The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See. The Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties.
THE INTERWAR PERIOD AFTER TREATY OF VERSAILLES In the 1920’s many people assumed that the world was about to enter a new era of international peace, economic growth, and political democracy. AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE It was the american nationalist ideology that adheres to the principle of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. At the center of the American Dream that upward mobility is achievable by any American through hard work. SHADOW OF TOMORROW We are living in a demented world and we know it. The first 10 years of this century have known little or anything in the way of fear and apprehension. THE GREAT DEPRESSION After the war Europeans hoped to return to the liberal idea of economy, but the war had strengthened business cartels making regulations necessary. Between 1924 and 1929 occurred certain prosperity but fragile protectionism, trade barriers, war reparations and debts damaged the postwar international economy. CAUSES ● A downturn in domestic economies ● An international financial crisis caused by the collapse of the American Stock Market 1929 ● Europe's prosperity had been built on American Bank loads ● After the stock market crashed the black thursday triggered the depression 100,000 workers lost their jobs and by 1932 there were 6 million unemployees The depression was an important factor in the rise of power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, in democratic countries more people began to listen and vote for radical voices. TOTALITARIAN Authoritarian - To prohibit political plurality (only one party) Totalitarian - Total control in all aspects on the life of individuals Postwar politics became more polarized, and moderate centrist parties that supported democracy soon found themselves with fewer allies, which made mass politics a reality and seemed to enhance the spread of democracy, so societies were divided in class terms. TOTALITARIAN STATES ● 1918-1933: The Weimar Republic ● 1921: German Workers party ● 1924: Italian Facist State ● 1929: Stalin’s dictatorship ● 1930: The Nazi won the election ● 1939-1975 Franco’s dictatorship FACISM BENITO MUSSOLINI Benito Mussolini, a school teacher, became a socialist newspaper. In 1919 found a new political movement Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat). Benito Mussolini 1883-1945. ENVIRONMENT HISTORY REVIEW 1920 & 1921 Mussolini created Squadristi- vandals that attacked certain places, then Mussolini took control of the Squadristi and he was adored and had political alliance with liberals. Fascism has a violent environment, fascism is totalitarian, he had a system of control with Fascist education policy, mold the mind of children into Young Fascist and in 1922 he was voted as a Prime Minister. FASCIST STATE Propaganda & magazines spread many sexist ideas. Such as “Woman into the home”. Employment outside home is an impediment distracting women from conception. Basically Mussolini thought it was a distraction for Women to have children. Mussolini created mother’s day. In 1929 Mussolini and Pope Pious XI signed the Lateran Accords and within Rome created Vatican City. Catholic church supports Fascism. 1930s Mother & Child Holiday December 24th. More children, more money. Mussolini couldn’t control other countries. CHRONOLOGY ● 1919 Fascio di Combattimento ● 1920-21 Squadristi Violence ● 1921 Fascist win thirty five seats in parliament ● 1922 Mussolini is made prime minister of Italy ● 1924 Fascist won the elections ● 1925-26 Establishment of Fascist dictatorship ● 1929 Lateran Accords with Catolic Church
HITLER AND NAZIGERMANY ADOLF HITLER (1889-1945) He was born in the Austro Hungarian Empire and moved to Germany in 1913, then served in WWI. In 1919 he joined the Germans Worker Party and was appointed leader in 1921. In 1923 he failed a coup d’etat and was imprisoned where he wrote a type of diary named Mein Kampf. After his release in 1924 he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and spreading Pan Germanism, a system based on the expansion of Germany over Europe or that the Arian race was superior. WEIMAR REPUBLIC After Germany's defeat in WWI a German democratic state known as Weimar Republic was established and Paul Von Hindeburg was elected president in 1925. It was a fragmented republic with no stable authority, and important groups refused to accept the overthrow of the imperial regime due to economical difficulties. RISE OF THE NAZIS ● Once Hitler was leader he changed the party name to Nazi. ● He worked to