Super cooled water filmed in infrared while solidifying. Help me make videos by donating here: / codyslab Follow me on Facebook: / codydonreeder SubReddit: / codyslab
Things RELEASE energy when they undergo a phase change from liquid to solid, just as they do from a gas to a liquid or gas to a solid. Hooray thermodynamics!
TheIdeanator hooray calculating that shit. Its pretty simple really but its annoying to put down all the numbers and then when you mix up something it becomes eveb more fun.
Water expanding and occupying more volume is sort of a unique chemical property of water itself when it freezes. This is due to the actual structure of the water molecule itself, as Hydrogen atoms don't attach to the Oxygen atom at right angles to each other, but instead are offset a little bit. It is this arrangement of atoms that actually makes the structure of water ice what it does. There are some liquids like candle wax (aka paraffin for most stuff you usually get in stores now) that actually shrink when it freezes. I suggest paraffin because it is a liquid at temperatures that don't cause too much damage to people if it touches their exposed skin and is cheap enough to experiment with freezing and thawing phase transitions too. There are some other fun things about that molecular arrangement of atoms like how water is able to dissolve ionic solids like table salt, but that just gets into some deep chemistry. Plastic does heat up a bit when you stretch it, but at the level of frezing shown by Cody here along with the mass of the bottle compared to the water, that minor amount of heat is insignificant
The phenomenon is known as recalescence. In very pure samples, undercooling occurs before freezing due to the energy requirement to form a crystal structure. I experienced this frequently in my master's degree research. In some cases, we saw several hundred degrees Celsius undercooling before homogeneous nucleation occurred, shooting the temperature back up a few hundred degrees above the melting point momentarily before cooling completely and crystallizing. Interesting stuff
Benjamin Hicks It was done under ultra high vacuum (10E-6 Torr) and also electrostatically levitated, thus all but eliminating any possibility of heterogeneous nucleation.
Regarding your comment on rising temperatures during a snowstorm: as far as i know, precipitation is always frozen way up in the big clouds that make a storm. As the air temperature usually gets lower with increasing height, no additional freezing should happen during a snowstorm. It could, however, cause rain to cool as it melts on the way down. Love your sciency videos, by the way.
I'm pretty sure the main reason it gets warmer during a snowstorm is because of the warmer air (that can hold more moisture) that's transporting the moisture into the area in the first place. Without that, the cold air in place doesn't have nearly as much water to precipitate out.
As you said strongest snowstorm are likely to occur at near freezing point. If it starts snowing while far below the freezing point it is very likely that if snowfall increases, it will warm up. Just because it is the warmer air that allows heavier precipitation. Plus another important factor can be the thermal isolation due to clouds (this effect is particularly strong in closed valleys where strong radiation cooling leads to thermal inversions and very cold temperatures. Clouds will reflect the radiation and warm up the ground and wind will mix the air layers and dissolve the inversion, leading to a warming of the air near the ground).
The warming during a snow storm can have many causes and I am not sure heat released during snow crystallization is the main cause. A very important factor is the relative temperature of the inflowing air compared to the air that war there before. Another important factor is that cloud isolate (greenhouse effect). So if it covers up when it is cold it will warm up because infrared light is reflected back to the earth. Generalizing which factor contributes to how much is very difficult as it depends a lot on which initial conditions you have and what storm is coming.
Andrew Johnson Snow storms can, at least in the middle latitudes, be caused by either cold fronts or warm fronts. If it’s a cold front storm, the temperature will drop as the front passes. If it’s a warm front storm, the temperature will rise. I’m no great meteorologist, but my observation of snow storms is that the cold front variety are usually windy, shorter lasting and produce less snow at a given place on the ground. Warm front storms are calmer, last longer and sometimes produce large depths of snow.
+Mark Holm As warm air can contain more humidity than cold air warm air can give bigger snow depths than cold air. As long as it is still cold enough to be snow. As cold air is denser than warm air a warm front can go over cold air that was there before. The "warm" air in higher altitude allows heavy precipitation and because at lower altitude there still is cold air the precipitation falls down as snow. The warm front will then usually gradually also replace the air at the ground level and the snow turns to rain. Unless cold air comes (a cold front that has caught up a warm front is called an occlusion. This is quite frequent and can cause very big snowfalls).
