Bagana is one of only a very small group of young lava cone volcanoes on the planet. The nation of Georgia also has a group of lava cones, but these appear to have not erupted in more than 10,000 years.
There is a glitch in all your videos where when you switch pictures sometimes a picture from another part of the video flashes on the screen for a split second and I have never mentioned it because I assumed it was something you couldn't control like a video editor glitch but in this video it's worse than normal. Not sure what you use to edit videos but I wanted to let you know this glitch was happening.
The Mount Bagana volcano just had an eruption July 16, 2023 with a 54000 ft pyroclastic blast. Ash advisory was cancelled. I came here to find more information as to how a pyroclastic eruption would have such a minimal ash fall hazard. This is a beautiful mountain! Thank you for the information here. Imagine what the Billy Mitchell must have looked like before it collapsed.
I was wondering when you'd cover this, lava cones are just so incredibly neat, they're like steep sided shield volcanoes. The entirety of Bougainville has very strange geology, with all the interactions with the Ontong Java Plateau - there are even more lava cone volcanoes on the island (you seem to have missed Takuan and Tore), although none as active as Bagana. Some day I'd definitely like to see it erupting. Probably one of my favorite volcanoes, along with Nyiragongo, simply due to its oddity both in geologic setting and in eruption style. A whole series/playlist of highly anomalous volcanoes would be neat.
@@bouteilledeau1463 Takuan contains lava cones, Tore could theoretically erupt again. Certainly not as impressive or important as Bagana but still worth noting.
Interesting. Just thinking my father-in-law spent a lot of time in the island chains in WW2. From Guadalcanal through the Solomons up to Bougainville, Rabaul, New Guinea then into the Philippine maze of islands ending at Okinawa. He was on a small minesweeper about the size of a tugboat. He had to have seen dozens of volcanoes as minesweepers were used for patrol in island chains in the shallow waters and closely spaced islands. Apparently none were erupting or he definitely would've told me. He did meet a US Navy officer named Richard M. Nixon on the Green Islands, so I think he'd recall volcanoes.
That’s a nice experience he had! Other than Rabaul he may not truly have witnessed any ongoing eruptions. Also, many eruptions may have sounded like a distant battle going on, meaning that if an eruption did occur it may have been ignored. Did he say anything about the birds? The area has such a wonderful assortment of birds that they are termed “birds of paradise”. The area is only undervisited today due to a lack of hard infrastructure and paved roads. Visiting local volcanoes involves bushwhacking through the jungle.
@@GeologyHub Don't recall anything on birds. Gooney Birds were a problem on certain islands with aircraft. Good point on eruption noise & large guns. They stayed out of the bush not just to avoid environmental hazards, but they couldn't leave the ship shorthanded and stationary. This precaution was driven home when they came around a curve and caught a Japanese sub on the surface unloading supplies onto land. They put the sub out of the war. They were in the Philippines for months. But no eruptions, just 2 typhoons.
I heard you definitely didn't play cards or gamble with Richard M. Nixon as he was well versed on how to flip flam you one good from his days as a "Carney" working alongside Mafioso in said Traveling Carnivals.
Never ceases to amaze me of the variety of ways the earth behaves and the many different characteristics it presents such as this interesting lava cone volcano. Wish I was rich so I could go see these.
Awesome Video as always!!! any update on the Caves videos? i only ask cause its been months since i had heard that you planned to make them. I hope all is well, and wish you the best on your continuing success on TH-cam!
Is it possible that the lava underneath this volcano could become more gaseous, and more explosive? It would be quite dangerous since nearby inhabitants seem to have gotten used to these mild eruptions.
This is where this volcano gets weird. Further study is needed as the nearby Billy Mitchell caldera suggests the potential for highly explosive eruptions.
Underwater, water pressure causes many eruptions to form pumice or pillow lavas instead of flaky ash. Ash would likely only come if the volcano was shallow enough for eruptions to break the surface.
Well that explains it. The Mitchell explosion depleted all, or at least the vast majority of, the gasses in the chamber. So Bagana is simply viscous lava.
That says more about the classifications used and how the volcanoes were classified. Or perhaps the rarity of glaciers. I would assume this would make more sense if you looked at the details.
