Revolutions of 1848: Crash Course European History #26
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 18 พ.ย. 2019
- In 1848, Europe experienced a wave of revolutions. Last week we covered some of the reform movements that presaged these uprisings. This week, we're learning about what the people wanted from the revolutions, who was involved, and how many of those goals were accomplished. We'll look at revolutions in the Austrian Empire, Hungary, Italy, the German States, and the region formerly known as Poland.
Sources:
-Johann Nepomuk Höfel (1788-1964)-'the first uncensored newspaper are sold in street of Vienna after the revolution of 1848'-watercolour Wien-Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Challenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from 1320 to the Global Age. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1995.
-Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1989.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.
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I’ve been watching John for so long I can instantly tell when he has a cold. Get well soon, past John.
I stumbled onto Crash Course only recently, and have binged them. For me, its kinda weird to see John from woke-youth-pastor-type to weary-but-resolute professor.
@@tylernewman9624 woke? I don't think so and thank Allah!
Tyler Newman the woke-youth-pastor vibe is strong.
As soon as he spoke, I came straight to the comments to confirm that he had a cold when filming and that it wasn’t my speakers
@@LewisFieldhouse Please don't confuse "woke" from a guy who is a nice man. The "woke" community is on some BS and limiting free speech, unless of course you agree with them.
I'm amazed and a bit embarrassed that it is only today that I realized that John "Crash Course" Green and John "Fault in Our Stars" Green are the same person. At least now I know.
Kimjongil 2000 I only realized that like 2 days ago.
I was like 3 weeks ago. I also realized at the same time he was also John from vlogbrothers.
Have you ever watched his brother hank and his scishow?
I only realized it a couple years ago when I looked at the back of the cover of the paperback for Fault in Our Stars.
@Rose Rust on the scishow TH-cam channel yeah. All should subscribe
"Whan Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold." Klemens von Metternich
Fast Turtles lol, when Russia sneezes, European empires get crushed :)
@@dylanrodrigues I don't think so 😂 Look what happened in WW1
@ that time Russia sneezed all over itself
@Trz Pretty sure British Empire didn't collapse after WWI
@@GeeRad And then again in 1991
Fun fact: at least in some parts of Italy, '48 still means "chaos", "a mess" (example: "ma che 48!", literally "what a 48!", that stands for "what a mess!")
Another fun fact:
I was taught that Verdi (the composer) was a symbol for Italian unification not only for his chorus about freedom in one of his masterpieces, but also because his surname is an acronym for "Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia" (Vittorio Emanuele King Of Italy). An interesting way to avoid censorship...
I'm wondering why John didn't mention how Ireland was exporting enough food to feed itself, but the money grubbing capitalists preferred to allow massive starvation and suffering to maintain their profits.
@@Mark-dc1su He did mention it. 3:07
@@nbewarwe no he talked about monoculture, not the fact that capitalism sold necessary food goods for profit while the irish people starvee
@@Mark-dc1su Pretty sure that was implied. He said the British government intentionally let things play out in Ireland and did nothing, preferring a laizze faire policy, and had most of their food exported to England. I don't know what else you wanted.
@@Mark-dc1su so that's where the USSR got their great idea of exporting food while blatant starvation was going on.
In 1848 our king (the Netherlands) was so scared of the revolution spreading here he went from conservative to liberal. He gave all his power to the goverment en we got our constitution that same year.
Hilarious 😆
ユーネ / Yuune and smart.
See, revolutions work!
Granted, the Kingdom of Netherlands was actually a new country that was established post Napoleonic period (the Dutch Republic had a stathouder rather than a king).
@nikolai bahtin I wonder how many will get that Hearts of Iron reference
"Elsewhere in Europe" = Poland
the funniest thing that i discovered was, that the subtitles says "even Poland" instead of elsewhere in Europe))
Hey hey, and the German states, so...
and Roumanian states
As you mentioned Wallachia and Moldova you could have added them on the map. Don't forget year 2020 :(
I think, there's an important point John failed to discuss. The 1848 revolutions in Central Europe, especially in the Austrian Empire were filled with beginnings of nationalism. More importantly, the divide between the revolutionaries was much more ethnic than nationalist (except for the German speakers). German nationalism caused a reaction of Slavic and Hungarian nationalism, which is why Slavs refused to vote representatives for the Frankfurt parliament.
