5. Molecular Genetics II
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 31 ม.ค. 2011
- (April 7, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his series on molecular genetics in which he discusses domains of mutation and various components of natural selection on a molecular level. He also further assesses gradualism and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution, integrating these theories into an interrelated model of development.
Stanford University
www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on TH-cam
/ stanford
So, I am taking a break from my college studies with Stanford class. Boy ,oh boy ,if my high school teacher saw me.. it is so much more fun to learn and study when no one is forcing you to do it. It's all for you. Rock on, my virtual classmates :')
Cheers andrea! Did you make it to thhe last 25th lecture?
No one is forcing you to go to college either...
@@nickcsuki8123 I was talking about high school man 🤣
@@05afnanabdullah87 yes!
@@andreamorell4698 Allright, fair enough :p
Thanks to youtube I can do things I would never imagine doing years ago: cleaning my room while listening to a lecture by a highly respected university professor.
Jordan Peterson would be proud
Your faps will be less guilty
Good thing im not a student in his class as i would be asking a plethora of questions..questions that would possibly leave him stumped lol. It would be a grave mistake for this teacher or any biologist to assume no new answers r out there and that theyv figured it al out. I would be asking the tough questions that they would have no answers for..furthermore theres other possibilities in what he explains that arent really expanded on...makes me wonder do they select what theory to teach based on theyr beliefs bcz im sure biology is always subject to change....its change non stop over the years constantly addopting new theories..why cant these theories also be wrong? Not saying theyr wrong just saying i dont take these theories as Scripture as no man has total understanding of everything..we make mistakes daily were far from a state of all knowing lol
Ah... I would love to do that too. Can't help taking notes tho.
@@tonyboycurtis Well, if you watch the whole video series, he takes a number of different theories from the past and present and looks at how they explain behaviour, but also what some of the critiques of those theories is. So I don't think this is about beliefs, but rather, it's about looking critically at an issue in a number of ways. This is one of the ways he teaches his students to keep an open mind and not just accept something as gospel. If you have a theory that you think fits better, by all means, test it experimentally, publish the result and show all the other theories wrong. That's how we tend to do most science.
I'm curious what kind of questions you'd be asking him that would leave him "stumped". If they would be questions about biology and behaviour, it would surprise me if they did in fact leave him stumped, seeing as he is someone that has studied biology all his life and behavioural biology especially is his domain of expertise. On the other hand, they could also be questions of the moral, philosophical or religious kind. If that would be the case, I'd be quite interested to hear them, since I always find those topics interesting to talk about.
Sometimes I stop and recognize just how much I'm retaining from these lectures and think that I could make it as a Stanford student. Then I realize that it's really how skilled he is an instructor that he can even make a person with no background in science can understand.
This is pure gold. Every little bit is enlightening.
But also, how great would it be to see him give the same lectures in 2021, including all the new research results of the last 10 years.
That’s what I was thinking too!!
As he explains how the basics function, this stuff is still relevant today and most certainly not outdated. If you get into details and more specific stuff, then yes, there would be a lot of nuance, but then you need to get into specific papers and books. He is actually building a foundation in this course for his students (or you) to do so.
This series is a prime example of what the Internet should be used for. Only concern I have is whether or not the material has aged well/ is still scientifically correct or relevant
I took an animal behavior class last year while finishing my undergrad in environmental bio. A lot of the material was very similar to what was covered so far in this series, so I'd say yes
"If you are a sort of a modern molecular person, at some point or other you will have to sacrifise the goat at the altar of Barbara McClintock." These statements are immortal.
So pandering worked, ha!
"As you can see or not, this pure white screen tells you, that this is research that went on in Siberia" LOL
i feel like she would have preferred an offering of corn or a corn product.
Yeah, I'm taking night classes at Stanford.
May I copy your notes?
I'll make you copies for a 12 pack.
It's homebrewed, you wouldn't regret it!
Is it possible that you might supply a reading list /syllabus to that cours? Doesn't even need to be the same year as these videos, of course :) that would be a blast! 👍
@@TellTheTruth_and_ShameTheDevil It's mostly just a list of these YT videos. Lol
Im a musician and im 5 episofes/lectures in and this is crazy interesting and with no background in biology , I am able to follow this . incredible stuff
This lecture series is the best thing I have found on TH-cam. Oh the years I've wasted :(
It's never too late to learn :)
damn. i got you bro. i felt the same way.
Any advice for people who have the potential to waste some years?