I recently learned about hardening of metals and something similar happens at the decalescence and recalescence points of metals. When metal is heating up and cooling down, these two points are passed. The metal's temperature actually stops rising(decalescence point) and temporarily lowers before continuing upward. The same happens at the recalescence point where the temperature stops lowering and actually rises before continuing cooling. I wonder if that's similar to what's happening here and with the gold you talked about.
I'm not too familiar with metallurgy, but it sounds like exactly what's happening here. All matter, every substance, has temperatures at which it freezes/melts, and boils/condenses. At those temperatures, there is a specific amount of energy that must be absorbed (called enthalpy of fusion for melting/boiling) or released (called enthalpy of vaporization for freezing/condensing) for the matter to undergo a change in its physical state (ie: solid to liquid). At those points, for larger amounts of the substance, the temperature might remain constant (or suddenly rise or drop) for a bit as the energy transfer is occurring. In this video, that is why the water doesn't all suddenly freeze to ice, but rather remains slushy with a lot of water. Since the water is releasing heat energy to freeze/crystallize, it heats the surrounding water. It would be impossible to supercool the water enough for it to all freeze at once under normal atmospheric pressure (and might be impossible altogether, I don't have a phase diagram handy to check). For the gold, as it is undergoing the state change from liquid to solid, it suddenly releases enough energy to the surrounding atoms for their electrons to emit photons in the visible spectrum of light (the sudden glow).
Awesome though. I've always known and understood the fact that water absorbs energy when melting, never thought of it relasing energy when solidifying (even though if they told it to me i would have understood that). It's good to see that the law of conservation of energy keeps working. Thermodynamics is always difficult to believe and understand at first, because it says things that are the opposite of what we are told in the childhood (boiling water will cool it and freezing water will warm up it).
if it released energy while solidifying, wouldn't it get colder, as the energy, that leaves the water, now is no longer in the water, and less energy means colder?
Awesome, would also be cool to see ice getting colder as it melts when salt is put on it. - helps explain why salt is put on ski slopes in the summer to keep them from getting mushy.
short explanation: the energy needed to melt ice is the same energy that is released upon freezing, because it's just going through the phase transition the other way around.
Nice demonstration. This is entropy at work. In grad school I had a crazy extreme example of this - I had about 100 g of a carbohydrate derivative that is a very thick oil when evaporated from hexane. It's reported in the literature as an oil - it will normally sit indefinitely as an oil in a container. This makes driving off the last of the solvent very difficult, even under prolonged exposure to heat and high vacuum. One way to drive more off is to use repeatedly evaporate it down with ever lower boiling point solvents. I took the oil in the flask off the rotovap and poured in around 200 mL of pentane. I went to put it back on the rotovap but the phone rang, so I went to answer it and put the flask down (with oil and pentane mixed) on a cork ring. When I came back about 10 minutes later, the contents of the flask had blasted all over the bench top with crystals everywhere. So it turns out the material can be crystallized by mixing with pentane. Melting point 67 C. So when the metastable oil crystallizes it very quickly rose to 67 C and flash boiled all of the pentane (bp 35 C I think) away. What a mess, but I would have never discovered this had the phone not rang.
That's a really nice demonstration, and explanation, of the latent heat of fusion for water. Very timely too; it's been freezing here in England. Greetings and thank-you, Cody.
Any supercooled liquid will jump precisely to its freezing point when it freezes (32F in this case), releasing the latent enthalpy as sensible heat. The amount of ice formed (how "slushy" the mixture) depends on how cold the liquid was in the first place.
I've always wanted to take a closer look at this experiment. Especially the part with the infrared camera was something I always wanted to see! Nice video! :)
What you're seeing is the same amount of energy being released in a short time, as would normally be gradually released by a non-supercooled freezing process. In the latter case, the water stays at 0°C even when continuously extracting heat from it, due to the transition from liquid (high energy state) to solid (lower energy state). As long as not all water is frozen, any attempt to lower its temperature is thwarted by liquid water releasing heat by going solid. By triggering the solidification of a supercooled substance, it quickly dumps all this same surplus heat resulting from the solidification, and it ends up warmer than it was while still a supercooled liquid.
The colder the air the less humidity it can contain, so if the air is very cold, not much precipitation can form from it... Plus in central Europe (I don't know about the UK) really cold air in winter usually comes from north-east (continental parts of north eastern Europe and Asia) and this air is usually very dry (so no snow).