The problem with tracking the number of subglacial volcanoes is that they're often not in plain sight. Either they're still hidden under glaciers and/or they're located in remote places with harsh terrain; either way it's hard to find them, much less study them, and it's virtually certain there are more out there than we yet know about.
Can you tell about tolbachik volcanic complex in Kamchatka? It is a very unusual volcano, consisting of an old extinct shield with 2 stratovolcanoes on its top, one of witch is becoming a shild volcano agan! And can you tell about klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes? Are they feeding from one giant shared magma chamber or it is an anomaly in subduction?
What intrigues me is if the lava is so viscous, why doesn't the volcano get plugged? Is the surrounding rock so tough and resistant to melting that the lava avoids going elsewhere?
I actually have never heard of a volcano becoming plugged. At Mount St Helens in 2004-2007, an almost solid dome grew by upward movement along a circular fault surrounding the dome. The fault was lubricated by gouge or rock flour generated from the friction at the contact point of the solid plug with the conduit wall. The fault sort of worked mechanically like an ordinary tectonic fault except the fault was circular and the movement inside the circular fault was straight up as the dome grew. The same thing may have happened at Mount Pelee in 1902-1903 (Tower of Pelee) and may be one mechanism by which some pelean style domes grow. Such domes are extremely viscous, almost solid, phenocryst rich (up to 50 vol %) and even the groundmass is full of microlites or tiny crystals much smaller then visible phenocrysts leaving very little of the magma actually molten. The movement of such a magma upwards by slip along a fault (the conduit wall) lubricated by fault gouge or rock flour probably has little to do with the viscosity of the largely crystalline magma plug. It seems therefore possible that volcanoes just don't become plugged up.
@@bitey-facepuppyguy2038 I guess I'm not thinking of a necessarily visible feature; it's that I would expect high-viscosity lavas to correlate to multiple vents (or a rift zone) rather than a single cone. I guess I don't have an appreciation for the temperature of magma: it appears viscous as it cools, but when it's hot, it's still very runny compared to the surrounding rock. Sorta like apple pie! I've heard of rock flour with regards to glaciers, and I suppose faults make it, too. Interesting that volcanoes can be so subtle.
The graphic at 1:04 shows three different volcanoes one with low gas but higher viscosity. Bagana is indicated on this graphic as producing andesite which is a moderately viscous lava compared to Mt Hood which produces rhyolite which is more viscous. So andesite is not viscous enough to clog up a vent.
@@GeologyHub isn't Reykjanes classified as fissure eruptions? It seems like fissure eruptions and crater rows are very similar. I think that crater rows are fissure eruptions which have been a bit larger. What about Laki for example?
@GeographyHub can you explain the history about bud dajo volcano in Sulu Archipelago in Philippines. i wanted to know the story of its geographic story
Bentonite soils are very different from volcanic ash. Here is an excerpt from a National Geographic site. Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small-less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density. Along with water vapor and other hot gases, volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that rises above a volcano when it erupts.
Awesome video as always! Reminds me of the type of volcanoes many drew as kids with lava spewing out haha. I'm curious, with Honga Tonga Ha'pai earlier we thought it was a VEI 6 but it appears sources say it's a VEI 5 now. Any particular reason that made scientists reconsider this? :0
I think you might be able to get stratocones, even ones with a history of plinian /sub-plinian eruptions, that look like Bagana. Think a steep sided mountain made almost entirely of super-imposed and overlapping domes and flow lobes. Only on the gentler lower slopes or in valleys do block and ash flows deposit much, and where also can be found inter-bedded lahars and the odd pumice flow and plinian pumice fall blanket. Such a volcano's steep edifice may be almost completely lava although it may be a source of regional voluminous marker tephras up to hundreds of kilometres downwind and thick valley fill pumicious lahars and pumice flows downslope off of the steep part of the cone. Think-pre Spirit Lake Stage Mount St Helens (Washington) or Augustine (Alaska).
Billy Mitchel is considered a pyroclastic shield by the GVP, so I don't know if it truly was a tall cone like Bagana is or if it was always like this, just with bigger bangs at the end that created the caldera.