develop the party into a mass political movement with flags and propaganda. ● It appeared that the Weimar Republic was about to collapse in 1923, and the Nazis marched on Berlin to overthrow the government but failed, and this is when Hitler got imprisoned, but this reinforced his faith and mission. ● In the late 20’s he reorganized the party and polled 18% of the vote in 1930 gaining 107 seats in the parliament. ● In their election campaigns the Nazi pitched their themes to their needs and fears ● The right wing elites of Germany came to see Hitler as the man who had the support to establish an authoritarian regime that would save Germany from communism HISTORY REVIEW ● Under pressure Hindenburg (President) agreed to allow Hitler to be Chancellor in january 30, 1933 THE NAZI STATE ● If they didn’t overthrow the Republic by force they would use constitutional means ● The Nazi Party was reorganized based on the leadership principle, and in February 1933 Hitler convinced the president to issue a decree that gave the government emergency powers and suspended basic rights of citizens ● Hitler had an ideological goal, the development of and Aryan racial state that would dominate Europe and possibly the world ● The regime ull credit for solving Germany's economic woes, the improved economy was an important factor in convincing many germans to accept the regime ● Instruments of terror and repression(The Protection Squads thatindoctrinated in racial ideology)and was intended to be an aryan race state with his antisemitic beliefs ● In april 1, 1933 the government initiated a two day boycott of jewish businesses, a series of laws that excluded non aryans from different professions and entertainment ● September 1935, the Nunemberg laws excluded German jews from Germany citizenship and marriage between Jews and Germans NIGHT OF SHATTERED GLASS It was november 9-10 1938 and all Jewish properties in Germany were vandalized and they broke, burned and exploited all the buildings and after this event they started taking the first Germans to concentration camps. CHRONOLOGY 1919-1923: Hitler as Munich politician 1923: Failed coup d’etat Sep 1930: Nazis won 107 seats in the Parliament Jan 1930: Hitler becomes Chancellor June 30 1934: Purge of the employees Aug 1934: Hindenburg dies Sep 1935: Nunemberg laws Nov 1938: Night of Shattered Glass SOVIET UNION JOSEPH STALIN (1878-1953) He joined the bolsheviks in 1903 and had come to Lenin’s attention, he was content to hold the job of a party general secretary and was a good organizer. He gained control of the communist party and Trotsky was expelled from it in 1927, and by 1929 he eliminated the old bolsheviks and established a powerful dictatorship. HOLODOMOR With the Ukranian Genocide of 1932-1933, 10 million people died of starvation, some historians argue that the Terror Famine (Holodomor) was inentionally caused by Stalin. The first genocide of the XX century (the systematic elimination of a particular population) was in Ukraine. THE GULAG AND GREAT PURGE ● It was the agency in charge of the soviet forced labour camps ● Between 1936-1938 the most prominent old Bolsheviks were put on trial and condemed to death. Stalin undertook a purge of all the factors of the society ● Stalin is one of the greatest mass murderers in history CHRONOLOGY HISTORY REVIEW 1924: Death of Lenin and Stalin becomes leader, Gulag were established 1927: Trotsky is expelled from the communist party 1929: Stalin’s dictatorship begins 1932-1933: Holodomor 1936-1938: The Great Purge FRANCOIST REGIME FRANSISCO FRANCO (1892-1975) He was born in Ferrol in an upper class family and joined the Toledo Infantry Academy. At age 33 he became general and was a conservative monarchist. In 1934 he led the suppression of an uprising in asturias caused by social tension. SPANISH CIVIL WAR ● A powerful dictatorship by Miguel Primo but a faltering economy because of the great depression led to the collapse of this regime in 1930 ● Alonso XIII left Spain in 1931 and the second republic was established governed by democrats and reformist socialists (Popular Front) ● The Front was unacceptable to senior army officers led by general Franco spanish military forces revolted against the government and a civil war started THE WAR ● It splitted the country in left and right, in 1936 some countries signed a nonintervention agreement declaring they won’t provide support ● Germany and Italy quickly rejected the agreement and sent troops to assist Franco, the republicans turned to stalin for aid ● Franco’s forces were wore down by the popular front, but Franco captured Madrid on March 1929 so the war ended ● 400,000 people died and 200,000 were executed in the next years CHRONOLOGY 1923-1930: Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 1931: Alfonso XIII abdicates, Second Spanish Republic 1936-1939: Spanish Civil War 1939-1975: Dictatorship of Franco
