Sufis’, _TRT WORLD_ , www.trtworld.com/opinion/of-coffee-conspiracies-and-the-sufis-46405, accessed 27 October 2023. Jonathan Morris, _Coffee: A Global History_ , (London, Reaktion, 2019). Steve Pincus, ‘ “Coffee Politicians Does Create”: Coffee and Restoration Political Culture, _The Journal of Modern History_ , vol. 67, no.4, (December, 1995). Ralph Thoresby, _The Diary_ , (London, Colburn and Bentley, 1830). Steven Topik, ‘Coffee’, in K.F Kipple and K.C Ornelas (eds), _The Cambridge World History of Food_ 2 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Bula Sirika Wayessa, *Buna Qalaa: A Quest for Traditional Uses of Coffee Among Oromo People with Special Emphasis on Wallaga, Ethiopia*, _African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter_, vol.14, no.3, (September, 2011).
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1 Bula Sirika Wayessa, Buna Qalaa: A Quest for Traditional Uses of Coffee Among Oromo People with Special Emphasis on Wallaga, Ethiopia, _African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter_ , vol.14, no.3, (September, 2011), p. 5.
2 A. Davidson, ‘Coffee’, in Tom Jaine ed. _The Oxford Companion to Food_ 3rd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 205; Rhazes image
3 Jonathan Morris, _Coffee: A Global History_ , (London, Reaktion, 2019), p. 54.
4 Steven Topik, ‘Coffee’, in K.F Kipple and K.C Ornelas (eds), _The Cambridge World History of Food_ 2 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 642;
Depiction of an Ottoman coffeehouse by Amadeo Preziosi, 1854, Daily Sabeh, www.dailysabah.com/history/2018/07/20/coffeehouses-in-ottoman-society accessed 26 October 2023.
5 _Ibidem_ .
6 Ralph Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses : The Origins Of A Social Beverage In The Medieval Near East_ , (Seatle, University of Washington Press, 1988), p. 82.
7 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642.
8 Morris, _Coffee_ , p. 54; Topik, ‘Coffee’, pp. 642-643; Antoine-Ignace Melling, A depiction of a late eighteenth-century Ottoman coffeehouse in Istanbul, (Paris, 1819), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Depiction_of_an_Ottoman_Coffeehouse.jpg accessed 25 October 2023.
9 Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses_ , p. 102; Nihal Bursa, ‘Brewing Pots of Revolt: Coffeehouses’, _Dublin Gastronomy Symposium_ ,(Dublin, 2016), p. 4; Osman Masood, ‘Of coffee, conspiracies, and the Sufis’, _TRT WORLD_ ,
www.trtworld.com/opinion/of-coffee-conspiracies-and-the-sufis-46405, accessed 27 October 2023; Agha of the Janissaries and a Bölük of the Janissaries, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lambert_Wyts_-_Agha_of_the_Janissaries_and_a_Bölük_of_the_Janissaries.jpg accessed 26 October 2023.
10 Osman II, 1604 - 1622, sultan of the Ottoman empire, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osman_2.jpg accessed 26 October 2023.
11 Portrait of Mustafa I, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_I_portrait.jpg accessed 26 October 2023; Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses_ , p. 102; Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642.
12 IV Murad in his young age, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_I_portrait.jpg accessed 25 October 2023; Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.642.
13 Morris,_Coffee_ , p. 69; Thornbury Walter, Location, in red, of Pasqua Rosée's coffee shop, in St Michael's Alley, mid-17th century, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pasqua_Rosée%27s_coffee_shop,_St_Michael%27s_Alley.png accessed 25 October 2023; Pasqua Rosée, A 1652 handbill advertising coffee for sale in St. Michael's Alley, London. It is held in the British Museum, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg accessed 26 October 2023.
14 Morris, _Coffee_ , pp. 69-74.
15 Interior of a London coffee-house 1690-1700, www.bl.uk/collection-items/drawing-of-a-london-coffee-house-c-1690-1700, accessed 26 October 2023.
16 Steve Pincus, ‘ “Coffee Politicians Does Create”: Coffee and Restoration Political Culture, _The Journal of Modern History_ , vol. 67, no.4, (December, 1995).
17 Ralph Thoresby, _The Diary_ , p. 117. (London, Colburn and Bentley, 1830), p. 117.
18 Steven Topik, The History of Coffee Commodification 1500-Today, _Thomas Lapp TH-cam_ , th-cam.com/video/Pm-m1Ya29Qs/w-d-xo.htmlsi=QrvzHA0IN13OYi5O accessed 20 October 2023.