I see you have stopped saying, "If you have any questions..." I bet you used to get some pretty wacky ones, like (as I was going to do) what is the meaning of life?
Primarily because of the low gas in the magma. High gas in magma that has at least a moderate level of silica making it more viscous is one way that makes volcanoes explosive.
Bougainville will get fully independent by 2027. So yea. 3rd country to 2 Independence Day in one year. South Sudan and east timor as well. So how cool is that. Or Maybe 1st to have 3 independence days here. So what. I'm so happy for them back in 2019. Which I still am. And that it here.
Indeed. He was a US air force general who served in WWI and pushed for bombing opposing war ships with bombers. He was awarded numerous awards after he died. But he was so critical and argumentative that he was reduced in rank and later court martialed.
Here is a good excerpt on volcanic ash from a National geographic site. It should say 'explosive' eruption below. Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small-less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density. Along with water vapor and other hot gases, volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that rises above a volcano when it erupts.
I feel like i need to find out why it is called that. Such an odd name, there had better be a quirky story involved here. Maybe billy mitchell means mountain of burning death in the native language there....
i guess the first sign of the increased Cosmic Rays during solar events creates Mazama like outbreaks around the world under these types of thick lava.
Bagana is one of only a very small group of young lava cone volcanoes on the planet. The nation of Georgia also has a group of lava cones, but these appear to have not erupted in more than 10,000 years.
There is a glitch in all your videos where when you switch pictures sometimes a picture from another part of the video flashes on the screen for a split second and I have never mentioned it because I assumed it was something you couldn't control like a video editor glitch but in this video it's worse than normal. Not sure what you use to edit videos but I wanted to let you know this glitch was happening.
There’s no glitch when I watch his videos.
He always switches pictures like this because not every volcano has amazing pictures of it so he always uses pictures of other volcanoes as a example.
I just returned from the country of Georgia. I would be interested in a video on the volcanos in that country.
@GeogrphyHub how about bud dajo volcano in Sulu, Philippines? Hope youll notice me
The Mount Bagana volcano just had an eruption July 16, 2023 with a 54000 ft pyroclastic blast. Ash advisory was cancelled. I came here to find more information as to how a pyroclastic eruption would have such a minimal ash fall hazard. This is a beautiful mountain! Thank you for the information here. Imagine what the Billy Mitchell must have looked like before it collapsed.
I was wondering when you'd cover this, lava cones are just so incredibly neat, they're like steep sided shield volcanoes. The entirety of Bougainville has very strange geology, with all the interactions with the Ontong Java Plateau - there are even more lava cone volcanoes on the island (you seem to have missed Takuan and Tore), although none as active as Bagana. Some day I'd definitely like to see it erupting.
Probably one of my favorite volcanoes, along with Nyiragongo, simply due to its oddity both in geologic setting and in eruption style. A whole series/playlist of highly anomalous volcanoes would be neat.
The Takuan group is classified as Compound, Stratovolcanoes, Caldera and Lava Domes by the GVP, while Tore is a Pleistocene lava cone.
@@bouteilledeau1463 Takuan contains lava cones, Tore could theoretically erupt again. Certainly not as impressive or important as Bagana but still worth noting.
Interesting. Just thinking my father-in-law spent a lot of time in the island chains in WW2. From Guadalcanal through the Solomons up to Bougainville, Rabaul, New Guinea then into the Philippine maze of islands ending at Okinawa. He was on a small minesweeper about the size of a tugboat. He had to have seen dozens of volcanoes as minesweepers were used for patrol in island chains in the shallow waters and closely spaced islands. Apparently none were erupting or he definitely would've told me. He did meet a US Navy officer named Richard M. Nixon on the Green Islands, so I think he'd recall volcanoes.
That’s a nice experience he had! Other than Rabaul he may not truly have witnessed any ongoing eruptions. Also, many eruptions may have sounded like a distant battle going on, meaning that if an eruption did occur it may have been ignored. Did he say anything about the birds? The area has such a wonderful assortment of birds that they are termed “birds of paradise”. The area is only undervisited today due to a lack of hard infrastructure and paved roads. Visiting local volcanoes involves bushwhacking through the jungle.