Great Depression The downturn in domestic economies International Financial crisis in the American Stock market 1929 1924-1929 Europe prosperity has been built on American bank loans to Germany October 24th, 1929 Black Thursday that triggered the Great Depression In USA 100,000 workers lost their job in 2 days 1932 in Germany 6 million unemployed workers Hoovervilles: a town built by unemployed workers of the Great Depression, and the homeless. The 1930s: a decade of radicalism Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Difference between Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Authoritarian is a form of government that doesn’t accept political plurality. ONLY ONE POLITICAL PARTY. Totalitarian: a form of government that has total control in all the aspects of the life of an individual. Social, cultural, and personal life. What you have to believe, what you do, how you dress Moderate Centrist parties supported democracy and had fewer allies. The Weimar republic 1918-1933 German Workers’ Party 1921 Italian Fascist State April 6, 1924 Stalin’s Dictatorship 1929 Nazis won the election Sept. 1930 Franco’s Dictatorship 1929-1975 The Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini, a school teacher, became a socialist newspaper. In 1919 found a new political movement Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat). Benito Mussolini 1883-1945. 1920 & 1921 Mussolini created Squadristi- vandals that attacked certain places, then Mussolini took control of the Squadristi and he was adored. Political alliance with liberals. Fascism has a violent environment, fascism is totalitarian, he had a system of control with Fascist education policy, mold the mind of children into Young Fascist 1922 voted as a Prime Minister Fascist State Propaganda & magazines spread many sexist ideas. Such as “Woman into the home”. Employment outside home is an impediment distracting women from conception. Basically Mussolini thought it was a distraction for Women to have children. Mussolini created mother’s day. 1929 Mussolini and Pope Pious XI signed the Lateran Accords and within Rome created Vatican City. Catholic church supports Fascism. 1930s Mother & Child Holiday December 24th. More children, more money. Mussolini couldn’t control other countries. Chronology 1919 Fascio di Combattimento 1920-21 Squadristi Violence 1921 Fascist win thirty five seats in parliament 1922 Mussolini is made prime minister of Italy 1924 Fascist won the elections 1925-26 Establishment of Fascist dictatorship 1929 Lateran Accords with Catolic Church Hitler and Nazi German Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Born in Austro-Hungarian Empire and moved to 1913 then served in WWI. In 1919 joined the German Workers’ Party and became leader in 1921. Political ideas a mix of socialism and liberalism In 1923 the coup d’ etat failed and was imprisoned, where he wrote his diary Mein Kampf. Where his hate towards communism and jews was proven. In 1924 he was released and gained popularity after attacking the Treaty of Versailles. Spread Pan-Germanism as an Ideology. Expansionism (US)MANIFEST DESTINY: GOD CHOSE AMERICA TO CONTROL THE AMERICA’S (GERMANY) PAN-GERMANISM: ARYAN RACE IS THE SUPERIOR RACE AND HAD TO CONTROL THE WEAK CULTURE OVER EUROPE. The Weimar Republic After WWI defeat the Weimar Republic was established with Paul von Hidenburg (noble) in 1925 and was elected president. Fragmented republic with no authority. Economics difficulties & social discontent The Rise of Nazis Hitler became leader of the Nationalist Socialist (popular not socialist) German Workers Party. Hitler change the name to nazi party. He developed a movement with many symbols, mass propaganda. In prison he find that it was his “mission” The Nazis polled 19% of the votes in 1930s gainig 107 seats in Parlament. Nazis created enemies with the fear of people; the first one was Communism. The right wing of the elites of Germany see Hitler as the one able to save Germany from a Communist Takeover. President Hindenburg signed Hitler as chancellor on January 30, 1933. He formed a new government. Nazi State Hitler goal was to develop an Aryan race state that would dominate Europe and the world. The nazis established control but not nationalism. Improvement of the German economy. The squadri of the Nazis was the SS that indocrinate a racial ideology. Nazis modified the Weimar constitution to gain