In the end, the fear of the supremacy of German or Hungarian nationalism caused the Revolution to "fail".
However, it is also important to note that 1848 brought large changes, as John has said, for the farmers, but also for all nations, as they got more political rights. Moreover, farmers weren't as uninterested as portrayed, they were more and more willing to participate in democracies, as they had achieved new rights, but now wanted to protect them from a backlash of the reactionaries.
Otherwise, great video John!
The first edition was called "The manifesto of the communist party", to serve as a guideline for the previous league. Later on became the Communist manifesto, acknowledging Marx and Engels as the authors.
As pointed out by Marx, the manifesto didn't really impacted the revolutions of the 1840s, but was itself a fruit of its time.
13:20 Nope, I'm sorry. Every famous 19th-century German man is called either Wilhelm, Friedrich, Wilhelm Friedrich, or Friedrich Wilhelm. If he's Austrian he may also be called Ludwig. You get used to it after a while. At least there were enough surnames to go around.
The best 19th century German man was named Karl.
No : Karl marx , sigmung frunde and the most important one : Otto von bismark
Yeah Müller, Schmitt and Schneider...
For German monarchs you got mostly Leopold, Ludwig, any variation or combination of Friedrich or Wilhelm, and any combination or variation on Ernst, Louis, George, and Augustus.
1848 is a huge subject to tackle, and even though I think this video had its flaws I'm impressed at how well it summarized the overarching trends
You forgot Switzerland: In september 1848 it gave itself a new constitution and became the federal republic it is still today. That revolution was successfull.
also had a war
Precisely in the only country in Europe that didn't need one. Meh! Revolution or reaction?
Luis Aldamiz If you mean the war, the Sonderbund was a military alliance created in reaction and by reactionary (here: conservative catholic) lead cantons against the more liberally lead cantons. The new constitution was determined by the outcome of the war.
@@Argacyan - There's another read at least: they were for Canton rights, while the Federalists were against them (to some extent).
DO YOU HEAR THE PEOPLE SING?!
CFV singing the song of angry man?
@@yukonao it is the music of the people who will not be slaves again
@Rose Rust there is a life about to start when tomorrow comes
Revolutionaries: Do you hear the people sing?!
French Peasants: Vive l’Empreur!
Revolutionaries: hold up
*Arise, ye workers from your slumber!*
Seize the memes of production!
69 year plans
I cried at the end. You are still a good historical narrator and public history teacher (you seem to have some knack for an oratory mode of delivery).
Tsar Nicholas I had even earned a nickname "policeman of the Europe" for his antirevolutionary efforts
During the Crimean war he called himself "One of the two greatest idiots in world history for the saving Austria"
@@mixxavalev349 and who was the other one?
He was also assassinated by a Russian anarchist organisation in which Lenin's older brother was politically active. He was executed as well as his 2nd brother. So the third and youngest brother (Lenin) was kinda angry and you know how the story continues
@@user-xq5og9lt8p I think John III Sobieski. I can't find the original quote but it something along the lines "Who are the two most stupid kings? John III Sobieski and I. Because we both saved the Habsburgs."
John you explain 19th century European History so simple ; great job.
One of the best Crash Course vids you’ve ever made, and trust me, I’ve seen them all. 😊
1848 represents for the Swiss people the creation of the modern federal state that we know today as Switzerland (before it was just a loose federation of independant states). It was created after a brief civil war (the last war that happened on Swiss territory, if we do not count the few bombings of cities by the Allies during WW2) that pitted the mainly catholic, countryside, poor and uneducated cantons, that were fighting for the status quo, against the mainly protestant, liberal and rich cantons fighting for reform and democracy.
märci
Love these videos, perfect length for just the right amount of info.
Revolutionist demands: eat the rich
Without any milk....
Just think of it as Wagyu long pork. Treat yourself.
With cake
@@WindFireAllThatKindOfThing long
God, i want to know why didnt i meet this channel before. The sensation of watching it is so good that it makes learning about history something quite enjoyable.