I bought some reusable hand warmers 2 weeks ago. While researching how they work, I told my girlfriend "this is awesome, Cody should do a video on this." Did this comment reach you telepathically? Because this is exactly how they work. Love your videos. Keep up the good work.
I think the statement about temperature changes during snow storms needs some rethinking. One point to consider is that, at least in the middle latitudes, snow and rain both usually start out as ice. The water freezes high up in the cloud. Rain melts on the way down, snow does not.
Really like your channel. The intro music has got to be from a video game I played in the 80s but I cannot pace it. I gots to know! Thanks for your videos.
Does the emissivity of the water change as it solidifies? I think something like that would also change how warm it appears in to the thermal camera. Or, could changes in the refraction of infrared light as it passes through the bottle cause changes in the apparent warmth as viewed by the IR camera? In the second to last clip of your video, there appears to be more thermal energy on the left of the bottle (and surrounding objects): Is this due to IR reflections? I guess what I'm asking is: Will you verify these claims using another method of temperature measurement?
Good question. But I’m not sure the bottle is even transparent here in the IR band. Which would be good as you’d be eliminating emissivity changes and would be measuring the temperature of the bottle.
Latent heat is what is given up at liquid to solid state change. I see this in the refrigeration world, as a freezer drops to 32f (0c) the rate of temp descent flat-lines for a significant time interval. Once the the latent heat has been absorbed by the evaporation apparatus the temp begins a steady descent. The h20 vapor in the cooling chamber (freezer) determines the rate of descent. Super cooled video, Cody!!!
Awesome videos Cody, I'm a big fan. I have been using thermal cameras for research and one thing you have to consider is the differences in emissivity of different materials which would cause to give different readings at the same temperature, although I am sure you know that. I also have a petition. I am kind of an environmentalist (thanks for not harming the sidewinder) and one of my concerns is climate change. I was wondering if you could make an experiment about carbon sequestration (removing carbon from the atmosphere and trap). Ideally with a minimum expenditure of energy. Is that a challenge? All the best from Spain!
Nice Video! Finally some chemistry again! Yay! The release of crystallization energy in form of heat can lead to some extreme results. I for once ruined my lab coat and gloves because I tried to figure out the solubility of my anorganic salt analysis mixture in first semester. The salt was soluble in boiling sulphuric acid. Once the mixture cooled down below boiling point i gave the reaction tube a casual little shake and BOOM! Unfortunately I don't remember which salt caused that reaction but it was propably something very stable since its crystallization process caused the sulphuric acid to boil and eplode out of the reaction tube.
I remember you bringing this up in i think your auqaponic series a few years back. You had something growing in your greenhouse and you didn't want it to freeze.
About getting warmer during snowstorms: where I live we don't really have snowstorms like you have in America. But during heavy snowfall with no wind the snow line drops in closed valleys because the melting snow cools the air. So rather than warming the air I would say that snowfall evens the temperature in the altitudinal gradient (warming up high up where snow forms and cooling below the snow line). Of course if on the ground it is far below 0°C you will only have the warming effect.
+Cody'sLab Have you been thinking about trying to grow monocrystalline silicon? Basic mechanisms seem to be simple, you got already quite some knowledge and practical experience in chemistry and metallurgy so you should be able to do it and I'm pretty sure you would be the first one to do it on youtube (or for the fact in any reasonable searchable part of internet), I would be really interested in watching that and I believe so would others, also I'm pretty sure that could lead to new cool experiments with semiconductors
Archibald The archer That would make an interesting topic, I'd like to know if any level of silicon manufacture can be done by a home experimenter. All I've read about it is from experimental solar panels - really high end stuff. If it is doable, Cody might not tell his audience right away. Any novel methods can be valuable patents, as we've seen in the recent solar venture Bill Nye is trying to raise money for.
You could use the Siemens process to make polycrystalline, then melt the polycrystalline to let it freeze into mono, if he didn't want to try the Czorchralski process.
This video can go further to explain the work of "Peltier thermoelectric modules" - which is quite new and slowly starting to be used in electronics as active cooling system. Peltier modules in series can cool anything below zero in Celsius, even minus dozen degrees - they are started to be cheap and accessible from China, Ali store and etc.
hi Cody i have been watching your youtube channel for about two years and i think is one of the best channel on youtube, i think its educational and i have learnt a lot a things that can be useful in every day life. Can you make a video about ice phases and how it cristalize different at different temperature and presure ?