more power; Leadership Princip; any german should be mentalized to sacrifice themself for the Furher. In February 1933, Hitler convinced president Hidenburg to accept the government emergency power and suspend ALL CITIZENS RIGHTS. Thus enable the Nazi to imprison anyone with no background. He imprisoned all the opposition. In march 5 election of 1933 the Nazi paty won 288 seats in the Parliament, they obtain ⅔ vote for the ENABLE ACT. Hitler became a dictatorship. He purged the civil service of jews and democratic elements. Since 1933 concentration camps of Nazi Party. Slogan: Germany Awake. No more Weimar Republic but the Third Reich. April 1st 1933 nazis began a boycott of the jewish bussinesses. These were laws that excluded jewish community from the legal profession, civil service, the medical profession, cultural and entertainment enterprises, etc. September 1935 Hitler created the Nuremberg Laws that remove jews citizenships, with these removing their rights in any territory in the world. First violent act against jewish was November 9-10, 1938. NIGHT OF SHATTERED GLASS. All jewish properties, houses, business, synagogue were violently attacked by the SS. Nazi Germany Chronology 1919-23: Hitler as a Munich Politician 1923 failed coup d’etat sept 1930: Nazis won 107 seats in parliament Jan 3, 1933: Hitler becomes chancellor Mar 23, 1933 Enabling Act Jun 30, 1934: Purge of SA Aug 2, 1934: Hindenburg dies Sept, 1935: Nuremberg Laws Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht. Soviet Union 1924 death of Lenin, Gulags and secretary Stalin became leader. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953). Stalin joined the Bolshevik party in 1903 and attracted Lennin. He became secretary and was a good organizer. As a secretary he expelled Trotsky in 1927 and gained total control of the Communist Party. 1929 Stalin killed all the old Bolsheviks and established a new dictatorship. 1929-1939 Stalin changed Russia from poverty to a potencia mundial. In 1 year because all farmer crops he collects them and then distributes them to the population. (colectivization, 1932-1933) Stalin killed 10 million of Ukranians with the Terror-Farmine, this was called HOLODOMOR. GENOCIDE IS THE SISTEMATIC ELIMINATION OF A PARTICULAR POPULATION. RAZA, RELIGION, LENGUA O GENERO Gulag & The Great Purge Agency in charge of the Soviet forced-labor camps. 1936-1938 old bolsheviks were put on trial and condemned to death. Purge of army officers, intelectuales, diplomats, ordinary citizens and party members. Franco’s Regime Franscisco Franco (1892-1975) born in Ferrol. In 1907 joined the Toledo Infantry Academy, then served in Morocco. At 33 he became a general. Conservatist, catholic and monarchist opposed the abolition of monarchy of the second republic in 1931. Spain is similar to the UK government system. King (Alfonso XVIII) & prime minister (Primo de Rivera) both ruled Spain for 7 years during 1923-1930. Spain had a lot of poverty and was in crisis. With the Great Depression in 1930 Spain's situation was even worse, and people do not support the monarchy and want to establish a Republic. In 1931 king Alfonso XVIII abandoned Spain, and the second Republic began led by democrats and reformist socialists-the Popular Front. Franco commanded senior army officers, and the Spanish government fought against the government, this is how the Spanish civil war started. Spanish Civil War Split into left and right, in 1936 Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and USSR sign a nonintervention. But Germany, Italy and the USSR betrayed the agreement. Germany and Italy sent military forces to assist Franco. Then the Republicans talk with the Soviet USSR for help, so the USSR helped them. The popular Front defeated Franco, though he took Madrid on March 28, 1939 and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. During the civil war 400 thousand people died and 200 thousand people were killed after Franco’s victory. Death of famous novelist Federico Garcia Lorca. Francoist Regime Chronology 1923-1930: Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.. 1931: Alfonso XVIII abdicates, Second Spanish Republic. 1936-1939: Spanish civil war 1939-1975: Dictatorship of Franco
The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See. The Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties.
relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
Nombre de la película o serie?
X2
Pretty little liars
THE INTERWAR PERIOD
AFTER TREATY OF VERSAILLES
In the 1920’s many people assumed that the world was about to enter a new era of international peace, economic growth, and political democracy.
AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE
It was the american nationalist ideology that adheres to the principle of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. At the center of the American Dream that upward mobility is achievable by any American through hard work.
SHADOW OF TOMORROW
We are living in a demented world and we know it. The first 10 years of this century have known little or anything in the way of fear and apprehension.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
After the war Europeans hoped to return to the liberal idea of economy, but the war had strengthened business cartels making regulations necessary. Between 1924 and 1929 occurred certain prosperity but fragile protectionism, trade barriers, war reparations and debts damaged the postwar international economy.
CAUSES
● A downturn in domestic economies
● An international financial crisis caused by the collapse of the American Stock Market
1929
● Europe's prosperity had been built on American Bank loads
● After the stock market crashed the black thursday triggered the depression 100,000
workers lost their jobs and by 1932 there were 6 million unemployees
The depression was an important factor in the rise of power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, in democratic countries more people began to listen and vote for radical voices.
TOTALITARIAN
Authoritarian - To prohibit political plurality (only one party)
Totalitarian - Total control in all aspects on the life of individuals
Postwar politics became more polarized, and moderate centrist parties that supported democracy soon found themselves with fewer allies, which made mass politics a reality and seemed to enhance the spread of democracy, so societies were divided in class terms. TOTALITARIAN STATES
● 1918-1933: The Weimar Republic
● 1921: German Workers party
● 1924: Italian Facist State
● 1929: Stalin’s dictatorship
● 1930: The Nazi won the election
● 1939-1975 Franco’s dictatorship
FACISM
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Benito Mussolini, a school teacher, became a socialist newspaper. In 1919 found a new political movement Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat). Benito Mussolini 1883-1945.
ENVIRONMENT
HISTORY REVIEW
1920 & 1921 Mussolini created Squadristi- vandals that attacked certain places, then Mussolini took control of the Squadristi and he was adored and had political alliance with liberals.
Fascism has a violent environment, fascism is totalitarian, he had a system of control with Fascist education policy, mold the mind of children into Young Fascist and in 1922 he was voted as a Prime Minister.
FASCIST STATE
Propaganda & magazines spread many sexist ideas. Such as “Woman into the home”. Employment outside home is an impediment distracting women from conception. Basically Mussolini thought it was a distraction for Women to have children. Mussolini created mother’s day.
In 1929 Mussolini and Pope Pious XI signed the Lateran Accords and within Rome created Vatican City. Catholic church supports Fascism. 1930s Mother & Child Holiday December 24th. More children, more money. Mussolini couldn’t control other countries. CHRONOLOGY
● 1919 Fascio di Combattimento
● 1920-21 Squadristi Violence
● 1921 Fascist win thirty five seats in parliament
● 1922 Mussolini is made prime minister of Italy
● 1924 Fascist won the elections
● 1925-26 Establishment of Fascist dictatorship
● 1929 Lateran Accords with Catolic Church
HITLER AND NAZIGERMANY
ADOLF HITLER (1889-1945)
He was born in the Austro Hungarian Empire and moved to Germany in 1913, then served in WWI. In 1919 he joined the Germans Worker Party and was appointed leader in 1921.
In 1923 he failed a coup d’etat and was imprisoned where he wrote a type of diary named Mein Kampf. After his release in 1924 he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and spreading Pan Germanism, a system based on the expansion of Germany over Europe or that the Arian race was superior.
WEIMAR REPUBLIC
After Germany's defeat in WWI a German democratic state known as Weimar Republic was established and Paul Von Hindeburg was elected president in 1925. It was a fragmented republic with no stable authority, and important groups refused to accept the overthrow of the imperial regime due to economical difficulties.
RISE OF THE NAZIS
● Once Hitler was leader he changed the party name to Nazi.
● He worked to develop the party into a mass political movement with flags and
propaganda.
● It appeared that the Weimar Republic was about to collapse in 1923, and the Nazis
marched on Berlin to overthrow the government but failed, and this is when Hitler got
imprisoned, but this reinforced his faith and mission.
