The Six Stages of Trinitarian Commitment - by Dr. Dale Tuggy

แชร์
ฝัง
  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 11 พ.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 117

  • @bosse641
    @bosse641 4 ปีที่แล้ว +23

    In many ways I'm so grateful I didn't grow up in a Christian home bound up in Trinitarianism and all the other "truths" that are not truth. And all the traditions.
    Made it easier to grasp the simple truth in the Word.

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Yes
      In a way it’s Truth versus Tradition

    • @gwenjenkins155
      @gwenjenkins155 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      UNLEARNING the lies of the fathers is the most difficult part of LEARNING YaH's Truth. Praise YaH for providing HiS constant love and forgiveness and enlightenment. YaHWaH bless all those who love HiM with their whole heart, mind and strength. 🖖🏻

  • @trueleyes
    @trueleyes 4 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    I was a member of Grace Community Church until one night (Wednesday) we attending the Men's Bible Study, over 100 of us. were told at the end of one meeting that: "If we didn't accept the Trinity doctrine we had No Salvation!" Dr. Brad Kesler, that next Sunday, MacArthur in the pulpit ended his sermon talking about the Trinity and told All of Us in attendance that if we didn't believe in the Trinity we had No Salvation! I left and have never gone back since. I'm uploading a video on Salvation in a week that clears up all of these false doctrines all with the Word of God.

    • @ggductor1511
      @ggductor1511 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Did they show you from scripture where the apostles preached that?

    • @thetruthseeker9733
      @thetruthseeker9733 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Its unbelievable what some preachers will say

  • @rogerdubarry8505
    @rogerdubarry8505 4 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Excellent work, Dale.

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      I prey that Yahweh helps get rid of the false pagan trinity from this world as fast as possible and christendom will flourish

  • @davechristensen8299
    @davechristensen8299 4 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    I agree. God's Spirit is not another person any more than my spirit is another person.

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      I prey that Yahweh helps get rid of the false pagan trinity from this world as fast as possible and christendom will flourish

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      While the personal pronoun is used on a few occasions of the Holy Spirit this is frequently
      the case with Gods attributes
      The word Spirit (pneuma)occurs
      383 times in the NT and in all cases is a NEUTER word
      Holy is a neuter adjective

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@johnbrien6313 - May the trinity come to an end

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@theguyver4934
      It will
      People have access too the truth via the Internet!

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@johnbrien6313 - Not just the internet but I prey that Yahweh through his power brings it down as fast as possible and christendom will flourish

  • @nastrobreazy3561
    @nastrobreazy3561 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Great job Dr. Tuggy, I hope this video gets many more views. A lot of people are comfortable in their ignorance and ignorance like misery loves company. So in order to conform with their friends and communities they dare not be the one out.

  • @RhenishHelm
    @RhenishHelm 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Definitely a Berean trinitarian at present. Considering a future in ministry, so getting this "right" is absolutely essential. I don't want to teach popular falsehoods to the flock.

  • @priscillajervey6134
    @priscillajervey6134 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Excellent presentation Dale

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      I prey that Yahweh helps get rid of the false pagan from this world as fast as possible and christendom will flourish

  • @acts2583
    @acts2583 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent! The truth prevails!

  • @paulmussell9036
    @paulmussell9036 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for this well thought out video. It's very helpful.

  • @leagreenall5972
    @leagreenall5972 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Totally agree. Well argued with foundation in scripture, showing how history has tainted the truth.

    • @theguyver4934
      @theguyver4934 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I prey that Yahweh helps get rid of the false pagan trinity from this world as fast as possible and christendom will flourish

  • @leagreenall5972
    @leagreenall5972 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Totally agree. Well argued with foundation in scripture, showing how history has tainted the truth.
    What struck me as obvious, is that this approach, including all the history of how Sabbath-keeping was dismissed
    , and changed to Sunday.
    Are you willing to be as studious with the Sabbath keeping question as you are with the trinity? For ALL six stages mirror exactly the same;
    1. paper “Sunday keeping”
    2. defender of “Sunday keeping”
    3. interpreter of “Sunday keeping”
    4. Berean Sunday keeper
    5. “Sabbath-keeping” ex-Sunday keeper
    6. Sabbath-keeping Christian

    • @martinmartin6300
      @martinmartin6300 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      So could you be so kind to explain sabbath keeping to me in like 3 sentences while refuting Paul's key verses on that? I'll give you exactly one chance since I am tired of prolonged discussions on TH-cam.

