I worked at Abbott’s Australian affiliate and can confirm this story. This was in the late 90s - the stock of Norvir ran out and I was told that some strange things were happening to the capsules, nobody could explain it and it was almost like out of a sci-fi movie. Liquid norvir apparently had a terrible metallic taste. Thank you for clarifying this 25 years later.
Kudos also to Abbot's for tackling the crisis head-on and deviating quite far from their normal business operation to create solutions. I think their behavior deserves to be highlighted and remembered.
@@SASAS-ru8ysA corporate behavior is highly dependent of regulatory body, execs, and shareholders. A good corporation (which I argue never exists) can turn bad, and vice versa.
This is a very similar concept to "prions" which are more stable forms of proteins which can spontaneously change other proteins to the new form. This can be very dangerous, as evident by the mad cow disease outbreaks caused by prions. Additionally, prions are extremely hard to sterilize against, and can last in the environment for decades.
@@H0mework random chance. if a single random mutation causes a protein to turn into a prion, that protein will spread. just how all other natual selection works!
Prions are so bad with deer that in certain areas they have fenced off the regions to prevent deer from entering the areas as when they defecate the prions get into the soil and then enter the food chain through plants further infecting more deer.
Prions are alien life coming to consume us all! No one can tell me otherwise. I have no clue how prions haven't spread to us all. They are like a zombie alien cancer. Hard to destroy. Immune system cannot do anything against it. Drugs can't do anything last time I checked. No treatments. Yeah prions scare me.
This video brings up some mild lab trauma for me - half a year in the lab focused on fine tuning a process to ensure the correct polymorph would form, sending it to the plant after 'bulletproofing' it in the lab (many hands, highly reproducible) only for the entire batch to come out as the wrong form - the ring of solids that built up in a reactor was the wrong form. Fortunately we had an 'out' with an engineered polymorph setting step which reconverted everything to the right form, albiet at a yield loss.
And this is one of the things in computational chemistry that can help prevent things like this. You can go through with the molecular formulation and run it through simulations to see if there's any preferred thermodynamic polymorphs that the material will try to change into to reduce its energy to its lowest state
I didn't know that it was predictable, but more power if so....I guess if a model like Alfa-fold works, why not? I wonder what Rupert Sheldrake would say about that? ;*[}
Absoletly outstanding episode. Like. Holy crap. How did you even find this story. A pharma production line gets ice-nined. That's literally, actually science fiction. Outstanding work, Captain Asianometry.
Did not expect to get a video about this phenomenon here - for interested people, there are review articles: Accounts of Chemical Research 1995, 28, 193; Angewandte Chemie intern. Ed. 2015, 54, 6972
@@stevengill1736 yeah, I am afraid to say that I tend to ridicule morphogenetic fields... but it fits well into his theories when you hear about it first. There are enough studies where it was possible to revert the phenomenon and return to earlier forms by careful experimentation, however, so the contamination hypothesis seems better
@@stevengill1736 Sheldrakes theories are bullshit. Sheldrake with his morphic resonance was blathering about melting points not solubility. Polymorphs of a specific compound all have the same melting point but, potentially, different solubilities.
Loving all the bio-related content lately! Leaves me wanting more! Hate to be nitpicky but "protease" is usually pronounced more like "pro - tea - ace", and "renin" likely more like "ree - nin". Biology nomenclature is kinda jarring at first, but after encountering enough weird names, it'll become second nature lol
Thank you. I never want to be ‘that guy’, but I was hoping someone would point these out kindly as has been done. I’m going to add my own suggestion: inanimate objects generally don’t have possessive forms, so, for example “the molecules of the active ingredient” is generally preferred to “the active ingredient’s molecules.” 1:16
Did you see that excellent space reentry video from Varda Space's tiny capsule maybe half a year or so ago that went a little viral (heh) on here? The one that was stuck in space for almost a year because they launched without a permit from the FAA for a reentry and the FAA wanted to make an example out of them for trying to just launch and get the permit later? This is what it was doing, converting and recrystallizing the form 2 of ritonavir into the stable form 3 in zero gravity. The paper that came out of it is "Return of the Ritonavir: A Study on the Stability of Pharmaceuticals Processed in Orbit".