@@anmolsingh6607 UK panel shows. Mock the week, Would I Lie to You, Taskmaster, 8 out of 10 cats does countdown etc. Best way to waste your youth on TH-cam.
Look of series of lectures, Introduction to Psychology, with Paul Bloom. I finished that before starting with this one
Watching this series of lectures, one thing I can't help but notice is how tame the students are. No irrelevant questions, nobody trying to look smart, no drawn-out chats. They are smart, and it shows.
I have had the joy of hearing Dr. Sapolsky give a talk in person: he's as erudite, funny, and personable as anyone can possibly be! Including in a half hour of Q&A, during which his answers were as fluent and detailed as if they had been prepared ahead of time. This man is amazing!
Class A driver here. I've been binging these lectures and absorbing so much. This man is such a master teacher that he's teaching a trucker. Much love.
The fact that he makes these lectures easy to understand,shows he’s a great professor.
I am so blown away by Sapolsky. His ability to keep the lecture flowing and intriguing really makes me eager to continue listening. I am only on 5 and I bought one of his books to support, as well as, learn even more. Thank you!
your account says otherwise
this message is for my future self,
I see that you're binge watching these lectures again, hope that you have a great day ahead. Today is Dec. 05, 2020 (Saturday). It's fun to learn stuffs so I'm proud of you for doing so 🥺
Why would you watch something twice? Limited time equals limited progress equals limited potential. Use you potential to the fullest...
@@philiphellzen7319 Because human attention and memory are fallible. Re-watching can potentially better imprint information to your memory and reveal new understandings that were missed before.
@@philiphellzen7319 And when you never reevaluate information you once learned, you then use imperfect memories.
Potential isn't gobbling up information once and getting a +5 int. and that's it.
Potential is environment + practice + knowledge + inherent skills/tendencies.
Redoing things = reinforces things you know & practices learning them (which is important for learning related things.)
Basically Phil, nah your wrong.
@@philiphellzen7319 温故而知新 - reviewing the old can lead to new knowledge
@@philiphellzen7319 You can only absorb so much if its something you listen to while doing something physical. Mental cultivation is good for us.
What an amazing teacher.. 10 years later I am able to watch this and educate myself with no related background whatsoever. Thank you Stanford and Professor Sapolsky! I really appreciate this.
This is a message to my future self. You are a Uni graduate and you are jobless, but you still try to learn new stuff and skills, it is your own way of dealing with your major depression. I am proud of you and you have a great future ahead of you. Keep it up.
Personal experience or more of a critique?
Hope you’re doing great man🙏🏼
I am far away from from molecular genetics as one only can be. Nevertheless, this guy is delivering his lectures in so damned interesting way, that I can't stop watching it. Thanks a lot to Stanford!!!
The 2 molecular genetics lectures will forever be the most difficult out of all 25
Maybe i don't see what i don't understand but they don't seem much difficult. But I'm at the 5mins break so maybe it gets more intense in the last 30 minutes. The guy explains it so well that I get everything on the first take (I'm French).
Glad im not watching them for a third time for no reason
Take notes, it'll help
im also having a hard time, felling like wacthing the previous one again
Yeah I'm rewatching them right now, but I realise that the second one of these two is actually really easy. I don't actually think those lectures are hard to understand, but I have roughly no background in stuff like protides and others, so I struggled when he spoke about that sort of thing. I'll go learn on the subject because it's very interesting
I'm enjoying these lectures, I'm learning a great deal, and kudos to Stanford for making them free. But....geeze....it's been 30 years since college...my brain HURTS. Never let your brain get flabby, folks!
Hope you're at a better place now, Glenn. Feels surreal to reply to old comments 😄
@@05afnanabdullah87 And you are correct, surreal it is. And it's a bit hard for me to wrap my head around the idea that my 'introduction' to Sapolsky was 7 years ago!
😱. 🤣 🥴 🙌🏾
@@NunyaDamnBidnessBud ahh I love the reaction so many years later 😄
@@NunyaDamnBidnessBud have you learned a lot more from him since?
It starts with complex then gets more complex and only keeps showing newer and newer levels of complexity. I love this!
I recieved a Master's Degree in Molecular Genetics in the 1980's and when I stumbled on these lectures I thought, "This is a survey course for people that have no background in Biology at all. I wonder if he will say anything I don't already know." Imagine my surprise!! Turns out that most of what he (brilliantly) describes is news to me. Thank you Professor and thank you Stanford for giving me a healthy dose of humility and a reminder that Biology is a dynamic and ever expanding field. Science moves on, one must run as fast as they are able just to keep up.
