The most mind-blowing concept in music (Harmonic Series)
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The literal foundation of almost all music! FYI a good one to watch all the way through / not skip around because everything builds on what came before. Leave a comment if you have any questions - also some resources linked further down here. :)
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Other MIND-BLOWING facts:
- The reason sometimes sounds start clipping after you EQ them subtracting harmonics (which seems absurd), is that the harmonics you removed were interacting with the others and they were actually lowering the peaks of the waveform!
- Two waveforms may have the exact same harmonics with the the exact same intensity yet sound completely different, because the harmonics are phased differently (the sine waves do not "align" the same way), so with a bunch of harmonics you'll still be able to obtain infinite sounds!
EDIT: I substituted the term "interfering", which was technically incorrect, with "interacting".
EDIT 2: Editing the comment made me lose the Heart from Andrew 😭😭 what we do for science
Holy 🦆 I've wondered why that is thank you!
I'm not sure that's *completely* true. It *is* true that adjusting the phase of the different harmonics would make a signal that looks really different on a scope...
However, humans are *really* bad at hearing phase of different pitches in a sound. (I'm pretty sure it has to do with the way the cochlea breaks up sound into different frequencies, but I'm not a doctor). So if you have two signals which have the same frequencies but slid around in phase, they'll sound the same to a human.
Then again, humans are really good at picking up different phases *between the two ears* so there might be some funky psychoacoustic stuff going on if you tried that. (Also, apparently there are some animals whose ears work differently so they might actually be able to directly hear phase.)
And that's why the fourier transformation has to be calculated in the complex space. Every frequency also has a phase. But analyzers usually do not show them.
@@scorinth They will sound the same to a human, but when played together, it's not about the brain, its about the vibrations and the physics of the real world. The waves literally cancel each other out in the air and thus those frequencies are lost or reduced in amplitude.
They wouldn't technically harmonic if they were out of phase. The phases should line up with the fundamental.
Fools out here buying 10k worth of gear while I'm creating the perfect tone by meticulously layering sin waves on top of eachother entirely for free
I laughed so hard
This is so true tough, alot of newer producers always think you need expensive gear to make good music while really all you need is a computer and a headset.
Sure, the expensive gear could theoreticaly help, but only if you know the fundamentals of how it actualy works aswell as how to use it in general.
Expensive gear is not a nececity
Which also gets expensive time- and learning curve-wise. Wendy Carlos has a lot to say about additive synthesis. A LOT.
And then I put an 0TT on it
@@Scyriate While this is true, making music only by overlapping sine waves manually would take a *ridiculously* long time.
The coolest thing for me is that variations in harmonics is also how we pronounce different vowels. When we change the shape and position of the mouth and tongue, we create a different "instrument" that prioritises different harmonics. Basically different vowels are the result of filtering and boosting specific overtones.
And my mouth talking ass still can't figure out how to EQ shit, i'll be damned
That's pretty rad though
What the fuck
WHAT
Honestly this was the first thing I wanted to figure out when learning music theory. Learning WHY things sound good together is so much more important to me than learning HOW to put things together.
Me as a child: "I'll never need math, I'm gonna be a musician."
Math: "Get back here, you little sh*t"
it's physics ;)
@@marek2031 And math is the language of physics ;)
@@einprozent3738 nice checkmate lol
@@marek2031 Fun fact: I've never met a Physicist that didn't play some kind of stringed instrument.
@@CyclesAreSingularities I mean if you want to seperate such a complex subject like maths in "highschool" and "physics" maths go ahead but that still doesn't undermine the fact that physics can only be applied to the real world by the application of mathematics
"or you already knew about this, in which case, why are you watching" because you're Andrew Huang
🥰🥰🥰
Exactly... Lol
Synthesis Music absolutely relatable
yes!
What if I already knew about it, *and* I'm still impressed? I knew theoretically if you EQ'd away the harmonics, it'd sound the same, but I never thought to try it out. It felt different to hear it actually work.