'Vladimir Renin, seizing the means of blood pressure' made me chuckle quite a bit. Nice play on words. Very interesting topic, by the way, and great video as always. Thank you.
I honestly thought this was going to be about object oriented programming. Glad it wasn't, as this is a really interesting phenomenon I've never heard of before.
What a great explanation of a fascinating story older than I am. I had little to no interest in the topic but it was captivating. My surface level understanding of chemistry was blown away by the idea of cycle of crystal forms. Different crystal structures depending on simple conditions like temperature, pressure and catalyst I knew about. But a form that acts like a pandemic was so outlandish I can understand why we weren’t taught this about in school.
This sounds similar in spirit to a prion - a misfolded protein that spreads its misfolding to other copies of the protein, which leads to cell death in prion diseases (like Creutzfeld-Jakob). Although it's actually, I guess, the same as the issue of chocolate tempering. Chocolate crystalizes in a lot of different forms and if you're not careful when you work with chocolate you'll get the wrong one. Prion on the one hand, chocolate on the other. I'll go with the chocolate.
Chocolate for the win. It is interesting though, that prions also go for the insoluble form once they turn malicious and also cannot recover from this state. Gotta have to dig deeper into that chocolate topic. ;-)
@@YunxiaoChu I'm reffering to the prions in Creutzfeld-Jacob disease. A thermodynamicaly more stable form of a molecule will not change its configuration to one that is less stable. You would have to change certain environmentsl conditions like temperature for that to happen, which is usually not possible within a living cell. Chocolate however can be reheated.
This might be one of my favorite of your videos. I've never heard of this process of spontaneously occurring polymorphs. Although I have read cat's cradle. What a wild story.
It’s frightening how relevant this is to me. Been watching your channel for a few years now and I am doing my Masters thesis in Computational Chemistry for protease inhibitors
This change in final product of an organic chemistry process can be due to subtle changes in precursor or solvent characteristics. For example, a polymer manufacturer found their final product began to be less effective. They (luckily) found that a supplier had made a minor change in their precursor process, and it affected their customer’s product.
How this stuff proliferated unnerves me. Probably not news to any epidemiologist, but the drug seems almost as contagious as the virus it was supposed to treat
I look forward to and enjoy every episode Jon I appreciate the breadth of comprehension given the topical diversity - which have obviously put significant effort into cheers and live long!
Very interesting. And really well presented. I am a pharmacist in Austria, and one of my professors (now deceased) actively researched polymorphism. It is not generally known to the public how important polymorphism is.
The solution would be to use a heavier mw alcohol to weaken the hydrogen bonding affinity, then once it comes into contact with water it would convert to the active form. Also traces of the peptide coupling reagents could cause a phase change like this
Polymorphs are actually of interest for solid-phase CVD/ALD precursors because they can, in principle, have different vapor pressures and hence different performance on tools.
Fascinating! Biochemistry add a lot of complexity with these foldings vs "simple"chemistry. Also, diseases related to protein folding: prion, mad cow disease, Kuru disease and I'm sure many others.
3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1
Absolutely fascinating. Also, it takes Asianometry to create a title that is the opposite of a clickbait ;)
Did they figure out if the labs all made the same "mistake" after a couple of weeks (due to an inherently faulty process, e.g. high chance of letting the solvent dry up), or if the travelling scientists unknowingly spread the type II to every lab they visited?
5:44 You said that Abbott noticed the similarities between the HIV protease enzyme and renin in 1982. Surely that can't be correct -- AIDS wasn't even classified as AIDS until July 1982, and the connection between a previously unknown retrovirus and AIDS was not established until 1984.
In addition to the crystal type, there is the issue of molecular twist or something like that and this creates pseudo versions of drugs that have to be separated.
Hi. Rob Sheldrake in his theory about morphogenetic fields had a case about polymorphy. I suspect that there are processes that can cause certain configuration changes in chemicals beyond the typical thermodynamic factors affecting chemical polymeric transformations.
@@Validole True. The main problem in the experiment design today, is that if is not in the book then it not something to be considered. Just a visit to a research lab will convince you about it.