John has absolutely given up any notion of not being a goofy distractible host. And I love it.
Dan Scannell His old hosting style and old videos were so much better though.
@@ethanthedestroyer3052 I think that's what Dan is saying tho. That hes given up NOT being his old self.
What an incredible time to talk about revolutions. You all know what I’m talking about
This is a truly timeless comment.
timeless (but also there's revolutions and riots from South Sudan to Chile and so on the media never covers or if then only in favour of capitalist elites while hushing any talk about massacres against the common people such as in Cochabamba)
Argacyan- Capitalistic elites are the best kind of elites.
Dance Dance Revolution is making a comeback?
Eating the rich?
I continue to support this channel. Please make this channel be known by more. Grasp the benefits of learning!!
I have to mention that the area of Hungary was way bigger at the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Practically you have to take out of that map at 1:18 the current Austria and you get the real size of 19th century Hungary (up to the WW1 peace treaty where the country got it's current size, witch is about 1/3 of the size of historical Hungary) . On the other hand sovereign Hungarian state did not existed for hundreds of years before the revolution of '48 and after the end of the freedom fight in 1849.
At the time of the revolution Hungary was more a region because how you tell yourself it appeaered because of the 48' revolution. The map may be more indicative of the part were the hungarian revolution was started but each revolution had some particular points. And i am pretty sure the slovaks and romanian didn't wanted to be ruled from Budapesta.
@@alexandrub8786 I just pointed out that the area highlighted on the map was not representative for the time period. To be punctual the centrum of government was rarely in Buda(pest) before the 20th century, in the years 1800 the Hungarian parliament took place in Pozsony (Bratiava) , currently capital of Slovakia.
"One privileged Austrian deputy" … Loved it!
WOW john green ! I almost didnt recognized you and your voice, time flyyyy. happy to see you again!
Another great episode!
I love this moment in history. The rising conflict of individual, class, and national identity is about to go off.
Great video, looking forward to your next videos❣❣
I love you Crash Course, I have exam on Nov 30th,just needed this.
This channel is just awesome! Who is with me?😊
Due to that bloody debacle in 1846 and the failure of the 1830-31 November Uprising mentioned in the previous episode, in 1848 there was "only" a Polish uprising in the Prussian Partition. Additionally there were random Polish volunteers, inspired by the motto "For our freedom and yours" showing up all over Europe wherever something like an uprising was going on. Especially numerous in Hungary. For significant individual examples look up Ludwik Mierosławski and Józef Bem.
Why does 17th-19th century Europe seem so much like modern day everywhere else?🤔
It's not just that period. As with lots of periods of history, the learning is to know we are not all that different from those that came before us. Sure we enjoy certain freedoms, especially those that have otherwise been disenfranchised previously (not the best word imo for those minorities (also not the best word, ok I'll stop)) but we are more like those that helped make us than we would like to admit 😉
Junior Mynos.
For one, we live in the time of the next technological revolution. This means a major shift in societies and exacerbation of the previous contradictions. Exactly what happened in mid-1800-s.
It's basically how information spreads.
Before this period people weren't aware that things could exist in any other form and lived as serfs or slaves to a feudal hierarchy.
Once the printing press spread news about events happening in other countries and literacy rates increased people saw an increase in class consciousness.
Like, before they would only get local gossip about small town events. Then as people moved to the cities, social circles increased and the news could educate people about what was going on elsewhere in the world.
So what's happening today is people in far flung countries are seeing better rates of literacy and are slowly beginning to realise that there are other perhaps better ways of living and that they don't need to fear the state.
In some cases at least, i'm sure a few countries have more nuanced reasons behind their unrest like say Hong Kong, which is comparable to New York in terms of literacy, in their case it's a foreign oppressor trying to control the populace.
And China with it's apparent lack of social unrest is likely due to their dictatorship controlling the news, to the point where it's society are simply unaware of how things could be different. Much like the Hitler youth, a lot of Chinese genuinely believe their country is the best because they haven't heard or been taught about the terrible things. It's quite scary really.