    • @leagreenall5972
      @leagreenall5972 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@martinmartin6300 As per 1 Peter 3:15 I will... But we are called to study to be approved unto God (2 Tim 2:15) and be Berean and search scriptures to see if what was said is true (Acts 17:11)...
      Paul in Colossians was writing to the newly converted Christians from paganism who were being mocked by pagans for keeping the Sabbath.. he said ignore them, don't let them judge you now you keep the Sabbath - was not a directive to NOT keep the Sabbath.
      Simple one - If we claim Christ as our own, then we are called to walk as he walked (1 John 2:6). Everywhere in the gospels he keeps the law perfectly including the Sabbath - heck even his followers still kept it when he was in the grave (Luke 23:56).
      And lastly, Sabbath is a sign between God's people forever and remains so; "Consequently, there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God" Heb 4:9.... better get used to it now as it will be kept in eternity - "And from Sabbath to Sabbath,
      All mankind will come to bow down before Me,” says the Lord." Isa 66:23
      Do what you want, we are called to work out our own salvation .... we are also told in Heb 10:26 that once we are aware of the truth, and we wilfully continue to sin, then there is no longer a sacrifice for sins. If all you wish to devote to that is three sentences, then good look and hope you are on your game and the Lord is with you- I'm sure Christ on the cross thought you were worth more than just 3 sentences.

  • @andre_theist
    @andre_theist หลายเดือนก่อน

    Blessed is the most holy triune Godhead of the Bible & anathema on Unitarians

  • @gwenjenkins155
    @gwenjenkins155 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Dr. Tuggy, as a "Unitarian Torah keeping Hebrew Believer in Yeshua the Mashiach", I have enjoyed listening to your teachings. You are another witness to what my Husband and I discovered after much study. YaHWaH is The Only ONE TRUE EL. There is NO Other.
    Now, i would like you to consider this question : since Yeshua is not The One True GOD, is he allowed to dismiss YaHWaH's instructions - laws? Where in Scripture did YaHWaH give him that power?
    I would also like to challenge those who keep the first day of the week as their Sabbath to look into who changed the 4th Commandment given at Mt Sinai as a forever sign of commitment.
    Thank you for standing for YaH's Truth, Dr.
    YaH bless you and keep you in these prophetic end times of increased knowledge.
    Shalom in YaH's Love🕊️♥️

  • @trueleyes
    @trueleyes 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for your reply.

  • @rrem8332
    @rrem8332 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You should add "Hebrew roots individuals who realize Jesus followed the law of God, which included the Shema." If he followed that God, so will we, like we do in the other ways Jesus lived his life (Sabbath, food laws, church organization etc.). For if he lives in us, we ought walk just the way in which he walked.
    It took 3 months to realize that Jesus is not God. He couldn't be because he has a God, and he is separate from his God. His God is his Father, literally. That God is also our Father and God.
    Shalom and thank you for revealing this truth to me and my family Dale. I pray that YHWH and His son continue to reveal truth to you, no matter where it leads!

    • @justinbutcher44
      @justinbutcher44 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Shalom. I wouldn't consider myself "Hebrew roots." But we also came to believe thay the Torah stands for all of Gods people. It wasn't long after that I was "encouraged" by certain mainstream Christians to consider the Trinity. Needless to say, my family and I are now Unitarian and attend a Unitarian church while still practicing the Torah. Happy to be around my beloved brothers and sisters despite our differences.

  • @BarryWyner
    @BarryWyner 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    The Trinity is a doctrine from Hell.

  • @mikeoc217
    @mikeoc217 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I was just Shunned from my trinitarian church for telling the pastor he was wrong for using the pulpit to say God's Triune! Boom your outta here! They kept harping on the book of Rev to prove Jesus is God . I said ok you won Jesus comes to rule the new Jerusalem for 1000 years. At the end of the 1000 years he turns the Kingdom over to who????? Crickets
    Gotcha!!!! 👍🏻🙏🏼😇💯

  • @PadraigG8
    @PadraigG8 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Right now, I'd say I'm some weird hybrid of a Berean Trinitarian and an Interpreter. I totally acknowledge that the majority of New Testement authors believed the Father alone was God, and were either Adoptionist or Arian in their Christology.
    That said, I do find Social Trinitarianism rather appealing for reasons both moral and philosophical. That also said, I'm not Sola Scripture. I don't think anyone can read the Bible "cold" and arrive at some Pure Untainted version of Christianity.