@@GeologyHub Don't recall anything on birds. Gooney Birds were a problem on certain islands with aircraft. Good point on eruption noise & large guns. They stayed out of the bush not just to avoid environmental hazards, but they couldn't leave the ship shorthanded and stationary.
This precaution was driven home when they came around a curve and caught a Japanese sub on the surface unloading supplies onto land. They put the sub out of the war. They were in the Philippines for months. But no eruptions, just 2 typhoons.
@@LuvBorderCollies Those Typhoons supposedly wrecked more "Tin Cans" ( Destroyers ) than the Imperial Japanese Kaigun and German Kriegsmarine did.
I heard you definitely didn't play cards or gamble with Richard M. Nixon as he was well versed on how to flip flam you one good from his days as a "Carney" working alongside Mafioso in said Traveling Carnivals.
Thank You again for the Good Memories.
Wow, only 4 in the world! Fascinating. I like the geopolitical tidbit at the end, too.
ugh I love this channel so much.
Where else could we ever hope to gain this degree of insight? Thank you, sir; for all bring us.
*^you
--ditto yo🖖
Never ceases to amaze me of the variety of ways the earth behaves and the many different characteristics it presents such as this interesting lava cone volcano. Wish I was rich so I could go see these.
Awesome Video as always!!! any update on the Caves videos? i only ask cause its been months since i had heard that you planned to make them. I hope all is well, and wish you the best on your continuing success on TH-cam!
Thank you for mentioning Panguna mine, I wasn’t aware of this tragedy, and went off on a wiki-journey.
Thanks for making and sharing!
The fact that there is a Billy Mitchell volcano has made my day.
take all the stats about it with a grain of salt, they're probably all faked...
USAF saw significant action in and around Bougainville. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(volcano)
Very informative, and cool.
Love ALL your content ✨️
Thanks for all your hard work
What an intriguing oddity of volcanology
I'm such a nerd for this stuff. Thanks for sharing! 😁
Ok, I've checked several online sources and haven't found anything on why the Billy Mitchell Volcano is named after Billy Mitchell? Anybody know?
That is an odd name for a Volcano
@@chrisrifkin3670 Especially one on the island of Bougainville.
I have heard of Bagana, but I did not know that it was a very rare type of volcanoes. Thank you!
Can you please do Arthur seat in the United Kingdom
Interesting ❤️🌺🌺👵
Is it possible that the lava underneath this volcano could become more gaseous, and more explosive? It would be quite dangerous since nearby inhabitants seem to have gotten used to these mild eruptions.
This is where this volcano gets weird. Further study is needed as the nearby Billy Mitchell caldera suggests the potential for highly explosive eruptions.
I ❤️ this channel very very much ❗🤟
Have you done a piece yet on The Butte's - Butte County California.
I grew up in Paradise and there are many interesting land formations in the area
How does a underwater volcano of the ashy type behave? Does the ash wash away or does it form different because of the water?
Underwater, water pressure causes many eruptions to form pumice or pillow lavas instead of flaky ash. Ash would likely only come if the volcano was shallow enough for eruptions to break the surface.
Love that SP crater cinder cone... It's like the Easter egg of volcanoes 😎👍👍
Well that explains it. The Mitchell explosion depleted all, or at least the vast majority of, the gasses in the chamber. So Bagana is simply viscous lava.
Enjoy watching your channel and would like to know more about the You Yangs in Victoria and the volcanic area of Victoria around Colac
I wonder if/how many other subglacial volcanoes there are. It's nearly tied for rarest, but I feel like there would be more.
That says more about the classifications used and how the volcanoes were classified. Or perhaps the rarity of glaciers. I would assume this would make more sense if you looked at the details.
The problem with tracking the number of subglacial volcanoes is that they're often not in plain sight. Either they're still hidden under glaciers and/or they're located in remote places with harsh terrain; either way it's hard to find them, much less study them, and it's virtually certain there are more out there than we yet know about.
Its growing a continent up!
