Macro Photography for Beginners - Complete Tutorial

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 มิ.ย. 2024
  • In this tutorial I will teach you how to photograph insects, how to pick a good macro lens, what camera is good for macro photos, and everything else you need to know to get started with macro photography.
    My Laowa Macro Lens Buyer's Guide: lensguide.micaelwidell.com
    Some good budget macro lenses:
    - Meike 85mm • Meike 85mm 1.5x Macro ...
    - 7Artisans 60mm mk2 • 7Artisans 60mm f/2.8 m...
    - TTArtisan 40mm • TTArtisan 40mm f/2.8 M...
    Products I use for daily macro photography: 👇
    🔎 My favorite macro lens: bit.ly/mwlaowa60 (I always buy Laowa lenses from their website - best price, good service, and fast, free shipping worldwide)
    💥 Flash: amzn.to/3xhpc9E
    🔋 Flash batteries: www.gpbatteries.com/products/...
    📷 Sony A7III Camera: amzn.to/2xM776q
    ✊ I use a Sony Grip extension: amzn.to/2xHKsrR
    🎗 This is my camera strap: amzn.to/2XMi4iSMy
    The diffuser around my lens is of the brand DÖRR. I have noticed they are not sold in all countries. I bought mine from this Swedish website: www.cyberphoto.se/foto-video/...
    More regular content from me in these places:
    💌 newsletter: mwroll.com
    🌄 instagram: / mwroll
    🐦 twitter: / micaelwidell
    🎖patreon: / micaelwidell
    🖼 nfts: foundation.app/@micaelwidell / opensea.io/collection/resting...
    💬 discord: bit.ly/widelldiscord

ความคิดเห็น • 471

  • @MicaelWidell
    @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    💌 newsletter: mwroll.com 🌄 instagram: instagram.com/mwroll
    🎖patreon: patreon.com/micaelwidell 🐦 twitter: twitter.com/micaelwidell
    🖼 nfts: foundation.app/@micaelwidell / opensea.io/collection/resting-raindrops
    💬 discord: bit.ly/widelldiscord

  • @zeejimi4044
    @zeejimi4044 ปีที่แล้ว +70

    A neighbour of mine is a highly talented photographer, and - still in the days of analogue photography / slides - my wife and I were invited to his house in the evening. He showed us some slides projected onto a screen which consisted of macro photographs of a single bloom of a red amaryllis : they were ASTOUNDINGLY BEAUTIFUL, and he used music to accentuate the impact of the individual images !!! His equipment was from Leica and it was possible to see even the microscopically tiny hairs of the flower on what looked like a bright red ski slope. Truly very impressive !!!

    • @d.k.1394
      @d.k.1394 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Sounds lovely

  • @paulstickley4819
    @paulstickley4819 2 ปีที่แล้ว +73

    Good advice and pretty much how I shoot. The only thing I would add is that a high megapixel camera will enable the user to crop in more and therefore shoot from further away. This helps with depth of field, working distance and enables the use of autofocus in many cases. I have shot with 12 MP, 24MP and 42MP cameras and all are ok but the 42 MP does have advantages. Having said that, I got great results even with the 12MP camera.

    • @mikesmith3235
      @mikesmith3235 ปีที่แล้ว

      Great advice - I used to get obsessed with getting super close but with enough pixels you can lay off back a bit and just crop away which helps a bunch of things as you say👌

    • @nostalgiatime0
      @nostalgiatime0 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Don't shoot the insects💀!

    • @d.k.1394
      @d.k.1394 ปีที่แล้ว

      All you said is sooo true

  • @danwilliams582
    @danwilliams582 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks so much for this video. As many others have said in the comments, I too am familar with "regular" photography but was looking for some good advice on how to get started with macro photography. Well done!

  • @noCap_TV
    @noCap_TV ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Absolutely great video. Your calm and nice way of talking and your positive charisma made it easy to follow these essential tips. It helped a ton. Thank you so much 🤘🏼

  • @ganainm5113
    @ganainm5113 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm just starting out in macro photography and found this video very helpful. Thank you!

  • @ernestthomas9406
    @ernestthomas9406 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    thanx much Michael, doing something different, I do lots of street & urban photography, now I'm dipping my toe in macro photography, and you gave me a good starting point!