  • @theologyexplained1
    @theologyexplained1 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I will be exposing trinitarian distortions in 2021, I think these arguments have not yet been properly refuted If I make mistakes while doing this please correct me with scriptural proof ofcourse

  • @thetruthseeker9733
    @thetruthseeker9733 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Have you noticed that the term holy spirit is only used when god is in an active state. Other references such as god or father are used in passive or concept references. God may be referred to by many different titles. That should not be too big of an idea. People get called different names in different contexts. If you want to understand the godhead relationship its this. God is invisible and intangible consciousness i.e. he is thought. God active is breath/spirit. It takes breath to produce words. Thought has to engage breath to produce words. Jesus is the word produced by breath/spirit. God passive is called the father. God active is called holy spirit or the pure breath. Jesus is the word. The tangible expression of the invisible god. Words are tangible expressions of invisible thoughts.

  • @MichaelTheophilus906
    @MichaelTheophilus906 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Many "christians" say loudly, "Jesus is God." Are they saying that Jesus is the trinity?

  • @ahmedsheriffdeen
    @ahmedsheriffdeen 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Alhamdulillah for Islam, we told you. Glad people are atleast waking up.

    • @nsptech9773
      @nsptech9773 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      We told you Islam is blasphemous. People aren't waking up.

    • @youngknowledgeseeker
      @youngknowledgeseeker 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Yes, the Quran and the New Testament agree God is only one not three. However, why does the Quran seem to contradict the Bible and the New Testament in some major ways though?

  • @vicqruiz3537
    @vicqruiz3537 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Dr. Tuggy and others:
    How is it, do you think, that God has allowed his people to be so wrong about this, for so many centuries?

    • @Music_by_Tom
      @Music_by_Tom 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. Jeremiah 29.13

    • @begrateful9741
      @begrateful9741 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Similarly, how is it that GOD allowed Adam to do something so wrong which resulted in all the pain and suffering known to mankind for so many centuries? ... GOD can save us from sin, but not from ignorance. 👑💯☝️💜 💀
      1 TIMOTHY 6:3-5
      3 Some people may contradict our teaching, but these are the wholesome teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ. These teachings promote a godly life. 4 Anyone who teaches something different is arrogant and lacks understanding. Such a person has an unhealthy desire to quibble over the meaning of words. This stirs up arguments ending in jealousy, division, slander, and evil suspicions. 5 These people always cause trouble. Their minds are corrupt, and they have turned their backs on the truth. To them, a show of godliness is just a way to become wealthy.

    • @marcosponce960
      @marcosponce960 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      We have free will, and Satan blinds the eyes

    • @faithfultheology
      @faithfultheology 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      God doesn't have to correct false doctrine its his judgment on those that don't study his word ... All you have to do is read Bible and not listen to garbage out pulpit

    • @marcosponce960
      @marcosponce960 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      The bible is every where, just for the asking, one has free will but we have to love God and love Truth

  • @ManlyServant
    @ManlyServant 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    well im a binitarian before becoming unitarian

  • @EcclesiastesLiker-py5ts
    @EcclesiastesLiker-py5ts 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    A key point is that the vast majority of "Trinitarians" aren't, the vast majority of those who are part of such groups do not know what the Trinity is, and if you sat every professed Christian down and had them all talk about the Trinity, the number of Trinitarian at the end of that discussion would be less than half what it is now.

  • @clboymom9467
    @clboymom9467 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    5 Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, 6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, 7 but madehimself nothing, taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men.8And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. - Philippians 2:5-8
    In John 17:5, Jesus prayed, “Glorify me...with the glory that I had with you before the world existed.”
    How do you explain these verses from a Unitarian perspective?

