One Shot class 12 organic chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes | NCERT chemistry | NEET & JEE 2025

#organicreactionmechanism #chemistry DR. AHIS MATHURI CLASSES
Monohaloalkanes
Primary alkyl halide
Secondary alkyl halide
Tertiary alkyl halide
What is Primary alkyl halide
Example of Primary alkyl halide Ethyl chloride
What is Secondary alkyl halide?
What is Tertiary alkyl halide?
Polyhaloalkanes
A. Dihaloalkanes
B. Trihaloalkanes
C. Tetrahaloalkanes and so on
Dihaloalkanes
1. Geminal dihalide or Gem. dihalides
2. Vicinal dihalide
Classification of monohalocompounds
1. Compounds containing sp3 C-X bond
2. Compounds containing sp2 C-X bond
3. Compounds containing sp C-X bond
Allylic halides
Benzylic halides
Vinyl halides
Aryl halides
Total no.of possible isomers of alkyl halide = 2n-2,
where n = no. of carbon atoms
NATURE OF CARBON - HALOGEN BONDS
Bond Polarity
Bond strength
Bond length
PREPARATIONS OF ALKYL HALIDE With PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2
Best method for preparation of alkyl chlorides
Methods of preparation of Haloalkanes from Hydrocarbons
1. Halogenation of alkanes
2. Halogenation of alkenes
3. Halogenation of alkynes
MARKOWNIKOFF’S RULE and ANTI MARKOWNIKOFF’S RULE PEROXIDE EFFECT
Methods of preparation of Haloalkanes By Halogen exchange
1. Finkelstein reaction
2. Swarts reaction
Methods of preparation of Haloarenes
1. Halogenation of Benzene by electrophilic substitution reaction Sandmeyer’s reaction
2. Halogenation of Benzene Gattermann reaction
3. From Benzene diazonium halide
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOALKANES
Physical Properties of Haloarenes
Polyhalogen Compounds
1. Dichloromethane or Methylene dichloride
2. Trichloromethane or Chloroform
3. Triiodomethane or Iodoform
4. Tetrachloromethane or Carbon tetrachloride
5. Freon or Chloro fluorocarbon
6. p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane or DDT
Chemical properties of Haloalkanes
1. alpha Elimination reaction Saytzeff’s rule
2. Reaction with metals
A. Wurtz reaction with Na metal B. Preparation of Grignard’s reagent with Mg FORMATION OF GRIGNARD’S REAGENT
3. Nucleophilic substitution reactions
A. with aq. KOH/NaOH
B. with moist silver Oxide or Ag2O
C. with NH3 or Hoffmann’s Ammonolysis
D. with sodium alkoxide or R-ONa
E. with alc. KCN
F. with alc. AgCN
G. with silver salt of carboxylic acid i.e. with silver carboxylate RCOO - Ag Preparation of Ester
REACTIVITY OF ALKYL HALIDE TOWARDS NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION or SN
Explain SN2 mechanism or Explain the mechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide or Bromomethane.
SN2 reaction is one step reaction because breaking fission of C-Br bond and formation of C-OH bond takes place simultaneously and the product is formed with 100% inversion of configuration due to backside attack of nucleophile OH-
The energy profile diagram for alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide which follows SN2 mechanism
SN1 mechanism OR Explain the mechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide or 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane.
SN1 Substitution nucleophilic first order
SN1 is favoured in polar solvents
SN1 involves carbonium ion mechanism
SN1 involves 50% inversion and 50% retention
Rate of reaction for SN2 reaction, depends upon molar concentration of
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOARENES or Nucleophilic substitution reaction and its mechanism
The nature of C - X bond in haloarenes
Chemical properties of Haloarenes
1. Nucleophilic substitution reaction and its mechanism.
2. Electrophilic substitution reactions
3. Reaction with metals.
Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloarene and its mechanism.
With Dow’s Process
With substituted Haloarenes
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOARENES with Electrophilic substitution reaction
a) Friedel - Craft’s reaction
b) Sulphonation or SO3 is substituted
c) Nitration or NO2+ is substituted
d) Halogenation or X+ is substituted
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOARENES by WURTZ REACTION
Fitting reaction
Wurtz fitting reaction
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Class 12 #1| Chapter 10 || CBSE NEET JEE
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