I really like how you summarise stuff- about the previous lecture or before moving to the next topic, about the prev topic if it had many sub-parts. Really helps in getting the big picture view and not to get lost in details.
Software developer here, 15 dec 2018, a lot of this makes sense when analysing product development. Transferable skills +1
Keeps my days sane. Thank you, Prof. Sapolsky.
I finally lost my old religious way of thinking after this. I see so differently now, my "tolerance for ambiguity" shot up. I don't see the world so black and white anymore. Not enlighhtened but humble.
what religion and what about this knocked you off it?
so much smug maaaaan
Wonderful..enjoy.
@@NoName-lm1do - Shut up, we should welcome people like David into the world of science with open arms. You're not going to convince many other people to take a more rational view on the world by insulting or belittling them.
Glad to have you in our camp David. :)
TheMrVengeance well man, shut up yourself. Even though I agree with your point
These lectures are making me insomniac
Thanks you too? I thought it was all the speed but thank god
"an insomniac"*
Speed lol why would anyone take speed? Dont you have enough life inside you that you dont need speed to function? Lol
The only reason I hated school and college is that my parents forced me to do it, and pressured me into a medical program that was in a country I didn’t want to be in. I dropped out and later got an MBA and I deliberately went into business to avoid the high pressure of the sciences.
That was over 15 years ago and life takes many twists and turns and I’m glad to have healed from that experience along the way.
Today I’m rediscovering my nerdy love for biology and the natural sciences here on TH-cam. Thank you professor and thank you Stanford. Please keep making these available.
Ten years after this classes were recorded, I only want to know where I may find the readings of it. Please if someone have it, or knows the names, let me know!
When grades and homework and stress go away, all that's left is the opportunity to actually learn
I have learned more biochemistry in a lecture on human behavior than in several semester long classes on biochemistry. Sapolsky is a Great teacher
Whàt àwesome Teacher😮
😅 Same. I go to pharmacy school, and I haven't retained half as much from my Genetics course as I have from these brilliant lectures
if only you could force people to follow this course. The world would be a better place.
He is a great story teller that's why you can keep listening to him
The moment, when you start seeing lectures as a kind of entertainment-> Change the way you see "the World even more different". I love his lectures thx for giving us access, i am very gratefull
I've listened to the man for 9 hours today and he tells it all so well and keeps it interesting. He's the Bob Ross of biology. I've definitly leared a few new things today.
For all the worst shitty things the Internet does now, I'm so glad there still is this sort of things too.
I didn't finished my biology university years, went strait down to depression and shitty jobs to more depression and slightly better shitty jobs to complete burnout. Eh, life...
About 10 years later, today, after all those struggles. I find myself still competent enough to understand everything. Be captivated by this awesome course. Gives me just a bit of hope.
Just a bit of hope and confidence that I still can. That I'll find my way.
This sort of gift has no price.
Hope you are still in the fight, blessings!
This Gentleman is a TRUE GENIUS! I didn’t go to college for Genetic studies, but now I wish to God that I had! Love this madly!
watching this in 2020: OMG there's so much coughing happening in the background!!!
Yes it's making me really nervous!
Spoiler alert, the same is true in 2021
It’s seriously affecting my concentration. I actually stopped the video to go look at the comments to see if I was the only one being triggered by the coughing.
Haha felt the same!
They'll be calling the generation that's 21 or about to be 21 Generation Covid, and Millenials will wind up writing snarky articles about how Gen Vidders are so traumatized by growing up during a global pandemic that they don't know how to stay focused at work and should stop eating TikTok on toast if they want to afford a house in the soon-to-come housing economic crisis, mark my fucking words.
I would totally watch a Barbara McClintock musical.
kokijavier kintero
Or movie! I can’t believe we don’t have a movie about her life.
Ok I’ll bite, let’s crowd source the title, “Amaizing Barbara”?
@@ashbrady588 call it Cornfields :)
Him: *mentions vasopressin
Me: oh yeah, the antidiuretic hormone, I know all about that stuff...
Him: ...it has to do with social behavior...
Me: ... .... What the...?
lol i was bamboozled in the just same way until I recognized that both ADH and oxytocin are synthesized from the posterior pituitary, most probably with a very similar biochemical/molecular structure which to some extent may explain their interchangable effects on receptors? I dont know
@@hilalarslan5888 you are right that the chemical structure of oxytocin and vosopressins are very similar. They differ only by a few amino acids. Both are located on the same chromosome. But they are made in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and secreted and stored in the posterior pituitary
@@RichardMichealDaly what the fuck
-a 9th grader
I want Dr. Sapolski to take me to a mountaintop and teach me for like 8 hours daily
That sounded sexual AF HAHHAHHAHAHA
th-cam.com/channels/BEkjGnLEtw9E3NBko87sFQ.html
Peace
@@Sasasala386 I think J P meant for it to sound that way... I know I would have.