Thanks for making this video! This is one of the most amazing things about the properties of water, and that it expands as it solidifies, which as far as I know isn’t common among molecular compounds or elements. I’m working on getting a minor in chemistry. Cody, what other molecules (not metalloids) are less dense as they solidify?
great job Cody thank you for your knowledge and expertise years ago when I was a much younger men I remember reading an article about hibernating animals their body temperatures went below freezing and they still survived in the springtime they woke up but if you touch or disturb them at those low temperatures they freeze and die person that wrote the article thought they had a natural antifreeze my theory was there blood was moving so slow that their ice did not form
I think I saw this principle in an old physics book of mine, where you can keep your outdoor garage from freezing at night by filling a large tub full of water and leaving it in there. The heat given off as the tub slowly freezes will keep the garage from getting as cold as whatever temperature it is outside. Or something like that
I like the demonstration with the infrared camera, that's pretty cool. I think you already explain it in an other video but this time it's with a really cool demonstration
“To get it to solidify I either need a starting crystal or enough agitation, so, I’m gonna whack it with a spoon” idk why but that’s really funny to me
That snow comment was interesting. I thought that it gets a little warmer when it snows, because when there is a storm there is a low pressure system coming through, low pressure systems follow the jet stream which brings the warmer southern air mass closer. When it gets colder there tends to be high pressure. The polar vortex is really just the high pressure that sits over the polar regions.
This effect can be used to make super-cooled beer slushies too. Leave a beer bottle in the freezer for 20 min (no more or you'll have a mess), take it out & pop the top. The pressure change initiates a partial freeze. Great on a hot day.
Fun fact, this is currently being covered in my Physics of Metals class. The warming is due to the latent heat of fusion, supercooling, and dendritic growth.
Things RELEASE energy when they undergo a phase change from liquid to solid, just as they do from a gas to a liquid or gas to a solid. Hooray thermodynamics!
TheIdeanator hooray calculating that shit.
Its pretty simple really but its annoying to put down all the numbers and then when you mix up something it becomes eveb more fun.
Like handwarmers
What about the plastic bottle itself? Doesn't plastic heat up a lot, when you try to deform it? The water rapidly freezing and occupying more volume?
Water expanding and occupying more volume is sort of a unique chemical property of water itself when it freezes. This is due to the actual structure of the water molecule itself, as Hydrogen atoms don't attach to the Oxygen atom at right angles to each other, but instead are offset a little bit. It is this arrangement of atoms that actually makes the structure of water ice what it does.
There are some liquids like candle wax (aka paraffin for most stuff you usually get in stores now) that actually shrink when it freezes. I suggest paraffin because it is a liquid at temperatures that don't cause too much damage to people if it touches their exposed skin and is cheap enough to experiment with freezing and thawing phase transitions too.
There are some other fun things about that molecular arrangement of atoms like how water is able to dissolve ionic solids like table salt, but that just gets into some deep chemistry.
Plastic does heat up a bit when you stretch it, but at the level of frezing shown by Cody here along with the mass of the bottle compared to the water, that minor amount of heat is insignificant
Thermodynamics it's all about correctly writing pluses and minuses :)
The phenomenon is known as recalescence. In very pure samples, undercooling occurs before freezing due to the energy requirement to form a crystal structure. I experienced this frequently in my master's degree research. In some cases, we saw several hundred degrees Celsius undercooling before homogeneous nucleation occurred, shooting the temperature back up a few hundred degrees above the melting point momentarily before cooling completely and crystallizing. Interesting stuff
What pressure was this at to allow such an incredible supercooling without solidifying?
Benjamin Hicks It was done under ultra high vacuum (10E-6 Torr) and also electrostatically levitated, thus all but eliminating any possibility of heterogeneous nucleation.
I get it, you wack it, it gets hard
Pedro Rocha 😂😂😂
O god why 😂😂😂
Pedro Rocha whack*
and slushy
hmmm yes, the more you struggle, the harder things get.
Regarding your comment on rising temperatures during a snowstorm: as far as i know, precipitation is always frozen way up in the big clouds that make a storm. As the air temperature usually gets lower with increasing height, no additional freezing should happen during a snowstorm. It could, however, cause rain to cool as it melts on the way down. Love your sciency videos, by the way.