  • @GregShaw
    @GregShaw ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Great video, your video's from a few years ago helped me get into macro photography. I stopped for the last 18 months and am now getting back into it, so this was a great refresher video and I learnt a few new things too, especially around aperture as I would tend to stick to F10 for most of my shots with the Lawoa 100mm x2 lens

  • @musmanminhas9702
    @musmanminhas9702 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are the best! Very useful tips and i got laowa lens as per your recommendation and it is amazing. Thank you and keep up the good work Micael.

  • @JoeLoffredo
    @JoeLoffredo ปีที่แล้ว

    I started with regular photography about a year ago and tried a closeup shot here and there but never studied macro. Thank you so much for this video! I'm not sure what shooting I will do but I came away with a great understanding of the basics. Thanks again!!

  • @bettinademiguel6155
    @bettinademiguel6155 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thankyou Micael for this video and the focusing tip! I was getting down but just makes me try harder.

  • @augiegarcia2940
    @augiegarcia2940 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Down to earth practical tutorial explained in a very relaxing mode. Thank you Micael.

  • @vaflooo
    @vaflooo ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video for beginners. Clear, step by step and in very nice manner. Thank you very much!

  • @dhauraney
    @dhauraney ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm an experienced photographer but a complete newbie when it comes to macro work. I found your video very helpful so thanks very much for taking the time to make it!

  • @daveperrin9408
    @daveperrin9408 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Brilliant advice. Thank you for sharing your tips on Macro photography. Much appreciated 👍

  • @areks.6101
    @areks.6101 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you for taking the time and presenting your very important tips. It is greatly appreciated.
    Loved the video.

  • @__entiendo
    @__entiendo ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Your experiment showing how an extension tube works was amazing. I always wondered how extension tubes were so cheap but your experiment showed me how simple they are and why you lose so much light when using them.

  • @angelmendez4474
    @angelmendez4474 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome overview! I have been wanting to try macro but wasnt sure how to go about it. Now I have a place to start! Thank you for sharing!

  • @skellyrocker
    @skellyrocker ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you so much for this video. I bought a macro lens about 3 years ago without much of a clue how to use it. After some miserable attempts it ended up in a drawer. After watching your video I hauled it out along with my speed light and used some of your tips. Results, while not perfect, have certainly got me hooked on this type of photography and photography in general now I have a base that I can work from to improve. Thanks again.

  • @Kimspics59
    @Kimspics59 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for all this advice, I could listen to you all day.
    A great video about Macro, I will definately be watching more of your videos x💕

  • @user-fp6bw5dd6h
    @user-fp6bw5dd6h 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Micael, your videos helps me a lot with my experience of macro photos !

  • @pradiptapd
    @pradiptapd 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great refresher course. Thanks Micael

  • @botanicaltreasures2408
    @botanicaltreasures2408 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    My husband and I watched this together Friday night. It was both instructive and entertaining. I especially enjoyed your section about what was weird with macro photography. By the way most of the bugs that stay still for you tend to be predators: tiger flies, ladybugs, spiders, ambush bugs, and so forth. Or they have really good defenses-stink bugs are slow, but no other bug in its right mind would ever wish to eat it. 🤢

  • @Andy001z
    @Andy001z 13 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thanks for taking the time to make this vid, really helpful. I sat here nodding at each point you raised. Especially around DOF being so short.

  • @shlomoeshet8525
    @shlomoeshet8525 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great tips (not just for beginners). Thanks Micael.

  • @stevehamilton3181
    @stevehamilton3181 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Every fall I think about giving macro a serious try then don’t. Going to try harder this fall (fungi). This video was great and changed my thinking on several points. Thanks! Subscribed and looking forward to going through your other vids.

  • @lazyeagle6035
    @lazyeagle6035 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    I consider myself "experienced" as a photographer but not in macro. I can say this whole videos echoes my thoughts on macro and also a wonderful, easy to digest instruction into the discipline. Thanks much for the video and taking the time to explain why you don't need to spend a million dollars to get into another style.

  • @macimages4215
    @macimages4215 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great tips! Thanks. I found setting the iso to auto and knowing the strength of my flash works well to see the subject in the view finder and get low iso images

  • @annbiswas8138
    @annbiswas8138 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Super video, Micael! I'm not a raw beginner, but I learned so much from watching this. In fact, I learn a lot from watching every one of your videos! Thanks for your hard work on these, and keep 'em coming!