This information is brilliant, makes me want to go back to school for that same level of discovery I'm getting from these videos, but heck, here it is! Thanks Stanford for letting knowledge be free.
thankful for Stanford for providing information and lectures like these
Imagine you could answer your kids questions about the world and nature on this basis instead of giving some fake answer. What a time to be alive
Is there a way we can see the tattoo, that the professor mentioned at the beginning of the class?
This is great, really enjoying these lectures.
It a make a me smatah
Do you think he would debate or discuss with Jordan Peterson?
The Sleeper Must Awaken Jordan Peterson does not have even a tenth of the insight this guy has. Peterson is glued into his own bucket, and seems to think he has understood everything about human psychology... nothing more to know.
@@gxfprtorius4815 Sounds like Sapolsky has nothing to worry about then. Let the games begin.
The Sleeper Must Awaken I would love to see that.
REALLY appreciate the mini-review of the previous lecture at the start of the class.
Wow. So much information, and to think I'm still only skimming the surface. Wish I had the time and brain power to binge these all back to back.
i didnt imagine to stay this long for a series of lectures in TH-cam. Lecture. is captivating. So much to learn
The part with the jumping genes and the random splicing made my hearth work excessively from scientific excitement.
I envy you.
Global Digital Direct Subsidiarity Democracy Why?
Thanks to Professor Sapolsky and Stanford University
Wow these lectures are awesome. I got to learn so many things from this. He cleared so many confusing things. His teaching style is so good that I have become addicted to these lectures.
"Trypanosomes also worship at the altar of Barbarra Mcclintok".
Wow this video is incredible.
I just want to express my heartfelt appreciation for providing these amazing lectures for free! As someone who comes from a business background and currently works as a data analyst, I never expected to fall in love with this topic. These lectures have been an absolute delight to watch, and they have sparked a newfound passion in me. I can't thank you enough for making these valuable resources accessible online. By any chance, would it be possible to also access the course booklet and session notes? It would be fantastic to have those additional materials to dive even deeper into this fascinating subject. Once again, a huge thank you for sharing these educational gems with us!"
I love watching these videos. Around 45:00 I learned something new! And it really explains why I was diagnosed with Grave's Disease after the birth of my daughter. Although I think I had symptoms of it long before I was ever pregnant...
His lectures are Gold. I am amazed how he delivers so complex topics in a manner that I don't want to lose my attention even for a minute
So interesting to hear about copy number variants as having almost a shadow pair that can be rebellious and experiment away, with the sibling being sensible and keeping the lights turned on. His explanations are so original and interesting.
Legendary set of lectures by a wizard level professor...
How can one guy be so smart...? He doesn't even sip water...
Water is key
prof. Sapolsky may be incorrect in teaching that the second position in groupings of 3 amino acids in DNA coding sequences can often be changed (a SNP) without adverse consequence. All other courses I have encountered teach that this true of third position. What a brain! What a course! Remarkable!
Really. You couldn't pan the camera up. Really?
P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }A:link { }Probably not, for legal reasons. I'm guessing it would be
necessary to obtain signed permission of ALL the students
present before posting it. And agree with Vilde Ung:
> … this is shared for free is absolutely amazing. thank you!
>
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Marcia J. Bossy
mjbossy@gmail.com
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"El Universo, que otros llaman la Biblioteca ..."
Jorge Luiz Borges
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Marcia J. Bossy Nobody wants to see the students. Dafuq's wrong with you? Pan up so we could the video...see below, and thanks to Taniwha_NZ
He's asking about the fox pictures referenced at 1:07:00
How ridiculous! You don't need signed permission form students to pan up to a screen on the wall showing a photo of foxes!
It looks like the camera could be on some kind of motion tracker
What a 'Lovely' man Robert seems to be! I really like intelligent people but I think being kind is better! In this good fair man we have both!
This guy is born to educate.
Biology professors are the rock stars of the Universities
This series got me so hooked. Fantastic,
This is far away the best thing on the web.
Binch watching all the lectures
I feel like watching a gazillion of these lectures a gazillion times... totally cool!
If I had professors like this, I would be a rocket scientist now.