You have an uncanny ability to get me to click on videos I dont want to click on, and then remain longer than I should have or wanted too. What magic is this
integrase inhibitor is the thing that is the most profound so far. The second generation integrase inhibitor is like a heat-seeking missle is the mainstay of post-exposure prophylaxis. - research assistant infectious disease.
Something similar happened with thalidomide, except they accidentally mirrored the chirality of the molecules - creating a toxic new form which was responsible for birth defects
In this case, I don’t find it concerning that the representatives of the company were contaminated (!) and carried the unwanted seed crystals to other sites. In other cases, I am concerned.
Also, amino is pronounced uh-MEAN-oh not AM-ino You could do a Google search: how is protease pronounced I can get a link for the audio Apologies for being pedantic but your content is so excellent I think this minor touch up stands out.
Great video. Just a slight correction. The word "protease" has an odd pronunciation... at least, it seems weird at first, but once you become familiar with enzymes, it makes sense; it is pronounced pro-tea-ace. Nearly all enzymes end with the "ace" sound at the end, as that is the descriptor suffix for an enzyme.
I feel like this is more about the case of the APPEARING polymorph, because when form II appeared, they did not know form I was a polymorph. Also, my soul shrunk a little each time you said pro-tease…
This is truly some interesting topic. It makes me wonder how many more process like this might be going on not only in drugs but in any lifeforms. Or even looking at our planet and all its chemistry. I heard about that book before and dismissed it, but I might reconsider and read it. Thx for your very interesting videos, always a pleasure to learn something new
Like there was this one case of the child being born without half of his brain but he was still alive functioning like he has a regular brain and there have been cases of this with people who dont have hearts
@@Wunderbolts oh oops lol. Sorry I was lmao at the exact same time stamp for a different reason and I assumed too much. Is mlg pro gamer 123 a known creator? ...I didn't mean to mock the creator or anything like that, but I was just saying that there's an actual proper pronunciation to enzyme names that end with -ase which is to say the -ase is always pronounced either "ayze" or "ace" and it means the enzyme cleaves or breaks something through breaking a chemical bond. There are no "pro-teases" in the enzyme world but there are proteinases or proteases that cleave proteins. Sorry my inner nerd misunderstood your comment. Hope you're having a great weekend.
@1:40 Whoah! I thought I was looking at some kind of U shaped channel filled with liquid coming at the screen and going WAY OFF into the distance, until the image finally clicked in my brain and I could see the top of the silicon boule.
I came for semi conductor tech but stayed for the well researched and delivered multitude of topics.... So the silicon bule analogy was welcome.
The variety has a quality of its own
I worked at Abbott’s Australian affiliate and can confirm this story. This was in the late 90s - the stock of Norvir ran out and I was told that some strange things were happening to the capsules, nobody could explain it and it was almost like out of a sci-fi movie. Liquid norvir apparently had a terrible metallic taste. Thank you for clarifying this 25 years later.
Kudos also to Abbot's for tackling the crisis head-on and deviating quite far from their normal business operation to create solutions. I think their behavior deserves to be highlighted and remembered.
@@SASAS-ru8ysA corporate behavior is highly dependent of regulatory body, execs, and shareholders. A good corporation (which I argue never exists) can turn bad, and vice versa.
This is a very similar concept to "prions" which are more stable forms of proteins which can spontaneously change other proteins to the new form. This can be very dangerous, as evident by the mad cow disease outbreaks caused by prions. Additionally, prions are extremely hard to sterilize against, and can last in the environment for decades.
I wonder if prions had a template or how they become templates for new proteins to convert to. I knew this happened with HeLa but drugs too?!
@@H0mework random chance. if a single random mutation causes a protein to turn into a prion, that protein will spread. just how all other natual selection works!
Prions are so bad with deer that in certain areas they have fenced off the regions to prevent deer from entering the areas as when they defecate the prions get into the soil and then enter the food chain through plants further infecting more deer.
I find prions to be terrifying! I wonder if anyone has utilized alfa-fold to look at prions?
Prions are alien life coming to consume us all! No one can tell me otherwise.
I have no clue how prions haven't spread to us all. They are like a zombie alien cancer. Hard to destroy. Immune system cannot do anything against it. Drugs can't do anything last time I checked. No treatments.