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Happy you like the videos :)

  • @luisegreen
    @luisegreen 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for this video! I really appreciate all the information. I saw it from start to end. Thank you!!!

  • @KemFronabarger
    @KemFronabarger ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What a great video! I did macro photography back in the olden days of film and have re-entered the subject with my new Sony A7Rv and a Godox V1s. Wow, how the topic has evolved with mirrorless cameras. I set up my camera and flash using your suggested starting point settings. I nailed the exposure on the first test shot! Thanks Micael. Yes, I liked and subscribed. Happy shooting!

  • @vintage_lenses9878
    @vintage_lenses9878 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Alltid lär man sig något nytt av dig. "Setting effect off" är någonting jag inte visste. Tack för det tipset Micael

  • @Din5001
    @Din5001 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you. I enjoy greatly watching your lecture on Macro Photography.

  • @xfontan66
    @xfontan66 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks for the good info! especially regarding flash and diffuser. I own an Olympus camera with 60mm macro lens and I have just attacked the macro 250 to it and works very well. Now I need to invest in a flash and diffuser. Your video helps to know what I need. Appreciated!

  • @blueanthias
    @blueanthias ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Micael. Very much appreciated.

  • @glennhunt2375
    @glennhunt2375 2 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    Been into macro photography for a few years now but always find it good to get back to basics every now and again just to pick up one or two tips that may have been forgotten - a very clear and well presented tutorial there Micael. 👍

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Happy you like it 🙂

  • @protarget1
    @protarget1 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Brill vid, and thanks. I got a sony A6000 with the 16-50mm kit lens, I bought two AF extension tubes 16 mm and 10mm, £10. I had problems with the depth of field , and you explained it perfectly.👍👍👍 BTW a better flash than the Meike MK 320, is the Godox TT 350. it's just as small as the meike 320. It has a GN of 35. full range of head movement, including backwards. Sync up to 1/8000. TTL/Manual/Multi. each mode can be used as a master or slave. It has a deffuser protector cap and the normal pull out deffuser/white bounce card on the flash head. At this present time on Amazon UK, the Godox is cheaper than the Meike. Again a brill and I'm subscribed 👍😊

  • @harderja
    @harderja 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I started doing macro about a year ago with some luck your videos have helped. I got extension tubes with no electronic on it so you can’t use a new lens because you can’t set your aperture. I have an old Pentax 50mm 1.4 and got a reverse mount for it.

  • @j8kkb
    @j8kkb ปีที่แล้ว

    Fabulous video, something that has always been on my bucket list but never attempted until now

  • @bigbearhungry983
    @bigbearhungry983 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I use my Canon 60mm and 180 Macro all the time. I enjoy seeing what I get.I started out using Canon 20D and when the Canon 90D came out I started using that. I still use both depending on what lens is on what camera.

  • @uphollandlatic
    @uphollandlatic 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent. I’m just starting macro photography and this is a great starting point. Thank you.

  • @cyclist68
    @cyclist68 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Possibly the best breakdown of this subject that I have seen on YT. Well done.

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, this comment warms my heart :)

  • @justnoted2995
    @justnoted2995 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you sir. Only getting into macro now that I have the necessary tools. and knowledge 👍📯 I prefer photographing objects, angles and structures; from small to large, inside and outside the household, with special attention to constant lighting the subject. Keep on going Micael!

  • @jsr8884
    @jsr8884 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Michael, this video is valuable to beginners and the experienced. Thank you very much.

  • @naturerevisited5777
    @naturerevisited5777 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks a lot for explaining the macro in very simple and practicable way.

  • @elisabethlafontaine8979
    @elisabethlafontaine8979 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Micael, thank you for this video! I’ve been making macro photos for more than 10 years and am “self-taught”. Either I got good results or not so I just shot lots and hoped one would meet my exacting standards! Back to basics with this excellent video and I can correct my mistakes! Many thanks! I’ve watched many of your videos and this one is essential for beginners in macro photography. I’m showing it to my Camera Club before we go out to find insects!

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  9 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the kind words!

  • @jcbeauchemin5383
    @jcbeauchemin5383 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have been looking for such a great easy and comprehensive video. After hours and hours of searching, this is by far the best. Thank you so much!