@@Madhattersinjeans I love how you just assume things about China. do you read Chinese perchance? or read Chinese news? or do you just fantasize based on what your western media spoon feeds you? the same media that practically celebrated the death of 39 ''Chinese refugees from oppression'', only to find out later that they are from Vietnam? your hubris and ignorance disgusts me.
Because Capitalism.
14:22 this part is heartbreaking
Especially because this happened in Poland too. Jewish Poles had been a part of our country for centuries by then, and Jewish people have arguably been allies better allies to us than the Catholic Church ever was. Even after the 18th Century, and the rising antisemitism in Poland at the time, Jewish people still helped us fight for our independence, from the Kościuszko uprising to World War I, while the Catholic Church took much longer to support Polish independence. Allowing antisemitism to take root in our country was nothing short of a betrayal.
Vigilant Sycamore remember the Jewish monarch rulers of Jesus time killed him for similar reasons of the times today it’s impossible to stop this form of discrimination unless we come to a similar accord which was MARTIN LUTHER KING JR’s agenda!!! Martin was killed before this similar accord could be finished Jesus created this idea originally that’s why we need a Jesus like leader with no hidden agendas the only interest is transcendence beyond this Feudalism
Top summary and connections made!
We need a Crash Course: Roman History
There's a good podcast for that.
Someone knows what I'm talking about, feel free to share it.
@@ProfessorTravis Probably Dan Carlins Hardcore History.
Check the Historia Civilis youtube channel.
I love Mike Duncan's "History of Rome" series.
He also does the Revolutions podcast, currently working his way towards the Russian Revolution.
Just google it - it's very well done.
I hope that you go in depth into land reform movements in the next few episodes. Land reform often gets lumped with socialism, but Georgism was somewhat distinct and was pretty prominent in Europe, China, and the US.
Imagine if Germany actually managed to unite in 1848
We could have celebrated 170 years of Prussian hegemony last year!
... I'm probably too cynical here.
@@baronDioxid maybe the whole world would have celebrated Prussian hegemony by now...
Matt Dosmil
It would have been too disunited for it to work. Not many of the other princes supported it. Russia would have hated a liberal Germany, and the Conservative Prussians would clash with the liberal Reichstag.
Nonsense, Carthage would never allow Germans to unite. Besides, you are forgetting the kobolds
Well Germany did unite in the end and Prussia was central to that. So is more like a timeline was proposed a bit. And while it interesting to think World War I would happen sooner this is not likely at all. Though is really hard to know what cascade effect such a early unity would have on the world.
Ohhhhh you slowed down! Thank youuuuuuuuu :)
Wow, ive jsut spent the entire night looking up various parts of history and wanted a video on the revolutions of 1848. And you uploaded one just 2 days ago! What luck.
"and then painted himself out" :(
Interesting.... 🤔 Thanks John!!
OMG! Queen Beatrix and Ruud Lubbers in the centre of that 1992 picture!
My Dutch heart is happier now. Thank you John!
What a wonderful thing to imagine at the end.
I do love the thought bubble.
Very well done.
Thanks for covering this topic! Nobody every talks about the (failed) revolutions of 1848. Or practically nobody, anyway.
Might be time for another round of revolutions.
Said the person who has never seen a revolution.
@@chrisconway9959 "I need an operation to cut out this tumor that's killing me"
Said the person who's never had an operation to cut out the tumor that's killing them.
Workers of the world, unite!
Unite we shall
LOL good luck
A golden page in the history of Europe.
This is quite interesting.
@0:52 the painting of the villagers on the road up from the sea...playing accordion and drum... hit me like a ton of bricks. does anyone know that artist/work
15:07 that's Vienna alright, that gate there is still standing
Next episode better cover the emancipation of Russian serfs and the crippling debts the aristocracy tried to impose to keep them subjugated. currently listening to the Revolutions podcast, and it is cathartic to see how my country's many struggles for civil, political, and economic freedoms were mirrored around the world.
Its the kind of knowledge that makes you feel solidarity with the workers of the world...
Educational!
Another episode another tear for the lack of Past John Green
Mr. Green Mr. Green!
Seriously though
He would have been a very interesting voice to hear for this one
I have recently come back after not watching crash course for years, what happened to him?