    • @ggductor1511
      @ggductor1511 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      What must you do to be saved according to the scriptures, only the scriptures not speculation or opinion

    • @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist
      @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Let's take the Philippians 2 verses first (I included some more for context)
      Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. *Therefore God has highly exalted him* and *bestowed on him the name that is above every name,* so that *at the name of Jesus every knee should bow,* in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, *to the glory of God the Father.* Phl 2
      This calls back to Adam who was created in the Image Of God and is God's son (Luke 3). Adam 'grasped' at being equal with God because he took the fruit so he 'would be like God'.
      Jesus is God's only Begotten son - an arcane word for Born.
      Jesus was born of a virgin by God's Holy Spirit causing her to conceive without a man. BTW God's Holy Spirit caused Jesus to be born but why does no one say that Holy Spirit was his father.
      Paul calls Jesus the Last Adam. He was created as the Express Image of God and the younger son did not 'grasp' at being equal with God. Jesus was obedient to His God and Father all through his life. To the point that he allowed men to abuse him and even kill him. However, because he never sinned, and he learned obedience and was the Faithful Witness, God raised Jesus from the Dead and Glorified him above all Men. Jesus was given all Authority in Heaven and Earth because of his obedience.
      The elder son fails where the younger son prevails pattern is shown all through the Old Testament.
      Cain failed, Abel prevailed. Esau failed, Jacob prevailed, Israel's sons failed, Joseph prevailed, again and again through scripture the younger son succeeded where the elder sons failed.
      *Adam failed, Jesus Prevailed!*

    • @gerryquinn5578
      @gerryquinn5578 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I don't k now what the Unitarians might say- they have their own presuppositions-but Jesus can be the Son of God , even in someway a pre-existing Son, but still not in a Trinity. The God of Israel is clearly One pesron and not Triune. The claim of the first Christians was that Jesus was the Messiah, the Son of God. They were all Jews who worshiped YHWH(Jehovah) and that included Jesus.

    • @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist
      @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Now on to John 17 (I also included verses for context)
      When Jesus had spoken these words, he lifted up his eyes to heaven, and said, “Father, the hour has come; glorify your Son that the Son may glorify you, *since you have given him authority over all flesh,* to give eternal life to all whom you have given him. *And this is eternal life,* that they know you, *the only true God,* and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. I glorified you on earth, *having accomplished the work that you gave me to do.* And now, Father, glorify me *in your own presence* with the glory that I had with you before the world existed. John 17
      We need to let the Apostle Peter answer this one:
      “Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, *a man attested to you by God* with mighty works and wonders and signs *that God did through him* in your midst, as you yourselves know- this Jesus, *delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God,* you crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men. God raised him up, loosing the pangs of death, because it was not possible for him to be held by it. Acts 2:22-24
      Revelation says that *Jesus was slain from the Foundation of the world.*
      Clearly, God knew that Jesus would be slain in the fullness of time and he would receive the Glory God had planned for him.
      Daniel saw that coronation:
      Vision of the Ancient of Days in Daniel 7
      “I watched till thrones were put in place,
      And the Ancient of Days was seated;
      His garment was white as snow,
      And the hair of His head was like pure wool.
      His throne was a fiery flame,
      Its wheels a burning fire;
      A fiery stream issued
      And came forth from before Him.
      A thousand thousands ministered to Him;
      Ten thousand times ten thousand stood before Him.
      The court was seated,
      And the books were opened.
      “I watched then because of the sound of the pompous words which the horn was speaking; I watched till the beast was slain, and its body destroyed and given to the burning flame. As for the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away, yet their lives were prolonged for a season and a time.
      “I was watching in the night visions,
      And behold, One like *the Son of Man,*
      Coming with the clouds of heaven!
      *He came to the Ancient of Days,*
      *And they brought Him near before Him.*
      *Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom,*
      That all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him.
      His dominion is an everlasting dominion,
      Which shall not pass away,
      And His kingdom the one
      Which shall not be destroyed.

    • @ggductor1511
      @ggductor1511 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Gerry Quinn yeshua worshiped Yahweh?

  • @trueleyes
    @trueleyes 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Respectfully, you are wrong about the Spirit. Matt. 1:18 Mary was found with child "Of the Holy Ghost"
    1 Cor. 8:6; ...Of whom are All Things ...and we by Him, Lord God Jesus Christ. ( Of & By ) and the Father speaking in Heb 1:1-4. [ Father, Son, and Mother] Do you have eyes to see and perceive some are given eyes to see and perceive and many have not been given. Matt. 22:14 Many are called but few are chosen.