Yeah prions scare me.
This video brings up some mild lab trauma for me - half a year in the lab focused on fine tuning a process to ensure the correct polymorph would form, sending it to the plant after 'bulletproofing' it in the lab (many hands, highly reproducible) only for the entire batch to come out as the wrong form - the ring of solids that built up in a reactor was the wrong form. Fortunately we had an 'out' with an engineered polymorph setting step which reconverted everything to the right form, albiet at a yield loss.
And this is one of the things in computational chemistry that can help prevent things like this. You can go through with the molecular formulation and run it through simulations to see if there's any preferred thermodynamic polymorphs that the material will try to change into to reduce its energy to its lowest state
I didn't know that it was predictable, but more power if so....I guess if a model like Alfa-fold works, why not? I wonder what Rupert Sheldrake would say about that? ;*[}
Absoletly outstanding episode. Like. Holy crap. How did you even find this story. A pharma production line gets ice-nined. That's literally, actually science fiction. Outstanding work, Captain Asianometry.
*"Vladimir Renin, seizing the means of blood pressure"*
ehhh Ok
R and L sounds the same if you're into Asianometry
Did not expect to get a video about this phenomenon here - for interested people, there are review articles: Accounts of Chemical Research 1995, 28, 193; Angewandte Chemie intern. Ed. 2015, 54, 6972
Fascinating stuff, so of course I want to read more about it. Thanks for the citations!
And for a different view, try Rupert Sheldrake.....he gas YT vids, but his theories aren't accepted generally....
@@stevengill1736 yeah, I am afraid to say that I tend to ridicule morphogenetic fields... but it fits well into his theories when you hear about it first. There are enough studies where it was possible to revert the phenomenon and return to earlier forms by careful experimentation, however, so the contamination hypothesis seems better
@@stevengill1736
Sheldrakes theories are bullshit. Sheldrake with his morphic resonance was blathering about melting points not solubility.
Polymorphs of a specific compound all have the same melting point but, potentially, different solubilities.
The medication for a contagious disease caught a contagious disease. Weird.
It's a darned recursive!!
Some people to this day say that it's a disease caused by God. Downright creepy.
US government be like "hell no, we spent way too much on this"
Loving all the bio-related content lately! Leaves me wanting more! Hate to be nitpicky but "protease" is usually pronounced more like "pro - tea - ace", and "renin" likely more like "ree - nin". Biology nomenclature is kinda jarring at first, but after encountering enough weird names, it'll become second nature lol
And it's not "thusly" either! It's "thus". Good grief. Why-o-why? Sorry, just had to get that off my chest. 😅
@@temptemp563"thusly" was actually coined as a joke against pretentious pseudo-intellectuals. Anyone who uses it is falling for a 100 year old prank.
Thank you. I never want to be ‘that guy’, but I was hoping someone would point these out kindly as has been done. I’m going to add my own suggestion: inanimate objects generally don’t have possessive forms, so, for example “the molecules of the active ingredient” is generally preferred to “the active ingredient’s molecules.” 1:16
Gotta know a bit of etymology…
also he said "anti-viral" when AZT is an anti-retroviral drug
Did you see that excellent space reentry video from Varda Space's tiny capsule maybe half a year or so ago that went a little viral (heh) on here? The one that was stuck in space for almost a year because they launched without a permit from the FAA for a reentry and the FAA wanted to make an example out of them for trying to just launch and get the permit later? This is what it was doing, converting and recrystallizing the form 2 of ritonavir into the stable form 3 in zero gravity. The paper that came out of it is "Return of the Ritonavir: A Study on the Stability of Pharmaceuticals Processed in Orbit".
Well, they thought (rightly apparently) that things might crystallize differently in zero G - did they get the desired crystalization?
The drug basically got Prion diseased
This is a pretty good analogy I think.
Actually, it's common for crystals.
Gave me new insight into prions anyway. thank you.
The difference is that, the form 2 did not make ritonavir medically ineffective; it's just less soluble so harder to get absorbed by the body.