Thankyou again
Can you tell about tolbachik volcanic complex in Kamchatka? It is a very unusual volcano, consisting of an old extinct shield with 2 stratovolcanoes on its top, one of witch is becoming a shild volcano agan! And can you tell about klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes? Are they feeding from one giant shared magma chamber or it is an anomaly in subduction?
Interesting.
Hi, have you done Auckland volcanic field, Cotopaxi or Tungurahua
Thanks.
Dig the 411...ty
Please make a video about Volcán de Agua
Isn’t the Pavlof Volcano in Alaska also a lava cone? I’ve read that it and Pavlof Sister are both made almost entirely of basalt.
Could you please a episode on the Arakao Crater in Niger. Is it a caldera or a meteorite crater? Hard to find much info on this.
What intrigues me is if the lava is so viscous, why doesn't the volcano get plugged? Is the surrounding rock so tough and resistant to melting that the lava avoids going elsewhere?
I actually have never heard of a volcano becoming plugged. At Mount St Helens in 2004-2007, an almost solid dome grew by upward movement along a circular fault surrounding the dome. The fault was lubricated by gouge or rock flour generated from the friction at the contact point of the solid plug with the conduit wall. The fault sort of worked mechanically like an ordinary tectonic fault except the fault was circular and the movement inside the circular fault was straight up as the dome grew. The same thing may have happened at Mount Pelee in 1902-1903 (Tower of Pelee) and may be one mechanism by which some pelean style domes grow.
Such domes are extremely viscous, almost solid, phenocryst rich (up to 50 vol %) and even the groundmass is full of microlites or tiny crystals much smaller then visible phenocrysts leaving very little of the magma actually molten. The movement of such a magma upwards by slip along a fault (the conduit wall) lubricated by fault gouge or rock flour probably has little to do with the viscosity of the largely crystalline magma plug. It seems therefore possible that volcanoes just don't become plugged up.
@@bitey-facepuppyguy2038 I guess I'm not thinking of a necessarily visible feature; it's that I would expect high-viscosity lavas to correlate to multiple vents (or a rift zone) rather than a single cone. I guess I don't have an appreciation for the temperature of magma: it appears viscous as it cools, but when it's hot, it's still very runny compared to the surrounding rock. Sorta like apple pie!
I've heard of rock flour with regards to glaciers, and I suppose faults make it, too. Interesting that volcanoes can be so subtle.
The graphic at 1:04 shows three different volcanoes one with low gas but higher viscosity. Bagana is indicated on this graphic as producing andesite which is a moderately viscous lava compared to Mt Hood which produces rhyolite which is more viscous. So andesite is not viscous enough to clog up a vent.
Which volcanoes are classified as crater row? Never heard about this clarification before and I watched a lot of his videos
Reykjanes is one example. Other examples include Tenchozan, Grimsnes, Hengill, and Krysuvik.
@@GeologyHub isn't Reykjanes classified as fissure eruptions? It seems like fissure eruptions and crater rows are very similar. I think that crater rows are fissure eruptions which have been a bit larger.
What about Laki for example?
Fissure eruptions
@GeographyHub can you explain the history about bud dajo volcano in Sulu Archipelago in Philippines. i wanted to know the story of its geographic story
Topic suggestion, bentonite soils; fossilized volcanic ash??
Bentonite soils are very different from volcanic ash. Here is an excerpt from a National Geographic site.
Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small-less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density. Along with water vapor and other hot gases, volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that rises above a volcano when it erupts.
I wonder wither Lamington in New Guinea isn't similar in composition?
Topic Request: Isla Guadalupe off the west coast of Mexico
New Zealand has a lava cone called Kakepuku
Awesome video as always! Reminds me of the type of volcanoes many drew as kids with lava spewing out haha.
I'm curious, with Honga Tonga Ha'pai earlier we thought it was a VEI 6 but it appears sources say it's a VEI 5 now. Any particular reason that made scientists reconsider this? :0
What type of volcano is Mt Baker? I live in Vancouver British Columbia Canada, just north of her.
To me, its like a shield volcano but has high silica magma instead of basaltic magma? Would that be correct?