  • @paulsmith2960
    @paulsmith2960 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks Micael, very interesting video with lots of tips. Would like to get into this aspect of photography. Definitely will be checking out your other videos.

  • @philiprobinson7332
    @philiprobinson7332 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I love your channel - so helpful.

  • @ddegn
    @ddegn ปีที่แล้ว

    To try macro photography on the cheap, you can flip a normal lens around. Decades ago, I cut a hole in a lens cap and I cut another hole the camera body cap. After gluing these two caps together I could mount the lens on the camera backwards.
    These days, a 3D printer could easily make an adapter without destroying your lens cap and camera cap.
    This video has got me interested in trying macro photography again. Thanks for all the great information.

  • @steflee5998
    @steflee5998 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you so much for explaining all of this. I tried the recommended base settings with my 50mm prime and extension tubes. Results are so much better than I had up to now. The biggest mistake I was making before was not using a flash and diffuser and shooting wide exposures. Have only tried on plants so far, can't wait to go find some little beasties in the garden.. Thanks!!

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Happy to hear that!

  • @mygreekteacher483
    @mygreekteacher483 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This was an amazing lesson, thank you so much 😊

  • @rbuenafe100
    @rbuenafe100 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Thank you for explaining macro photography for beginners. Many years ago, I was big into photography when digital photography was non existent. Getting the itch again and want to get back into it. Lately, I've been fascinated with fungi macro photography. It's like another world. I already have my Fujifilm XT-3 and just need a macro lens. Subscribed!

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great to hear!

  • @57northphoto32
    @57northphoto32 ปีที่แล้ว

    What a fantastic video. Thank you for putting it together. 👍🏻🙂

  • @letsgolen8863
    @letsgolen8863 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thankyou soo much ! Just starting with macro photography

  • @runningwithscissors3280
    @runningwithscissors3280 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I copied / emulated your flash setup using the Godox X2T-S TTL (wireless controller) + the Godox TT600 (flash unit) using a diffuser and the difference in the quality of insect and flower macro is absolutely astonishing. I've only had it setup for an hour but took some great sleeping bee shots. Thank You!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  • @wbdill
    @wbdill 2 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    The setting for making the viewfinder bright for Olympus is "simulated optical viewfinder" or S OVF. A monopod is a good compromise between easy setup and steady camera. Another option for more steady (but harder setup) is to use a tripod with one leg all the way up so it's a bipod. Very stable left/right and up/down and you can still tilt in and out to change focus and working distance

  • @celaldoor
    @celaldoor ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great tips! Thanks

  • @davecrissinger8967
    @davecrissinger8967 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    @MicaelWidell I bought a Macro lens and I was getting frustrated. But after watching your video, I now understand it and having fun now. You have a new Subscriber, Thanks!

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad I could help!

  • @garyhook6583
    @garyhook6583 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks so much Micael. An excellent overview. I particularly appreciated your tips on settings and tripods. I have a lot of trouble keeping a lens steady (big clunky DSLR) so I'll practice more as suggested and hopefully my flash will compensate. Only challenge then will be using hi-speed drive and not 'burning' out my flash. I'm hoping that with 1/16th power that my recycle times won't be an issue. Something to be said for caterpillars At least they don't fly away :-) Thanks again, very well done!

  • @michaelbuckley8986
    @michaelbuckley8986 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for sharing this wonderful presentation👍🏻

  • @milessmith9524
    @milessmith9524 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Absolutely loving your channel, your lessons are great and your photographs an real inspiration. Thank you🙂 (have just purchased a LOAWA 100mm macro 😃)

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      thank you! 😊

  • @ber5599
    @ber5599 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic video so much detail and easy to understand for beginner
    Went out the other day to take some shots figuring bits out as I went along but after watching this again afterwards it all makes sense now.
    Thanks so much truely helpful

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  ปีที่แล้ว

      So happy to read this :) Thanks!

  • @ManishMoorjmalani
    @ManishMoorjmalani 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much for such a in depth video. You are like a macro photography guide to me. I am feeling encouraged. 👌😁

  • @ryansalasphotography
    @ryansalasphotography ปีที่แล้ว

    this tutorial is very helpful and useful. thank you for sharing your knowledge about macro photography.

  • @jujuuu1
    @jujuuu1 ปีที่แล้ว

    amazing tips, thank you so much!