"Aids, a generally unwanted condition". 😅😅😅 I'm dead
I have no objections to the correctness of the statement, but I did not expect that particular delivery.
I came here to make this comment, pretty much verbatim.
Deadpan autist humor is the best humor
Reminds me of Norm’s joke. Something like: “Hitler killed 6 million Jews. What a jerk.” Thats way wrong but is the gist of it.
keyword "generally". it's best I leave it at this because knowledge is a curse sometimes.
'Vladimir Renin, seizing the means of blood pressure' made me chuckle quite a bit. Nice play on words.
Very interesting topic, by the way, and great video as always. Thank you.
I honestly thought this was going to be about object oriented programming. Glad it wasn't, as this is a really interesting phenomenon I've never heard of before.
yea i thought it will be about algorithms and homomorphic, polymorphic, metamorphic, ... XD
I misread the title as "disappearing polymath" so I thought this video was about a genius who disappeared. 😅
Isn't Ice-9 a bar drink? Also
Cat's Cradle was published in 1963. Curious how the idea of unexpected polymorphism has been around for a while.
What a great explanation of a fascinating story older than I am. I had little to no interest in the topic but it was captivating.
My surface level understanding of chemistry was blown away by the idea of cycle of crystal forms. Different crystal structures depending on simple conditions like temperature, pressure and catalyst I knew about. But a form that acts like a pandemic was so outlandish I can understand why we weren’t taught this about in school.
One of the antagonists in Red Dwarf is The Polymorph. I was half expecting a cameo from it.
This sounds similar in spirit to a prion - a misfolded protein that spreads its misfolding to other copies of the protein, which leads to cell death in prion diseases (like Creutzfeld-Jakob).
Although it's actually, I guess, the same as the issue of chocolate tempering. Chocolate crystalizes in a lot of different forms and if you're not careful when you work with chocolate you'll get the wrong one.
Prion on the one hand, chocolate on the other. I'll go with the chocolate.
In chocolate tempering you actually want the more thermodynamically stable polymorph though
Chocolate for the win.
It is interesting though, that prions also go for the insoluble form once they turn malicious and also cannot recover from this state.
Gotta have to dig deeper into that chocolate topic. ;-)
@@johnsmith1926 who said it couldnt be recovered?!
@@YunxiaoChu I'm reffering to the prions in Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.
A thermodynamicaly more stable form of a molecule will not change its configuration to one that is less stable. You would have to change certain environmentsl conditions like temperature for that to happen, which is usually not possible within a living cell.
Chocolate however can be reheated.
This might be one of my favorite of your videos. I've never heard of this process of spontaneously occurring polymorphs. Although I have read cat's cradle. What a wild story.
No one mentioned the star trek episode(s) where water had a polymorph that worked like alkohol...
I liked the (s). It subtly shows that you know both the original series and the next generation.
What happened to water in their bodies ?
Also: Imagine putting out a fire with alcohol 😂
Link?
@@YunxiaoChu Need to search.
@@YunxiaoChu There was a huge amount of that Trekkie junk. Westerners think it was a documentary 😂😂😂
It’s frightening how relevant this is to me. Been watching your channel for a few years now and I am doing my Masters thesis in Computational Chemistry for protease inhibitors
protease is pronounced pro-tea-ace -microbiologist
I'm a tractor mechanic and I knew how to pronounce protease -saved money on college XD
Mispronouncing nouns is very common with content creators
He'll put that information right into his memory. DRAM, to be exact...
Its engagement 😂
@@Aarkwrite what else would we comment about
Ice Nine, thanks for bring up a great concept and memory.
While Ice Nine is fictional there are actually a lot of water ice polymorphs: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Known_phases
Joe Satriani has an instrumental called Ice 9.
This change in final product of an organic chemistry process can be due to subtle changes in precursor or solvent characteristics. For example, a polymer manufacturer found their final product began to be less effective. They (luckily) found that a supplier had made a minor change in their precursor process, and it affected their customer’s product.
Reminds me of Vonnegut's ICE-9
I guess you didn't watch to the end, did you?
How this stuff proliferated unnerves me. Probably not news to any epidemiologist, but the drug seems almost as contagious as the virus it was supposed to treat
I look forward to and enjoy every episode Jon
I appreciate the breadth of comprehension given the topical diversity
- which have obviously put significant effort into
cheers and live long!