I'm pretty sure the main reason it gets warmer during a snowstorm is because of the warmer air (that can hold more moisture) that's transporting the moisture into the area in the first place. Without that, the cold air in place doesn't have nearly as much water to precipitate out.
As you said strongest snowstorm are likely to occur at near freezing point. If it starts snowing while far below the freezing point it is very likely that if snowfall increases, it will warm up. Just because it is the warmer air that allows heavier precipitation.
Plus another important factor can be the thermal isolation due to clouds (this effect is particularly strong in closed valleys where strong radiation cooling leads to thermal inversions and very cold temperatures. Clouds will reflect the radiation and warm up the ground and wind will mix the air layers and dissolve the inversion, leading to a warming of the air near the ground).
The freezer of a mad scientist, can only imagine what all is in there
If you watch the video closely, you could actually see for yourself!
If you watch the video close enough, you'll actually see yourself!
Extra creamy cool whip
The Nocturnal Alchemist cats?
frozen tilapia, the food of science
I always wondered why it seemed warm during snow storms, now I know. Thanks!
The warming during a snow storm can have many causes and I am not sure heat released during snow crystallization is the main cause.
A very important factor is the relative temperature of the inflowing air compared to the air that war there before.
Another important factor is that cloud isolate (greenhouse effect). So if it covers up when it is cold it will warm up because infrared light is reflected back to the earth.
Generalizing which factor contributes to how much is very difficult as it depends a lot on which initial conditions you have and what storm is coming.
Andrew Johnson Snow storms can, at least in the middle latitudes, be caused by either cold fronts or warm fronts. If it’s a cold front storm, the temperature will drop as the front passes. If it’s a warm front storm, the temperature will rise. I’m no great meteorologist, but my observation of snow storms is that the cold front variety are usually windy, shorter lasting and produce less snow at a given place on the ground. Warm front storms are calmer, last longer and sometimes produce large depths of snow.
+Mark Holm As warm air can contain more humidity than cold air warm air can give bigger snow depths than cold air. As long as it is still cold enough to be snow. As cold air is denser than warm air a warm front can go over cold air that was there before. The "warm" air in higher altitude allows heavy precipitation and because at lower altitude there still is cold air the precipitation falls down as snow. The warm front will then usually gradually also replace the air at the ground level and the snow turns to rain. Unless cold air comes (a cold front that has caught up a warm front is called an occlusion. This is quite frequent and can cause very big snowfalls).
It's been a pleasure to visit your freezer
Can we talk about that pumpkin for a sec
*NO!*
why carve a new one every year when you can cryogenically preserve one forever?
Prestige Clash I don't want that!
It’s strictly off limits.
Sparrow incorrect term I think sorry if wrong
I recently learned about hardening of metals and something similar happens at the decalescence and recalescence points of metals. When metal is heating up and cooling down, these two points are passed. The metal's temperature actually stops rising(decalescence point) and temporarily lowers before continuing upward. The same happens at the recalescence point where the temperature stops lowering and actually rises before continuing cooling. I wonder if that's similar to what's happening here and with the gold you talked about.
I'm not too familiar with metallurgy, but it sounds like exactly what's happening here. All matter, every substance, has temperatures at which it freezes/melts, and boils/condenses. At those temperatures, there is a specific amount of energy that must be absorbed (called enthalpy of fusion for melting/boiling) or released (called enthalpy of vaporization for freezing/condensing) for the matter to undergo a change in its physical state (ie: solid to liquid). At those points, for larger amounts of the substance, the temperature might remain constant (or suddenly rise or drop) for a bit as the energy transfer is occurring. In this video, that is why the water doesn't all suddenly freeze to ice, but rather remains slushy with a lot of water. Since the water is releasing heat energy to freeze/crystallize, it heats the surrounding water. It would be impossible to supercool the water enough for it to all freeze at once under normal atmospheric pressure (and might be impossible altogether, I don't have a phase diagram handy to check). For the gold, as it is undergoing the state change from liquid to solid, it suddenly releases enough energy to the surrounding atoms for their electrons to emit photons in the visible spectrum of light (the sudden glow).
Yas, if water needs energy to melt (melting latent heat), it will relase that energy when it solidifies.
