Principals, Securables, Permissions - SQL Server Access Components

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SQL Server Access Authentication & Components
SQL Server Access Authentication
SQL Server Security is the primary DBA responsibility and required to secure guard your data. SQL Server database contains your users and business data and this needs security from unauthorized access. SQL Server Access Authentication is a crucial aspect of SQL Server Security.
SQL Server provides a list of mechanisms to provide access to the user. For New DBAs or other than DBAs, this process seems to be complex and confusing. These access controls help to provided exact access to each required user to ensure ZERO extra privilege or data access to anyone.
Components of SQL Server Access Authentication
SQL Server access authentication has 3 components:-
Principals: Objects that can request SQL Server resources called Principals. Access to Principals is depended on the scope. Based on the scope, Principals can be divided into 2 types:-
Server Level Principals
Database Level Principals.
Securable: Securables are Server or Database objects to which authentication can be provided. Like Table, Endpoints, etc. Securable are divided based on scope, Server Scoped, Database Scoped & Schema Scoped.
Permissions: Permissions are giving control of securable to the principal. Principal can perform the required operation of securable as permissions assigned, Permissions at Server level managed via Logins and Server roles whereas at database-level permissions are managed using database user and roles.