Disturbingly reminiscent of Sheldrake's 'morphogenetic field' hypothesis.
Incredible as always. Thanks for another video!
Thank you for doing this subject! It's so hard to find good information about it.
It's absolutely mind-boggling and kind of sad to know that we probably won't ever be able to produce some molecules.
That's a long "a" in protease. Makes an extra sylable too.
There are literally a handful of defacto channels on TH-cam that I spend my scarce free time watching. This channel is one of them. Bravo!
This is so interesting, thanks for sharing!
This channel will keep on giving for decades
Very interesting. And really well presented. I am a pharmacist in Austria, and one of my professors (now deceased) actively researched polymorphism. It is not generally known to the public how important polymorphism is.
That is one of the most interesting documetary episodes that I have seen on YT. Thanks!
The solution would be to use a heavier mw alcohol to weaken the hydrogen bonding affinity, then once it comes into contact with water it would convert to the active form. Also traces of the peptide coupling reagents could cause a phase change like this
Polymorphs are actually of interest for solid-phase CVD/ALD precursors because they can, in principle, have different vapor pressures and hence different performance on tools.
Brings back unsettling memories.
"Pro tee ACE" inhibitor is the proper pronunciation i believe
The FormII 'infecting' the lot and acting as a seed crystal reminds me of Solid Phase Epitaxy in IC fab. Chem Engineering is fascinating, great vid!
I have no words to praise you and tell how fascinating was this story.
Fascinating!
Biochemistry add a lot of complexity with these foldings vs "simple"chemistry.
Also, diseases related to protein folding: prion, mad cow disease, Kuru disease and I'm sure many others.
Absolutely fascinating. Also, it takes Asianometry to create a title that is the opposite of a clickbait ;)
2:27 “am-uh-no”
Never heard ‘amino’ pronounced like that.
he seems to have some pronunciation problems.
Did they figure out if the labs all made the same "mistake" after a couple of weeks (due to an inherently faulty process, e.g. high chance of letting the solvent dry up), or if the travelling scientists unknowingly spread the type II to every lab they visited?
one bad apple spoils the whole lot
Seems like it should have been possible to mix it with a second inert component to keep it from crystallizing.
oh yeah you could revert it even.
Extremely fascinating! Seems like there's all sorts of domino effects through nature that strive to make everything chill at its most stable form.
JFC, this was like a horror story. "People are gonna die if you don't find out where those crystals are coming from"
super neat episode! love the nerdy chem stuff!!!
Jon,
Are teasing us about an up-coming Pro-Tease video?
Similar to the "prions" of the "mad cow disease"...
Nice video. Nice introduction to fascinating issues in process chemistry
Who would have thought that this would be a real thing and issue
I was thinking of Cats Cradle the whole way through.
And Snowpiercer
5:44 You said that Abbott noticed the similarities between the HIV protease enzyme and renin in 1982. Surely that can't be correct -- AIDS wasn't even classified as AIDS until July 1982, and the connection between a previously unknown retrovirus and AIDS was not established until 1984.
Incredible that a form can "force" other molecules to change their form as well. That is very interesting.
Not coming to the comments to count how mean people tease about protease
Protease sucks. I'm strictly contease myself.
Sorry, you're right - editing....
Wow! I forgot that Vonnegut book. Time to read it again.
its a lot like how tin can turn into tin pest (grey) when cold enough for long enough.
In addition to the crystal type, there is the issue of molecular twist or something like that and this creates pseudo versions of drugs that have to be separated.
Very interesting
Never heard of polymorphs before
As I the only one that wrongly saw roller coaster tycoon graphics in the thumbnail?
I never heard this subject before, thanks for the explanation.
Looking forward to the eventual discovery of Form II elemental silicon and all the fun that will bring the semiconductor industry.
Hi. Rob Sheldrake in his theory about morphogenetic fields had a case about polymorphy. I suspect that there are processes that can cause certain configuration changes in chemicals beyond the typical thermodynamic factors affecting chemical polymeric transformations.