Most mind blowing thing that I learned recently in music is:
Keys/Chords are only relevant to the most recent chord that you transitioned from. Think about that. That means chord number 3 can be totally bonkers from chord number 1 as long as chord 2 works to give you the feel you want when you transition from 1 to 2, and similarly works to give you the feel you want from chord 2 transition to 3. This is how great musicians use the circle of fifths to bounce around from literally wherever they are to wherever they want to be.
It’s wild to think that each note is essentially a chord on a micro level🤯
Even crazier, because a sine wave is basically a rhythm, every chord is a basically a giant polyrhythm
@@lemonsyswtf
4:39 "What the [sine wave] is a sine wave?"
clever, Andrew, clever.
Maltalented Creator I didn’t notice lol
Ge also starts by saying this is one of the most fundamental aspects of music
"All musicians are unconscious mathematicians" -Thelonius monk
But I hate math 😂
@@hannahboesen1647 then I hate u
Math haters = 🤢
I’ll change my statement, I don’t really like math lol
I was listening to Andrew and all I could think of was he's like a doctor but with music.
Just going down the music theory rabbit hole and was just unable to grock how the same pitch sounds different in different instruments and this finally cleared it up for me.
tambre b like
@@MsStevieFernandez*timbre
Former opera singer, now digging into instrumental music and music production, from orchestral to the 80s synths of my childhood. This video utterly blew my mind, and was even news to my wife who has a Masters in music performance. GREAT video, clearly, concisely, and enjoyably explained. And you can't ask for more than that when it comes to education.
Andrew, I've been teaching music theory for years and have taught the harmonic series to some of my high school classes. Usually unsatisfactorily. Ive never seen it presented well in a reasonable timeframe. I used to use Leonard Bernstein's 1973 Harvard Lectures series clip of him demonstrating it on a piano. Charming if you love LB but terribly, grossly out of date for students today. This is the BEST video resource on the harmonic series I've ever come across BY FAR. Thank you so much.
" terribly, grossly out of date for students today." I really worry about that attitude. Someone just one generation older seems 'out of date', superannuated. As though a haircut or accent or costume alters what a person is saying!
Trivial, superficial people. Not necessarily a generational thing, just whether one has a sense of history.
@@smkh2890 I understand your dismay, 100%. And I agree with your sentiment. I dearly love Bernstein and I have watched his entire Harvard lectures series numerous times. But Bernstein explaining something is long-form poetry. It could take 20 minutes to an hour for him to make the point. Bernstein is too brilliant and too aesthetically minded to simply give the bare facts of something - he will weave the point into a tapestry of interconnected concepts and supporting metaphors. But here’s the thing - I first found those lectures as an undergraduate music student and I devoured them on my own time. They aren’t well suited to be a supporting material for classroom teaching at all, and that’s what I need for my HS theory class. In the past, even when I showed my HS classes preselected 10-15 minute excerpts of his lectures, they didn’t quite get it. Look at Andrew’s style by comparison. Utterly different pacing, among many other things. Style is a language, and modern students speak the language of his style.
@@brianmessemer2973 of course you are right. I don’t want to repeat cliches about attention span because my own attention span is not what it used to be. But how many now listen to a piece of music 40 minutes long or more in one sitting? How many read 1000 page novels? Even full length albums are gone . people listen to one track and buy single tracks . the 70s ‘concept’ album with a story development over an hour or more, Tommy by the Who would be a good example, seems to have disappeared.
@@brianmessemer2973 as for teaching I taught English language mostly to students who are paying so they were attentive. I’ve also taught English literature at college level but I am not yet at the point where I dare to teach music. Anyway talking about style of teaching, Andrew is very very good . I think he is sponsored by Reverb, so he has resources. I did some electronics in the ‘60s so the components he showed in a bag were not a mystery!