Awesome though. I've always known and understood the fact that water absorbs energy when melting, never thought of it relasing energy when solidifying (even though if they told it to me i would have understood that). It's good to see that the law of conservation of energy keeps working. Thermodynamics is always difficult to believe and understand at first, because it says things that are the opposite of what we are told in the childhood (boiling water will cool it and freezing water will warm up it).
I advise you to switch accounts before replying to your own comments.
Dragos Merisca i think it was just a continuation to his first comment..
Dragos Merisca it was pretty evident. I used a "though".
if it released energy while solidifying, wouldn't it get colder, as the energy, that leaves the water, now is no longer in the water, and less energy means colder?
Address net neutrality! I want to have the freedom to binge watch codyslab!
Awesome, would also be cool to see ice getting colder as it melts when salt is put on it. - helps explain why salt is put on ski slopes in the summer to keep them from getting mushy.
short explanation:
the energy needed to melt ice is the same energy that is released upon freezing, because it's just going through the phase transition the other way around.
Nice demonstration. This is entropy at work. In grad school I had a crazy extreme example of this - I had about 100 g of a carbohydrate derivative that is a very thick oil when evaporated from hexane. It's reported in the literature as an oil - it will normally sit indefinitely as an oil in a container. This makes driving off the last of the solvent very difficult, even under prolonged exposure to heat and high vacuum. One way to drive more off is to use repeatedly evaporate it down with ever lower boiling point solvents. I took the oil in the flask off the rotovap and poured in around 200 mL of pentane. I went to put it back on the rotovap but the phone rang, so I went to answer it and put the flask down (with oil and pentane mixed) on a cork ring. When I came back about 10 minutes later, the contents of the flask had blasted all over the bench top with crystals everywhere. So it turns out the material can be crystallized by mixing with pentane. Melting point 67 C. So when the metastable oil crystallizes it very quickly rose to 67 C and flash boiled all of the pentane (bp 35 C I think) away. What a mess, but I would have never discovered this had the phone not rang.
That's a really nice demonstration, and explanation, of the latent heat of fusion for water. Very timely too; it's been freezing here in England. Greetings and thank-you, Cody.
Loved being able to see this , thank you Cody.
Any supercooled liquid will jump precisely to its freezing point when it freezes (32F in this case), releasing the latent enthalpy as sensible heat. The amount of ice formed (how "slushy" the mixture) depends on how cold the liquid was in the first place.
Yeah, I posted this a few minutes ago. Approximately 25% ice in slush from a domestic freezer.
Awesome video, epic knowledge thanks for the upload Cody
Hey, just showing some love. Thanks for all the work you do to make these videos; I've learned a lot from your channel.
Brilliant video Cody 👌
thanks Cody I have know about super cooling for a long time, but I think I understand it much better now.
Keep up the good work Cody! Love it!
Your videos are a giant inspiration to me.
I've always wanted to take a closer look at this experiment. Especially the part with the infrared camera was something I always wanted to see! Nice video! :)
Love the little Cody’s lab pumpkin in your freezer
Excellent vid, Code
Awesome experiment!
I've always loved your videos, and now that I'm taking a chemistry class, it's all coming together. Every video is like an epiphany :)
Thanks for the lesson! Very cool
What you're seeing is the same amount of energy being released in a short time, as would normally be gradually released by a non-supercooled freezing process. In the latter case, the water stays at 0°C even when continuously extracting heat from it, due to the transition from liquid (high energy state) to solid (lower energy state). As long as not all water is frozen, any attempt to lower its temperature is thwarted by liquid water releasing heat by going solid.
By triggering the solidification of a supercooled substance, it quickly dumps all this same surplus heat resulting from the solidification, and it ends up warmer than it was while still a supercooled liquid.
I love these videos, even when I have no idea of what Cody is talking about!
This is one of the best explanations of subcooling I've ever heard.
that video of the gold lightning up was the coolest thing I've seen in a long time
Reminds me of a strange saying in England "Its too cold to snow."
The colder the air the less humidity it can contain, so if the air is very cold, not much precipitation can form from it...
Plus in central Europe (I don't know about the UK) really cold air in winter usually comes from north-east (continental parts of north eastern Europe and Asia) and this air is usually very dry (so no snow).
Normaly cold = clear sky. But here where i live, aurora + camera = cloudy.