@@Liynkx the slow passage of time
And we still have it by the way this video is very interesting especially for the situation in South America
That’s crazy. I was recently looking into Tarnów (my birthplace) and found out it was one of the most effected town ,in terms of death, during the Galician Slaughter.(even the leader of the massacre was from tarnow) I hope my ancestors weren’t involved 😅
They probably were. Unless your ancestors were not from Tarnóv.
A thing somebody found at Sutter Creek in January 1848 also had an impact on Europe...
European immigrants to California during the gold rush over the next few years.
Thank you for telling the story of my countries history and sharing it with the world . Not many know this side of Irish history I am so proud to be Irish . Thank you for sharing something I began learning about when I was 8 x
Nice !
Mike Duncan’s Revolutions podcast says hello!
Can we do the “worst year: 536AD” episode ?
Two things,
What on earth happend to Prussia and Hungary 1:21?
It mentions the rise of antisemitism, eventhough it existed allready, but it doesn't mention the emancipation of the jews in this time period. It's falsely to link the antisemitism of this time to that of a century later, because over all the rights of jews were strengthened.
Also pretty conveniently skipped a lot of conflict within the Austrian Empire which would shape the history and ethnic conflicts of the region to this day - just to make an oversimplification about antisemitism and ignore many important details about that too (like you mentioned). Feels like a very, very sloppy episode.
In Great Britain and Ireland, Jewish emancipation was finally achieved by 1858, when Lionel Rothschild became the first practicing Jew to take a seat to which he was elected in the British House of Commons.
In the meantime the rundown of the measly french '48 is spelled out to the details...
Hungarian part? Nah! They actually won against the Imperial army, and needed a 300k strong Russian intervention to beat down... dafuq cares anyway...
@@HUNdAntae While I agree that it was a nice military, accomplishment, I think it's more important how it shaped the region's political, ethnic/demographic and economic history: the ethnic tensions that ignited in 1848-49 led to the creation and dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and a power vacuum that was ultimately filled by the Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia.
The ideology behind many of today's borders and policies (eg. native minority rights) was shaped by it.
And it barely gets mentioned.
@@gf1917 agreed.
Thanks ! Merci !
on the subject of authors, as science opened up new horizons, please mention verne and wells in future episodes.
Regarding the Irish potato famine. Help was given in the early days, but a change of government brought a change in policy. Ironically the man who decided that help be restricted was a famous philanthropist (whose name I forget). Part of the problem was the potato blight was dealt with quite well in northern England and Scotland. People wondered why it wasn’t in Ireland.
The consequences were even greater than the terrible mass starvation.
Changes in policy towards agriculture, opening up markets to foreign countries etc., brought Britain to within weeks of losing the First World War.
what happened to mystery document or any sort of sub-shows
I like that shirt John!
Fascinating stuff, let's hope we can resolve current issues before another revolution breaks out
You'd have to fundamentally change the system to resolve most of the issues for good, and by then the question arises what's the difference between that and a revolution anymore.
I think the revolution has already begun and it's a battle of ideas and values
@transylvanian sorry, but I don't think communism is the solution. I mean, it's been done to death already, literally to death like people died, lots of people dead dead
I was just researching George Sand and her life was so interesting! It's really cool to learn about people in history with different gender identities.
For most important year, how about 1648, which cemented the modern idea of states?
hey Fred Engels was the failson of a textile mill owner who also owned mills in the Rhineland
And In 60yrs later world war 1. 60yrs from this just gives you a sense of how fast things started to move
Yeah, I mean, the Habsburgs still had the same monarch in 1914. These events were still in living memory when the 1917 revolution broke out in Russia.
my college class is learning about this and just thank you because without this video i would be so lost
You better read Something correct about the German 1848 Revolution, since this video doesn't get it right, especially when it comes to the Frankfurt Parliament.
@@GiladPellaeon lmao i learn that in college
@13:30, what about all the Louie-phillips?
Hey man
Why have not you noticed or depicted the four prints visualising democratic and social republics illustrated by Frédéric Sorrieu in 1848 ??