@@smkh2890 yeah absolutely sir. Your points about music and literature are well taken. There certainly seems to be less time for, less emphasis on, and less cultural value/appreciation placed on the study of large works. Funny coincidence - I also taught English language in Japan for several years before teaching music back here in the US. Thank you for sharing your thoughts and background a bit - what a pleasant conversation with a likeminded individual. Cheers to us 🍻 and cheers to art, literature and music that takes time 🍻
Part 2: Amount of overtones is important, but how their loudness changes over time and how the pitch wobbles is the other half of a timbre
With FM you get a really wobbli boi to the point a sine wave can sound like a walrus
@@christiantaylor1495 ...I'm going to hunt for walruses now
Exactly why simply re-pitching even the nicest real-world instrument in a sampler sounds synthetic
@@HORNGEN4 On the topic of wobbles I have found a video with additive synthesis imitating a Leslie speaker on a organ th-cam.com/video/NIe8H8D54IY/w-d-xo.html
The way you visualized it on the guitar was brilliant. That edit made it so clear and easy to understand! 1:53
As an amateur musician and professional artist-designer, i see so many relations between sounds and colors, and visual and musical composition. Your explanation of chords and harmonic series makes me think of Impressionist paintings, of Monet and Renoir, and how our eyes naturally mix contiguous colors into one. And color afterimages as well, which is why when we fixate our eyes on a red dot and then look away, we see green, the complementary color of red - just like the harmonic series. Thanks for the amazing video!
Comments like this are why I look into the comment section.
Thank you CZ 👍🏻
Do you have synesthesia?
7:45 I HAVE NEVER CONSIDERED THAT. That makes SO MUCH SENSE
Rob!! That's actualy realy cool.
Hello scob rallon, how are you doing this fine afternoon?
@Rob Scallon I watched this despite learning the harmonic series years ago because I knew he would come up with *something* I didn’t know. That same part was new to me and makes total sense.
It’s the first of October
Yeah
Literally just finished harmonics in physics 😂😂 this is really helpful for that actually, cheers!
Same but Andrew does it cooler
@@ethanyoung4629 yeh😂😂, my physics teacher could never be as cool as Andrew😂😂
If you haven't studied quantum yet you're in for a fantastic surprise when you get to the harmonic oscillator. Wave theory is ubiquitous throughout all of physics!
@@denglish5 we just started quantum, I finished the photoelectric effect yesterday and my head still hurts😂
Andrew my man, you are king. I’m a sound therapy practitioner, and your understanding of sound that you pull into your creation and producing is exactly what the world needs. When we look at everything in creation, EVERYTHING IS VIBRATION. Sound and music, using the laws of resonance is going to be HUGE in the near future for emotional and physical healing. (The physical body is a reflection of the emotional state, the more our nervous system is in a coherent state, the body functions in a homeostatic state.) the better we feel emotionally, the better our bodies function. Love all that you do!!!!!
Comparing those 2 major thirds is mind blowing. The fact that the one that we’re used to is “wrong.” But when we hear the just intonation version, it sounds a bit more subdued and calmed, and of course darker. It actually sounds less dissonant once you hear it more.
Fun fact: this is also why your voice sounds different to you than to everyone else. The sine waves making up your voice travel differently because when you hear your own voice, they're passing through both the air and the bones of your head to your ears. Low frequencies carry better through physical contact than the air. If you experiment a bit with EQ, you can make your voice on recording sound closer to how it sounds to you speaking.
It took me a while to find it but like a year or so ago I found a really good paper on this and how to reproduce the voice you hear aka about what eq you need to get it. Sadly I didn't save the link and haven't been able to find it since.
Cover your ears with your hands, fingers pointing up, then fold your hands forward, keep the sides of your hands tight to your head, shielding your ears from what comes from front. Tadaa, your sound!
🧸💕🦠🔨
Perrin Silveira I studied a bit of this and have a few papers written up on my old hard drive, super interesting topic
@@Stiddo Can you put it on a google drive and send the link, please? I'd love to read up about this. Seems like it could be a very creative way to make use of vocals. I've been having some trouble with vocals so experimenting and finding the best way to do it seems smart to me.
@@Stiddo bro i need this whats your email?