● In the late 20’s he reorganized the party and polled 18% of the vote in 1930 gaining
107 seats in the parliament.
● In their election campaigns the Nazi pitched their themes to their needs and fears
● The right wing elites of Germany came to see Hitler as the man who had the support
to establish an authoritarian regime that would save Germany from communism
HISTORY REVIEW
● Under pressure Hindenburg (President) agreed to allow Hitler to be Chancellor in january 30, 1933
THE NAZI STATE
● If they didn’t overthrow the Republic by force they would use constitutional means
● The Nazi Party was reorganized based on the leadership principle, and in February
1933 Hitler convinced the president to issue a decree that gave the government
emergency powers and suspended basic rights of citizens
● Hitler had an ideological goal, the development of and Aryan racial state that would
dominate Europe and possibly the world
● The regime ull credit for solving Germany's economic woes, the improved economy
was an important factor in convincing many germans to accept the regime
● Instruments of terror and repression(The Protection Squads thatindoctrinated in
racial ideology)and was intended to be an aryan race state with his antisemitic beliefs
● In april 1, 1933 the government initiated a two day boycott of jewish businesses, a
series of laws that excluded non aryans from different professions and entertainment
● September 1935, the Nunemberg laws excluded German jews from Germany
citizenship and marriage between Jews and Germans
NIGHT OF SHATTERED GLASS
It was november 9-10 1938 and all Jewish properties in Germany were vandalized and they broke, burned and exploited all the buildings and after this event they started taking the first Germans to concentration camps.
CHRONOLOGY
1919-1923: Hitler as Munich politician
1923: Failed coup d’etat
Sep 1930: Nazis won 107 seats in the Parliament
Jan 1930: Hitler becomes Chancellor
June 30 1934: Purge of the employees
Aug 1934: Hindenburg dies
Sep 1935: Nunemberg laws
Nov 1938: Night of Shattered Glass
SOVIET UNION
JOSEPH STALIN (1878-1953)
He joined the bolsheviks in 1903 and had come to Lenin’s attention, he was content to hold the job of a party general secretary and was a good organizer. He gained control of the communist party and Trotsky was expelled from it in 1927, and by 1929 he eliminated the old bolsheviks and established a powerful dictatorship.
HOLODOMOR
With the Ukranian Genocide of 1932-1933, 10 million people died of starvation, some historians argue that the Terror Famine (Holodomor) was inentionally caused by Stalin. The first genocide of the XX century (the systematic elimination of a particular population) was in Ukraine.
THE GULAG AND GREAT PURGE
● It was the agency in charge of the soviet forced labour camps
● Between 1936-1938 the most prominent old Bolsheviks were put on trial and
condemed to death. Stalin undertook a purge of all the factors of the society
● Stalin is one of the greatest mass murderers in history
CHRONOLOGY
HISTORY REVIEW
1924: Death of Lenin and Stalin becomes leader, Gulag were established 1927: Trotsky is expelled from the communist party
1929: Stalin’s dictatorship begins
1932-1933: Holodomor
1936-1938: The Great Purge
FRANCOIST REGIME
FRANSISCO FRANCO (1892-1975)
He was born in Ferrol in an upper class family and joined the Toledo Infantry Academy. At age 33 he became general and was a conservative monarchist. In 1934 he led the suppression of an uprising in asturias caused by social tension.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
● A powerful dictatorship by Miguel Primo but a faltering economy because of the great depression led to the collapse of this regime in 1930
● Alonso XIII left Spain in 1931 and the second republic was established governed by democrats and reformist socialists (Popular Front)
● The Front was unacceptable to senior army officers led by general Franco spanish military forces revolted against the government and a civil war started
THE WAR
● It splitted the country in left and right, in 1936 some countries signed a
nonintervention agreement declaring they won’t provide support
● Germany and Italy quickly rejected the agreement and sent troops to assist Franco,
the republicans turned to stalin for aid
● Franco’s forces were wore down by the popular front, but Franco captured Madrid on
March 1929 so the war ended
● 400,000 people died and 200,000 were executed in the next years
CHRONOLOGY
1923-1930: Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
1931: Alfonso XIII abdicates, Second Spanish Republic 1936-1939: Spanish Civil War
1939-1975: Dictatorship of Franco
Great Depression
The downturn in domestic economies
International Financial crisis in the American Stock market 1929
1924-1929 Europe prosperity has been built on American bank loans to Germany
October 24th, 1929 Black Thursday that triggered the Great Depression
In USA 100,000 workers lost their job in 2 days
1932 in Germany 6 million unemployed workers
Hoovervilles: a town built by unemployed workers of the Great Depression, and the homeless.