  • @treffensaintjohnllc2913
    @treffensaintjohnllc2913 ปีที่แล้ว

    I commend you for this excellent presentation! Outstanding tips!

  • @hagopboghossian6841
    @hagopboghossian6841 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for the great and very helpful tips 🙏

  • @ivotouart
    @ivotouart 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very helpful to have everything in one place!

  • @santoslagunaacademydallasf9395
    @santoslagunaacademydallasf9395 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very detaied and simply explained video. Thank you!

  • @genevievestdenis6770
    @genevievestdenis6770 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you. Cool easy advice.

  • @chelseadaddy7061
    @chelseadaddy7061 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent tips. Thank you.

  • @joekdc1
    @joekdc1 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome. Thank you for making this video

  • @jobpottas
    @jobpottas ปีที่แล้ว

    Very fine and gentle way of talking. It is a happy experience listening to you... Thanks and congrats.

  • @coachisguru4621
    @coachisguru4621 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent video, simple but very useful tips!

  • @exnihilo1910
    @exnihilo1910 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent video and content, thank you!

  • @markcamm5330
    @markcamm5330 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent advice. Many thanks.

  • @irishrose89775
    @irishrose89775 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Michael!

  • @SinC1ty
    @SinC1ty ปีที่แล้ว

    Professional. Thanks man very useful tutorial 🙏🙏🙏

  • @galensk
    @galensk ปีที่แล้ว

    Good explanation ! Subscribed 🎉...looking forward to test it

  • @georgeschaaf5958
    @georgeschaaf5958 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Awesome video, thank you for sharing! Really interested in getting into Macro photography and this was a great introduction. I subscribed to your channel and looking forward to watching all of your other videos! Best

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you enjoyed it!

  • @SsgtHolland
    @SsgtHolland 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video! Thank you!

  • @laureenignarro8030
    @laureenignarro8030 ปีที่แล้ว

    Another great video. Thanks Michael !!

  • @Si_sharonne
    @Si_sharonne 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you for this great video ☺️

  • @sarmatiko
    @sarmatiko 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for great overview! I'm just starting with macro (with a really limited budget kind of - got a cheap Lumix GF3 body + already had extension rings and dozen different vintage soviet lenses for M39). In terms of lenses, it seems literally anything can work great. Even cheapest lens in my possession (Industar I50U-1 designed for photo enlargers selling for like 60 cents in a box) gives interesting results.

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Yes! Together with extension tubes, pretty much ANY lens will give you great results, as you mostly never shoot wide open anyway, and most lenses are very sharp between f/5.6-f/11.

  • @ebaroni
    @ebaroni ปีที่แล้ว +3

    i used to use extension tubes but I had better results with a reverse lens adapter. i used a 24mm or a 50mm reversed and worked very nice for hobby. it was tricky to focus and to adjust aperture but it's a very cheap way to start.

  • @danailhristov6474
    @danailhristov6474 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Gread idea for this video! Thanks

  • @garthtravis5593
    @garthtravis5593 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    this is an incredible beginners video Micael! You covered everything. GG

  • @winston9505
    @winston9505 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Helpful. Thank you!

  • @shahjahansayad5998
    @shahjahansayad5998 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Appreciate your beautiful way to educate the beginners 👍😊❤

  • @Kryx07
    @Kryx07 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    thanks for the tips!

  • @Javier-db3bq
    @Javier-db3bq 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your speed of light comparison was so great

  • @AngeloTullio
    @AngeloTullio 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You're the best, thanks!

  • @gary.kenyon
    @gary.kenyon 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very informative. Thank you.

  • @toms2145
    @toms2145 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You have no idea how much the title of this videos excites me. ✌️❤️ Thanks for making this.

    • @MicaelWidell
      @MicaelWidell  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Hope you enjoy the video :)

  • @Jarekthroughthelens
    @Jarekthroughthelens 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very informative video, thanks for that. Now time for practice

  • @TheCathyvideos
    @TheCathyvideos 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is an excellent video Michael. Thank you so much.

  • @ellieleydsman8833
    @ellieleydsman8833 ปีที่แล้ว

    So much good information here. Great overview! Thank you.

  • @D.P.R.Images
    @D.P.R.Images 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great tutorial, thank you!

  • @saysthemanbehindthemask
    @saysthemanbehindthemask ปีที่แล้ว

    good stuff! Very helpful. Thank you