Suspecting something is called a hypothesis. It is traditionally followed by designing an experiment (or several) to test the hypothesis.
@@Validole True. The main problem in the experiment design today, is that if is not in the book then it not something to be considered. Just a visit to a research lab will convince you about it.
You have an uncanny ability to get me to click on videos I dont want to click on, and then remain longer than I should have or wanted too. What magic is this
integrase inhibitor is the thing that is the most profound so far. The second generation integrase inhibitor is like a heat-seeking missle is the mainstay of post-exposure prophylaxis. - research assistant infectious disease.
Something similar happened with thalidomide, except they accidentally mirrored the chirality of the molecules - creating a toxic new form which was responsible for birth defects
Reminds me of JG Ballard's novel 'The Crystal World '.
In this case, I don’t find it concerning that the representatives of the company were contaminated (!) and carried the unwanted seed crystals to other sites.
In other cases, I am concerned.
?
Ice 9 and several other water ice polymorphs have been created. Thankfully none show Vonneguts nightmare properties. Yet. A very smart man Vonnegut.
16:58 I would say it was definitely a world ending for some...
Huh, reminds me of "prions", which can also induce proteins to "unfold" and "re-layer" themselves into more prions.
great video as always
A very enjoyable lunch break video, thank you
Atleast we don't got the red40 polymorph that transforms everything into red40....
Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into friend.
Excellent again! But the pronunciation of protease is
PRO-tea-ace
It's a three-syllable word.
Also, amino is pronounced
uh-MEAN-oh
not AM-ino
You could do a Google search:
how is protease pronounced
I can get a link for the audio
Apologies for being pedantic but your content is so excellent I think this minor touch up stands out.
I just realized...Ice 9? How did you find that? I never meet Vonnegut fans. Kudos.
Great video. Just a slight correction. The word "protease" has an odd pronunciation... at least, it seems weird at first, but once you become familiar with enzymes, it makes sense; it is pronounced pro-tea-ace. Nearly all enzymes end with the "ace" sound at the end, as that is the descriptor suffix for an enzyme.
Like the andromeda strain
Form II: This isn't even my final form!
I feel like this is more about the case of the APPEARING polymorph, because when form II appeared, they did not know form I was a polymorph. Also, my soul shrunk a little each time you said pro-tease…
He's teasing the biologists like a pro.
This is truly some interesting topic. It makes me wonder how many more process like this might be going on not only in drugs but in any lifeforms. Or even looking at our planet and all its chemistry. I heard about that book before and dismissed it, but I might reconsider and read it. Thx for your very interesting videos, always a pleasure to learn something new
It's like the drug caught a contagious disease. 😮
a video ideia: how brazil is on the top 10 car producers in the world for decades but there is no national car company
Protease is pronounced PRO-tea-ACE.
Like there was this one case of the child being born without half of his brain but he was still alive functioning like he has a regular brain and there have been cases of this with people who dont have hearts
Very much like Kuru or Mad Cow Disease, a prion like crystal “infection”.
Like Vonnegut's ice nine.
Check the attribution at 4:45 lol
Yeah, it’s pronounced pro-tee-ayse not pro-tease 😂 tell me you don’t know jack about enzymology or biochemistry without telling me
@@solvated_photon I was pointing out that the image is attributed to mlg pro gamer 123
@@Wunderbolts oh oops lol. Sorry I was lmao at the exact same time stamp for a different reason and I assumed too much. Is mlg pro gamer 123 a known creator? ...I didn't mean to mock the creator or anything like that, but I was just saying that there's an actual proper pronunciation to enzyme names that end with -ase which is to say the -ase is always pronounced either "ayze" or "ace" and it means the enzyme cleaves or breaks something through breaking a chemical bond. There are no "pro-teases" in the enzyme world but there are proteinases or proteases that cleave proteins. Sorry my inner nerd misunderstood your comment. Hope you're having a great weekend.
@1:40 Whoah! I thought I was looking at some kind of U shaped channel filled with liquid coming at the screen and going WAY OFF into the distance, until the image finally clicked in my brain and I could see the top of the silicon boule.
Doris enjoyed tapping her nails on the table to annoy everyone.
A nice spooky science story
What a fantastic one great job