The 1930s: a decade of radicalism
Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Difference between Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Authoritarian is a form of government that doesn’t accept political plurality. ONLY ONE POLITICAL PARTY.
Totalitarian: a form of government that has total control in all the aspects of the life of an individual. Social, cultural, and personal life. What you have to believe, what you do, how you dress
Moderate Centrist parties supported democracy and had fewer allies.
The Weimar republic
1918-1933
German Workers’ Party
1921
Italian Fascist State
April 6, 1924
Stalin’s Dictatorship
1929
Nazis won the election
Sept. 1930
Franco’s Dictatorship
1929-1975
The Birth of Fascism
Benito Mussolini, a school teacher, became a socialist newspaper. In 1919 found a new political movement Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat). Benito Mussolini 1883-1945.
1920 & 1921 Mussolini created Squadristi- vandals that attacked certain places, then Mussolini took control of the Squadristi and he was adored. Political alliance with liberals.
Fascism has a violent environment, fascism is totalitarian, he had a system of control with Fascist education policy, mold the mind of children into Young Fascist
1922 voted as a Prime Minister
Fascist State
Propaganda & magazines spread many sexist ideas. Such as “Woman into the home”. Employment outside home is an impediment distracting women from conception. Basically Mussolini thought it was a distraction for Women to have children. Mussolini created mother’s day.
1929 Mussolini and Pope Pious XI signed the Lateran Accords and within Rome created Vatican City. Catholic church supports Fascism. 1930s Mother & Child Holiday December 24th. More children, more money. Mussolini couldn’t control other countries.
Chronology
1919 Fascio di Combattimento
1920-21 Squadristi Violence
1921 Fascist win thirty five seats in parliament
1922 Mussolini is made prime minister of Italy
1924 Fascist won the elections
1925-26 Establishment of Fascist dictatorship
1929 Lateran Accords with Catolic Church
Hitler and Nazi German
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Born in Austro-Hungarian Empire and moved to 1913 then served in WWI. In 1919 joined the German Workers’ Party and became leader in 1921.
Political ideas a mix of socialism and liberalism
In 1923 the coup d’ etat failed and was imprisoned, where he wrote his diary Mein Kampf. Where his hate towards communism and jews was proven. In 1924 he was released and gained popularity after attacking the Treaty of Versailles. Spread Pan-Germanism as an Ideology.
Expansionism
(US)MANIFEST DESTINY: GOD CHOSE AMERICA TO CONTROL THE AMERICA’S
(GERMANY) PAN-GERMANISM: ARYAN RACE IS THE SUPERIOR RACE AND HAD TO CONTROL THE WEAK CULTURE OVER EUROPE.
The Weimar Republic
After WWI defeat the Weimar Republic was established with Paul von Hidenburg (noble) in 1925 and was elected president.
Fragmented republic with no authority. Economics difficulties & social discontent
The Rise of Nazis
Hitler became leader of the Nationalist Socialist (popular not socialist) German Workers Party. Hitler change the name to nazi party. He developed a movement with many symbols, mass propaganda. In prison he find that it was his “mission”
The Nazis polled 19% of the votes in 1930s gainig 107 seats in Parlament. Nazis created enemies with the fear of people; the first one was Communism.
The right wing of the elites of Germany see Hitler as the one able to save Germany from a Communist Takeover.
President Hindenburg signed Hitler as chancellor on January 30, 1933. He formed a new government.
Nazi State
Hitler goal was to develop an Aryan race state that would dominate Europe and the world. The nazis established control but not nationalism. Improvement of the German economy. The squadri of the Nazis was the SS that indocrinate a racial ideology.