Really great series by Professor Robert Sapolsky.
You are an awesome professor!! Love your teaching style. Thanks for sharing this with us, who would never had a chance to listen to you speak. Since hearing the first few parts, I have purchased and read most of your books. Also thank you Stanford university for sharing the lectures!!
Watching this in 2021 during COVID pandemic and having a mini freak out every time someone coughs.
Greatest opportunity to learn in many years. Enjoyfull and extremely good lectures by professor
Is there any way to find the syllabus or at least the additional reading recommendations? As we can not watch the "refresher" sessions, what would be the best way of keeping up with the first half of the semester and thus being able to make good use of the second part? I feel it might get out of hand for me as an Econ graduate ;)))
This series is great! I dont even study anything close to Biology but its sutch an interesting Series of Videos, i can't stop watching!
Pleas stanford, release more videos like these!
I've read tons of the comments, and I thought it was weird to want to be this guy's son or dad, I'd be proud either way, and It doesn't seem so unusual anymore.
I like the way you periodically recap progress so far in a way that helps cement in context awareness. Consciousness has a lot of zooming in and zooming out. The zoom out part is the index, the frame of reference. All should be indexed to the Gestalt ground;, zoomed out as far as possible, churning in the background of awareness, guiding Tab A into Slot A. We'd be saner for it.
watching this in 2017 on youtube, i'm still wondering about the midterm
Two years later from your comment, I wonder about what the questions were on the midterm, and also on the final? Would I pass it after all the lectures? I have a BA in Anthropology...though it's been years since I was in college.
2020, same here...
I have read the chaos book it’s ok. The lectures are like a waterfall of knowledge
"What day is it?" This guy is a real scientist
I'm an MD. IMHO this is an incredible lecture
Can I have even simpler explanation summary of these wonderful lectures. Thank you.
I totally agree with you. :)
I'm Swedish and love his pace and style including his Blah Blahs.
voici l'image du renard que nous n'avons pu voir lors de son exposé.
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard_argenté_domestiqué#/media/File:Silberfuchs_08.jpg
That's exatly what I was looking for, thanks! ^^
Merci! Ça, c'est l'image du renard sauvage. Le renard apprivoisé peut être vu ici: enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/981789
Thanks! That was a photo of the wild fox. The tame one can be seen here: enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/981789
I absolutely love how he uses the word 'there'
I have watched all his videos. They are indeed genius . at late night I use his lectures to fall asleep now . It really works fellow insomniacs . Listen to the same lecture to fall asleep faster.
"tameable siberian silver fox" on google images ;)
thank you, this was really helpful comment...
not falling for that again!
How is such amazing information on youtube??? Im in heaven right now! Thii is an amazing [blessing?] At any rate, im endlessly grateful 😃
thank you so much for this lectures Professor Sapolsky
Notes of this series was shared by someone in comment section which I lost, kindly post the link again to download it
Could someone provide notes of the serious, it would be a big kindness and pleasure
I love these lectures. My mom had lupus and she was told not to have anymore children before she got preggers with me. Because of the medication she was on I have had a lot of medical issues.
But, on balance, I suspect you’re pretty glad she had you :)
@@ashbrady588
Why are you so bold as to assume that? I wouldn't want my mum to suffer, feel guilty or have to give up as much time as many invest in disabled children, if she was to decide to adopt a disabled child that too would be fortunate without risking her health or my older siblings further care.
Not all Teens think about suicide but most who do come across the burden their live will have been to someone until then and some can't take comfort in assuming their remaining lives will be more independent.
Does anyone know what the readings for this class are? I'm loving it!
How cool can this guy be?
I believe this is a picture of the domesticated foxes he mentions in the latter part of the lecture (he does use the adjective "piebald" which describes this fox) - www.petpooskiddoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/wild-vs-domesticated-fox.jpg
How about punctual change being defined by long periods of numerous insignificant mutations, which may be an essential precursor for priming/prepping an organism for the later significant mutation, which, once 'activated' gives the significant change "package" and genetic fitness to change the population to the next valence level. ...gradual?
Does it all mean that our inclination to certain behaviours so often linked to our development might be a result of genes being in some way controled by external environment ? Or that lenght of time would not make a difference in this case ?
thanks Stanford and TH-cam
The silver fox experiment can be read on the amercian scientist web site. A link is available from the Wikipedia page for "Domesticated silver fox" (1st reference)
here in 2022 and how this series is so enlightening and entertaining!
Wow, Rasputin reincarnated is a great professor