I think you might be able to get stratocones, even ones with a history of plinian /sub-plinian eruptions, that look like Bagana. Think a steep sided mountain made almost entirely of super-imposed and overlapping domes and flow lobes. Only on the gentler lower slopes or in valleys do block and ash flows deposit much, and where also can be found inter-bedded lahars and the odd pumice flow and plinian pumice fall blanket. Such a volcano's steep edifice may be almost completely lava although it may be a source of regional voluminous marker tephras up to hundreds of kilometres downwind and thick valley fill pumicious lahars and pumice flows downslope off of the steep part of the cone. Think-pre Spirit Lake Stage Mount St Helens (Washington) or Augustine (Alaska).
Wouldn’t the rarest type of volcano be the one with Natrocarbonatite lava, with just one known to be currently active (Ol Doinyo Lengai)?
Billy Mitchel is considered a pyroclastic shield by the GVP, so I don't know if it truly was a tall cone like Bagana is or if it was always like this, just with bigger bangs at the end that created the caldera.
Most likely not as pyroclastic shield lavas are still low in viscosity
Oh god. Billy Mitchell. I hope it doesn’t blow up and threaten my game high scores.
can you talk about the apparent volcanic origins of Puerto Rico?
Some Yank or Aussie fighting on New Guinea in WW II must've named that crater lake for "General Billy Mitchell's" due to his famous raid on Tokyo.
Bougainville is pronounced "Bo gan Vee uh". Just thought it would help. Hugs🤗
Who named the Dilly Snitchell volcano; and what is the significance?
The San Francisco peaks is the whole park but the mountain there was Mount Humphrey's
I see you have stopped saying, "If you have any questions..."
I bet you used to get some pretty wacky ones,
like (as I was going to do) what is the meaning of life?
Could mud volcanos erupt anywhere on the planet, or are they restricted to volcanic fields?
Why is it called the Billy Mitchell?
Tell me why it has low volatile content?
Primarily because of the low gas in the magma. High gas in magma that has at least a moderate level of silica making it more viscous is one way that makes volcanoes explosive.
Bougainville will get fully independent by 2027. So yea. 3rd country to 2 Independence Day in one year. South Sudan and east timor as well. So how cool is that. Or Maybe 1st to have 3 independence days here. So what. I'm so happy for them back in 2019. Which I still am. And that it here.
East Timor -> Indonesia -> Partugal
South Sudan -> Sudan -> UK/Egypt
Bougainville -> Papua new Guinea -> Australia -> UK
Billy Mitchell?? How odd!
Indeed. He was a US air force general who served in WWI and pushed for bombing opposing war ships with bombers. He was awarded numerous awards after he died. But he was so critical and argumentative that he was reduced in rank and later court martialed.
Why is there so much ash in volcanoes? How does it form?
Here is a good excerpt on volcanic ash from a National geographic site. It should say 'explosive' eruption below.
Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small-less than 2 millimeters in diameter. They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density. Along with water vapor and other hot gases, volcanic ash is part of the dark ash column that rises above a volcano when it erupts.
The personal stationed on Bougainville would have been Japanese.
🧐
I'm sorry. I just can't take a volcano named Billy Mitchell seriously.
Do did everyone else until it went psycho mega caldera eruption
Don't piss it off Tako. It will do a sector collapse and blast everything for 20 km !
I feel like i need to find out why it is called that. Such an odd name, there had better be a quirky story involved here. Maybe billy mitchell means mountain of burning death in the native language there....
well i read up on it, wasn't that exciting. Named after an american considered to be the father of air warfare.
Oh Billy Mitchell the us army general, not the disputed King Kong cheater🤣🤣
The US army general in WW1 who pioneered what afterwards became the US Army Air Force - and a distinctly volcanic personality, we could say!
Just finding out there's a volcano named after a disgraced competitive video game player.
👍#888🌋
The rarest type of volcano is in Yellowstone the only volcano that over 300 square miles wide at ground level
Does the Billy Mitchell volcano erupt bullshite? If you got the joke, cool. If not, oh well... 😃
i guess the first sign of the increased Cosmic Rays during solar events creates Mazama like outbreaks around the world under these types of thick lava.
Billy Mitchell the Donkey Kong disgraced champion guy?
Billy Mitchell the innovative WWI air force general.