Nazis modified the Weimar constitution to gain more power; Leadership Princip; any german should be mentalized to sacrifice themself for the Furher. In February 1933, Hitler convinced president Hidenburg to accept the government emergency power and suspend ALL CITIZENS RIGHTS. Thus enable the Nazi to imprison anyone with no background. He imprisoned all the opposition. In march 5 election of 1933 the Nazi paty won 288 seats in the Parliament, they obtain ⅔ vote for the ENABLE ACT. Hitler became a dictatorship. He purged the civil service of jews and democratic elements.
Since 1933 concentration camps of Nazi Party. Slogan: Germany Awake. No more Weimar Republic but the Third Reich.
April 1st 1933 nazis began a boycott of the jewish bussinesses. These were laws that excluded jewish community from the legal profession, civil service, the medical profession, cultural and entertainment enterprises, etc.
September 1935 Hitler created the Nuremberg Laws that remove jews citizenships, with these removing their rights in any territory in the world.
First violent act against jewish was November 9-10, 1938. NIGHT OF SHATTERED GLASS. All jewish properties, houses, business, synagogue were violently attacked by the SS.
Nazi Germany Chronology
1919-23: Hitler as a Munich Politician
1923 failed coup d’etat
sept 1930: Nazis won 107 seats in parliament
Jan 3, 1933: Hitler becomes chancellor
Mar 23, 1933 Enabling Act
Jun 30, 1934: Purge of SA
Aug 2, 1934: Hindenburg dies
Sept, 1935: Nuremberg Laws
Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht.
Soviet Union
1924 death of Lenin, Gulags and secretary Stalin became leader. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953). Stalin joined the Bolshevik party in 1903 and attracted Lennin. He became secretary and was a good organizer. As a secretary he expelled
Trotsky in 1927 and gained total control of the Communist Party.
1929 Stalin killed all the old Bolsheviks and established a new dictatorship.
1929-1939 Stalin changed Russia from poverty to a potencia mundial. In 1 year because all farmer crops he collects them and then distributes them to the population. (colectivization, 1932-1933) Stalin killed 10 million of Ukranians with the Terror-Farmine, this was called HOLODOMOR.
GENOCIDE IS THE SISTEMATIC ELIMINATION OF A PARTICULAR POPULATION. RAZA, RELIGION, LENGUA O GENERO
Gulag & The Great Purge
Agency in charge of the Soviet forced-labor camps.
1936-1938 old bolsheviks were put on trial and condemned to death. Purge of army officers, intelectuales, diplomats, ordinary citizens and party members.
Franco’s Regime
Franscisco Franco (1892-1975) born in Ferrol. In 1907 joined the Toledo Infantry Academy, then served in Morocco. At 33 he became a general. Conservatist, catholic and monarchist opposed the abolition of monarchy of the second republic in 1931.
Spain is similar to the UK government system. King (Alfonso XVIII) & prime minister (Primo de Rivera) both ruled Spain for 7 years during 1923-1930. Spain had a lot of poverty and was in crisis. With the Great Depression in 1930 Spain's situation was even worse, and people do not support the monarchy and want to establish a Republic.
In 1931 king Alfonso XVIII abandoned Spain, and the second Republic began led by democrats and reformist socialists-the Popular Front.
Franco commanded senior army officers, and the Spanish government fought against the government, this is how the Spanish civil war started.
Spanish Civil War
Split into left and right, in 1936 Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and USSR sign a nonintervention. But Germany, Italy and the USSR betrayed the agreement. Germany and Italy sent military forces to assist Franco. Then the Republicans talk with the Soviet USSR for help, so the USSR helped them. The popular Front defeated Franco, though he took Madrid on March 28, 1939 and the Spanish Civil War came to an end.
During the civil war 400 thousand people died and 200 thousand people were killed after Franco’s victory. Death of famous novelist Federico Garcia Lorca.
Francoist Regime Chronology
1923-1930: Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera..
1931: Alfonso XVIII abdicates, Second Spanish Republic.
1936-1939: Spanish civil war
1939-1975: Dictatorship of Franco