I bought some reusable hand warmers 2 weeks ago. While researching how they work, I told my girlfriend "this is awesome, Cody should do a video on this." Did this comment reach you telepathically? Because this is exactly how they work. Love your videos. Keep up the good work.
It does get a good boost from the salt suspended in the saturated solution in that case, though.
Awesome video keep up the good work
I love how you (generally) don’t do clickbait. And when you do, it is just as cool as it sounds!
Love it. Thanks!
I think the statement about temperature changes during snow storms needs some rethinking. One point to consider is that, at least in the middle latitudes, snow and rain both usually start out as ice. The water freezes high up in the cloud. Rain melts on the way down, snow does not.
The opposite thing happens when things go up a state. When water goes from liquid to vapor, it cools down. Which is why sweat cools.
Really cool gas model!
Dammit, Cody, using a thermal imager and supercooled water to demonstrate this is just SO GENIUS! :D
Really like your channel. The intro music has got to be from a video game I played in the 80s but I cannot pace it. I gots to know! Thanks for your videos.
What I like about Cody is how he makes me smarter. This is must watch skizzle.
Does the emissivity of the water change as it solidifies? I think something like that would also change how warm it appears in to the thermal camera. Or, could changes in the refraction of infrared light as it passes through the bottle cause changes in the apparent warmth as viewed by the IR camera? In the second to last clip of your video, there appears to be more thermal energy on the left of the bottle (and surrounding objects): Is this due to IR reflections?
I guess what I'm asking is: Will you verify these claims using another method of temperature measurement?
Good question. But I’m not sure the bottle is even transparent here in the IR band. Which would be good as you’d be eliminating emissivity changes and would be measuring the temperature of the bottle.
This dude is the best science teacher I have ever encountered. Bar none. Good work Cody.
I was waiting for you to make this video))
As if supercooled fast freezing water wasn't crazy enough! Excellent video!!!
How's the foot?
Latent heat is what is given up at liquid to solid state change. I see this in the refrigeration world, as a freezer drops to 32f (0c) the rate of temp descent flat-lines for a significant time interval. Once the the latent heat has been absorbed by the evaporation apparatus the temp begins a steady descent. The h20 vapor in the cooling chamber (freezer) determines the rate of descent.
Super cooled video, Cody!!!
i love seeing the gold light up
Awesome videos Cody, I'm a big fan. I have been using thermal cameras for research and one thing you have to consider is the differences in emissivity of different materials which would cause to give different readings at the same temperature, although I am sure you know that.
I also have a petition. I am kind of an environmentalist (thanks for not harming the sidewinder) and one of my concerns is climate change. I was wondering if you could make an experiment about carbon sequestration (removing carbon from the atmosphere and trap). Ideally with a minimum expenditure of energy. Is that a challenge?
All the best from Spain!
+cody'slab
You're freaking amazing.
This is fascinating!
Finally I undestand this. Thanks Cody ;)
Nice Video! Finally some chemistry again! Yay! The release of crystallization energy in form of heat can lead to some extreme results. I for once ruined my lab coat and gloves because I tried to figure out the solubility of my anorganic salt analysis mixture in first semester. The salt was soluble in boiling sulphuric acid. Once the mixture cooled down below boiling point i gave the reaction tube a casual little shake and BOOM! Unfortunately I don't remember which salt caused that reaction but it was propably something very stable since its crystallization process caused the sulphuric acid to boil and eplode out of the reaction tube.
Funny, thats exactly what i figured your freezer would look like inside :) Great job as always :)
You have the best outro music in all of TH-cam in my opinion.
More precisely, when water freezes, it releases energy to the surrounding water (the heat of fusion)
Love ur vids don't stop
Cody's Freezer, you'll see what you won't unsee ever
Your videos wouldn't be the same without the talking hand at the beginning of the video. :-)
Amazing!
Codys's freezer is predictably wild
Always feel like my brain just had a healthy snack every time I watch something on this channel.
Astonishing
I remember you bringing this up in i think your auqaponic series a few years back. You had something growing in your greenhouse and you didn't want it to freeze.
Fascinating!
About getting warmer during snowstorms: where I live we don't really have snowstorms like you have in America. But during heavy snowfall with no wind the snow line drops in closed valleys because the melting snow cools the air. So rather than warming the air I would say that snowfall evens the temperature in the altitudinal gradient (warming up high up where snow forms and cooling below the snow line). Of course if on the ground it is far below 0°C you will only have the warming effect.