I wasn't aware of the revolutions in 1848, at least not that many. The potato famine and Communist Manifesto, yes but I didn't realize there was so much upheaval in Europe that year. I was taught about the Mexican-American war and it's end in that year but high school and college history failed to lead me to the events in Europe. I like how John noted the similarities between then and now such as the rise of automation and global discontent. It seems that everyone but the U.S. and New Zealand are protesting or rioting these days.
Even the video here is barely scratching the surface (=crash course). The educational system is terrible in the US and some other countries.
Is not even the complete map at 1:18 the danubian principalities had they own pașoptist revolution with simal goal as Italy and Germany.
Ive watched this so long ago i didnt know the whimsical tone of this show is now gone john boy please if I dont get stupid comments through my classes i fall asleeep
Hi, I’m John Green and welcome to Crash Course SLOW History. It’s like the other video’s but just a lot slower
INteresting not to mention the to my knowledge peasefull revolution in Denmark in 1848
was kind of hoping for a switzerland mention in this episode :(
9:33 "Seize the memes of production."
Regardless of the bloodiness and destructiveness of the outcomes of these revolutions, it's folly to say that those revolutions were not worth conducting. They provided the underclasses of European society with vital experience to carry on the struggle for their freedoms with greater clarity and understanding in the future. It is some kind of pedantic to try to talk oppressed people down from an ardent and stubborn struggle because that struggle offends your sensibilities.
I don't want to be picky but the European Union was established under its current name in 1993 following the Maastricht Treaty so one year later than stated.
I think you have two different schools of thinking clashing together when it comes to giving voting rights to the poor and (mostly) uneducated:
1. We shouldn't let them vote because they are very likely to mismanage this right and 'obligation' and will likely see weak or malevolent leaders elected into power that can satisfy their immediate concerns with disregard to the future, human rights, democracy or the wider society. There are plenty of examples of such leaders in history.
2. We should give them the right to vote because it is the best if not the only tool to ensure that their rights are respected and that their socio-economic condition might improve such that they will no longer be poor (at least in absolute terms) or (mostly) uneducated. With the right to vote their political power is equal to everyone else's and as such their welfare and well-being matters just as much.
Both views have their merits and my personal opinion is that a middle-road approach would work best, where you try to achieve a minimum level of education and welfare in the wider population before you give them the right to vote to minimize risks and ensure a peaceful transition.
Personally, I would have preferred to see the colorized picture from the formation of the European Union. There is just something about how Queen Beatrix pops out in a room filled with suits that strikes me.
9:27 They didn't believe that class struggle would arise for the first time, but that it was the guiding principle for societal progress.
John has a highschool class taught by a soccer coach understanding of marx.
13:29 You're forgetting George
I also heard that British government even denied foreign help when other countries tried to offer food for starving Irish
They did the same later in Bengal, it was a habit of theirs in the face of famine
The Ottomans helped anyway, kick in the face to Vicky
John's sick voice sounds more tender
What’s funny is I’m cooking hash browns right now, and I’m Irish ☘️?!
I read hash brownies, and didn't get the connection.
@@davidgustavsson4000 Hash brownies are always funny.
Just hash browns, I enjoy my potatoes this way.
1:22 Just a bit of a correction, Bohemia really isn’t a German state. Once part of the HRE yes, but as for German, well I’d wager that claiming that in the middle of Prague might have unfortunate health consequences.
My world history teacher shows us a bunch of Crash Course vids from around 2012
i realize there is an episode callex 18xx-1848 revolutions, and then another episode callled 1848 revolutions.
haha
a ghost is haunting CrashCourse
This video would have been so great 2 years ago...
Good overall view, but don't forget this an be seen as change, dialectical change. Everything is in flux and more is learnt by the workers every time a revolution happens
The parliament of Frankfurt was not dominanted by princes, the reprentatives were elected and mostly bourgeois, mostly lawyers and professors. They did name the uncle of the austrian emperor as a provisional central governor, but he was neither a ruling prince nor did he control the parliament
Well the Archduke was supposed to act as a stand in for the Emperor, and worked alongside President Heinrich von Gagern. But since Frederick William IV never accepted the crown, he basically had nothing to do.
how did his voice get so deep and matured