    • @ggductor1511
      @ggductor1511 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Doesn’t matter, how are you saved according to the Scriptures? Sola scriptura, not opinion , or what I think but what the apostles preached and that which was written down. We all tend to forget this is a Hebrew document all promises written were to Abraham and his seed, singular.

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes the Holy Spirit is the Logos
      And by Gods Spoken word He created everything
      See Genesis 1. ‘And God said’

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@ggductor1511
      Yes
      The problem is that Trinitarians would argue that they abide by ‘solar scriptura’ yet there are NO Trinitarian proof texts
      Properly translated

  • @allenhart1812
    @allenhart1812 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I moved away from trinity world. Suzerain God King and Vasssl king of king Jesus the man. Genesis 41:37-etc. son of God meaning king represents the Suzerain King and the Suzerain king’s ppl in life, death an resurrection.

  • @ahmedsheriffdeen
    @ahmedsheriffdeen 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    O people of the Book, be not excessive in your Faith, and do not say about Allah anything but the truth.The MasīH ‘Īsā, the son of Maryam, is only a Messenger of Allah, and His Word that He had delivered to Maryam, and a spirit from Him. So, believe in Allah and His Messengers. Do not say “Three”. Stop it. That is good for you. Allah is the only One God. He is far too pure to have a son. To Him belongs what is in the heavens and what is in the earth. And Allah is enough to trust in.
    Qur'an 4:171

  • @lauratempestini5719
    @lauratempestini5719 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    But, WHY this lie???

    • @annahughey9902
      @annahughey9902 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Becuase when the “essential beliefs” of Christianity and who God is are SO confusing and not understandable, it can lead to more confusion. Because it supports other teachings. It leaves room for “trust what smarter theologians have spent their life studying.” It starts the cycle of relativism. Anything goes..

  • @davidnord1979
    @davidnord1979 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    babylonian confusion is all this is lmfao

    • @gerryquinn5578
      @gerryquinn5578 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      I hope you are not daring to suggest that 'Christianity' has been influenced by paganism.

    • @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist
      @SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @@gerryquinn5578

    • @gerryquinn5578
      @gerryquinn5578 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@SonOfGodByNewBirthInChrist : Yes. God's people were condemned for worshiping Baal(Lord).

    • @johnbrien6313
      @johnbrien6313 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@gerryquinn5578 in the early days people lived a world of ‘triad gods’
      The Greeks deified gods attributes
      The Trinity pill was easily swallowed!

    • @gerryquinn5578
      @gerryquinn5578 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@johnbrien6313 : Yes indeed. There were pagan trinities long before the "Christian " trinity.

  • @ahmedsheriffdeen
    @ahmedsheriffdeen 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Surely, disbelievers are those who say, “Allah is the third of the three” while there is no god but One God. If they do not desist from what they say, a painful punishment shall certainly befall such disbelievers.
    Qur'an 5:73

  • @romanstwelvetwokjv9976
    @romanstwelvetwokjv9976 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Trinitarianism. Unitarianism. Different levels of incoherence. Both completely unbiblical.

    • @robertrecchia2642
      @robertrecchia2642 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      So you are transformed by the renewing of your mind to currently believe...?

    • @romanstwelvetwokjv9976
      @romanstwelvetwokjv9976 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@robertrecchia2642
      That Jesus is BOTH the root AND the offspring of David (Rev.22:16).

    • @robertrecchia2642
      @robertrecchia2642 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Trinitarians, Oneness, Subordinationists & Unitarians will interpret that passage in a way that supports their Christology. Only one Christology is correct & God knows which one it is. So if it is interpreted in a way that supports a false Christology, then it doesn’t matter how well that is done...it’s still wrong.

    • @romanstwelvetwokjv9976
      @romanstwelvetwokjv9976 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@robertrecchia2642 If "interpret" is synonymous with "wrest" then yes, it's still wrong. Fortunately the passage is a clearly-stated _revelation_ that is supported by many other scriptures...for example, Isaiah 9:6 and John 8:24-27...which both tell us that Jesus is not only the Son, but also the Father. And while that _sounds_ incoherent, it's actually not...if it is recognized that there's an infinite difference between the Father/Son relationship and a human father/son relationship.

    • @turntogod4410
      @turntogod4410 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      RomansTwelveTwoKJV So you are oneness?