19 Jurgen Habermas et al, ‘The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)’, _The New German Critique_ , no.3, (Autumn, 1974), p. 49.
20 Thomas P. Slaughter,ed., _ Ideology and Politics on the Eve of Restoration: Newcastle's Advice to Charles II_ , (Philadelphia,1984), p. 56.
21 Louis Marin Bonnet, The Woman Taking Coffee, _The Metropolitan Museum_ , www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/713319 accessed 25 October 2023. Pincus, ‘Coffee Politicians’, pp. 814-815;
22 _ibid_ .
23 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.643.
24 Houghton, John. Collection for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, no. 461. (London, Randal Taylor, 1692-1703) Quoted in B. Cowan, _The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse_ , (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005), p. 99.
25 The London Gazette, 26-30 March 1668, www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/247/page/1/data.htm accessed 25 October 2023.
26 Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Open Letter to Lord North, 5 April 1774’, _National Archives Founders Online_ , founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-21-02-0075 accessed 26 October 2023.
27 Topik, ‘Coffee’, p.644.
28 Nicolas de Largillière, Voltaire 1718, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Largillière_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_(1694-1778)_en_1718_-_P208_-_musée_Carnavalet_-_5.jpg accessed 24 October 2023; Maurice Quentin de La Tour, Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg accessed 25 October 2023.
29 Louis-Michel van Loo, Portrait of Denis Diderot, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg accessed 26 October 2023;
30 The Café Procope: A Cradle of Freedom, parcoursrevolution.paris.fr/en/points-of-interest/85-the-cafe-procope-a-cradle-of-freedom accessed 26 October 2023.
Camille Desmoulins and the Orators of the Palais-Royal, parcoursrevolution.paris.fr/en/points-of-interest/98-camille-desmoulins-and-the-orators-of-the-palais-royal accessed 27 October 2023;
31 Khairudin Aljunied, ‘Coffeeshops in Colonial Singapore: Domains of Contentious Publics’, _History Workshop Journal_ , no. 77, (Spring, 2014).
32 _ibid_ .
33 _Ibid_ .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
--------------------------
Khairudin Aljunied, ‘Coffeeshops in Colonial Singapore: Domains of Contentious Publics’, _History Workshop Journal_ , no. 77, (Spring, 2014).
John Barell, ‘Coffee-House Politicians’, _Journal of British Studies_ , vol. 43, no.2, (April, 2004).
Nihal Bursa, ‘Brewing Pots of Revolt: Coffeehouses’, _Dublin Gastronomy Symposium_ ,(Dublin, 2016).
Brian Cowan, _The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse_ , (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005).
A. Davidson, ‘Coffee’, in Tom Jaine ed. _The Oxford Companion to Food_ 3rd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014).
Markman Ellis, _The Coffee-House: A Cultural History Kindle Edition_ (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011).
Jurgen Habermas et al, ‘The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)’, _The New German Critique_ , no.3, (Autumn, 1974).
Ralph Hattox, _Coffee and coffeehouses : The Origins Of A Social Beverage In The Medieval Near East_ , (Seatle, University of Washington Press, 1988).
Maire Kennedy, ‘ “Politics, Coffee and News”: The Dublin Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century, _Dublin Historical Record_ , vol. 58, no.1, (Spring, 2005).
Osman Masood, ‘Of coffee, conspiracies, and the Sufis’, _TRT WORLD_ ,
www.trtworld.com/opinion/of-coffee-conspiracies-and-the-sufis-46405, accessed 27 October 2023.
Jonathan Morris, _Coffee: A Global History_ , (London, Reaktion, 2019).
Steve Pincus, ‘ “Coffee Politicians Does Create”: Coffee and Restoration Political Culture, _The Journal of Modern History_ , vol. 67, no.4, (December, 1995).
Ralph Thoresby, _The Diary_ , (London, Colburn and Bentley, 1830).
Steven Topik, ‘Coffee’, in K.F Kipple and K.C Ornelas (eds), _The Cambridge World History of Food_ 2 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Bula Sirika Wayessa, *Buna Qalaa: A Quest for Traditional Uses of Coffee Among Oromo People with Special Emphasis on Wallaga, Ethiopia*, _African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter_, vol.14, no.3, (September, 2011).