Was watching the nightshade stew video and got the notification for this ha!
Welcome back too Cody's Freezer
ALL MEMES TO BE EXTERMINATED A
where freezing pumpkin is #1 priority. Boom
haha I imagine some short horror movie trailer where cody says "welcome back to my freezer"
Super cool
I really want one of those thermal cameras.
+Cody'sLab Have you been thinking about trying to grow monocrystalline silicon? Basic mechanisms seem to be simple, you got already quite some knowledge and practical experience in chemistry and metallurgy so you should be able to do it and I'm pretty sure you would be the first one to do it on youtube (or for the fact in any reasonable searchable part of internet), I would be really interested in watching that and I believe so would others, also I'm pretty sure that could lead to new cool experiments with semiconductors
Archibald The archer
That would make an interesting topic, I'd like to know if any level of silicon manufacture can be done by a home experimenter. All I've read about it is from experimental solar panels - really high end stuff.
If it is doable, Cody might not tell his audience right away. Any novel methods can be valuable patents, as we've seen in the recent solar venture Bill Nye is trying to raise money for.
You could use the Siemens process to make polycrystalline, then melt the polycrystalline to let it freeze into mono, if he didn't want to try the Czorchralski process.
Wow amazing!!!
This video can go further to explain the work of "Peltier thermoelectric modules" - which is quite new and slowly starting to be used in electronics as active cooling system. Peltier modules in series can cool anything below zero in Celsius, even minus dozen degrees - they are started to be cheap and accessible from China, Ali store and etc.
amazing!
After all this time you finally explained that gold thingy
hi Cody i have been watching your youtube channel for about two years and i think is one of the best channel on youtube, i think its educational and i have learnt a lot a things that can be useful in every day life. Can you make a video about ice phases and how it cristalize different at different temperature and presure ?
Thanks for making this video! This is one of the most amazing things about the properties of water, and that it expands as it solidifies, which as far as I know isn’t common among molecular compounds or elements. I’m working on getting a minor in chemistry. Cody, what other molecules (not metalloids) are less dense as they solidify?
great job Cody thank you for your knowledge and expertise years ago when I was a much younger men I remember reading an article about hibernating animals their body temperatures went below freezing and they still survived in the springtime they woke up but if you touch or disturb them at those low temperatures they freeze and die person that wrote the article thought they had a natural antifreeze my theory was there blood was moving so slow that their ice did not form
Cody, we need a collab between you and NileRed on how much potassium can be recovered from a banana. You roast it and then he does the chemistry!
Wow mind blown!!
nice vid!
It's the same as gold when solidifying. Yep, I remember that vid.
I think I saw this principle in an old physics book of mine, where you can keep your outdoor garage from freezing at night by filling a large tub full of water and leaving it in there. The heat given off as the tub slowly freezes will keep the garage from getting as cold as whatever temperature it is outside. Or something like that
Huh! This is being fav'd for sure
I like the demonstration with the infrared camera, that's pretty cool. I think you already explain it in an other video but this time it's with a really cool demonstration
Latent heat of crystallisation 😀👍🏻
“To get it to solidify I either need a starting crystal or enough agitation, so, I’m gonna whack it with a spoon” idk why but that’s really funny to me
nice use of magnets to explain the molecules.
That snow comment was interesting. I thought that it gets a little warmer when it snows, because when there is a storm there is a low pressure system coming through, low pressure systems follow the jet stream which brings the warmer southern air mass closer. When it gets colder there tends to be high pressure. The polar vortex is really just the high pressure that sits over the polar regions.
That's actually really strange that water would heat up to freeze, but also really cool.
Latent heat drives so many processes in the weather from hurricanes, supercells, and icestorms.
This effect can be used to make super-cooled beer slushies too. Leave a beer bottle in the freezer for 20 min (no more or you'll have a mess), take it out & pop the top. The pressure change initiates a partial freeze. Great on a hot day.
Fun fact, this is currently being covered in my Physics of Metals class. The warming is due to the latent heat of fusion, supercooling, and dendritic growth.
As this water froze, the temperature rose
Hey guys Cody's freezer here
zak Morgan nice fake abos dude :"D
Latent heat of fusion! Same occurs even more from heat of condensation. This powers storms - esp hurricanes / typhoons.