You'll often still hear overtones with a sine wave actually, because you're hearing them through speakers which have their own ways of vibrating and their own resonant peaks and you're also hearing the room. I think it's more in theory that they don't have overtones, because in the real world I'm not sure how you'd listen to it without engaging overtones from something, even if just from your own ear canal.
maybe feed them directly into the brain somehow hehe
overtones are all around us
we cant escape them
not sure if that puts me in awe of the universe and its sheer beauty or puts me in fear of it
Maybe the closest possibility is a tuning fork on ones forehead..?
Then you don't hear a sine wave. Once the tone is colored by your amp, speaker, cable, W/E it's no longer a pure sine. It has gotten harmonics injected in the wave. So in a way you're right that it can only exist in theory. But with decently tuned and chosen gear you can approximate that sine wave to a point where the overtones you speak of have no real world influence on what we're hearing.
I was just thinking of that
The limitations of the world are amazingly weird
Years later, I watch this video once a year and STILL it blows my mind
The most mind blowing thing to me will always be that pitch and rhythm are really the same thing, since I got into music from guitar i never really learned how true that was until much later in life when I started experimenting with synthesis
When you play a harmonic on a string, you are actually physically stopping lower harmonics from ringing, while keeping the higher harmonics. For example your finger over the twelth fret, halfway across the length of the string, you prohibit the fundemental from sounding.
What I really love is when I mute one string after playing it, and I hear the exact same harmonic vibrating from a different string that I didn't touch.
🙀 too genius
And then there's that violinist who somehow got the violin to produce tones *under* the violin's range and we still don't know what the physics are exactly.
@@woofelator That's sympathetic vibration, which is what makes sitars sound so goddamn cool. My high school music teacher demonstrated this to the class by taking the front off a piano and using his clarinet to play a note directly at the corresponding piano wire. We could then hear multiple piano wires sympathetically vibrate relevant to the harmonic series of the fundamental being played on the clarinet.
No man, you'll get an entirely new fundamental that has a wave length starting from the fret you pressed the string at.
I've had this explained several times but your pacing and visuals are extremely helpful
Wow. 🤯 indeed! Your explanation, complementary visuals / audio, and obvious enthusiasm for the material all add up to an incredible video.
Also, hearing the harmonic series gives me chills and a general sense of something very mystical, yet incredibly familiar. Awesome
This is wild. I'd heard about harmonics before, but never explored the concept before. God, I love music.
"It's why tuning that b string is so annoying" I feel that.
Yes man! I need to like this twice 😅
Yeah, I always noticed that I can only tune this string using a chord, unlike all other strings that I can tune separately. I only did not know why. Great video, thanks for sharing the knowledge! (yes, I did know everything except this out-of-tune-equal-division-stuff).
Totally - makes more sense now (as a keyboard player who occasionally tunes a guitar and feels ... weird on that string)!
This is truly the First time I’ve heard someone else say that tuning the B string is AWFUL!!!
I’ve been saying this for Years, and people think I’m nuts!!!
I’ll have to try tuning the string in a chord...that’s a great idea.
I use a tuner and either adjust it by ear, or I just suck it up
I’m actually a drummer for 40 years that is self-taught guitar.....so I’m not very good...but bro....that B string kills me!!! 😂😂😂
If you can get the harmonic pluck just right you can gently touch (not press) just above the B string on the 5th fret and the G string on the 4th fret. When you tune the B string with the G string this way and you don't hear any beading it should be in tune, at least with itself. I didn't learn this until I had been playing for 5 years. Worst 5 years of my life. B is now my favorite string.
Love how you censor "what the beeep is a sine wave?" With the the sound of...a sine wave 👏😂
I also noticed it and came to the comments to see if anyone else had noticed it too xD glad to find out I'm not the only one
Lol I thought the exact same thing
@You're fake and gay The regulatory TV censorship sound in the US is a 1000hz sine wave
You're so smart. I didn't get that!😂
I'm also pretty sure that sine wave is an 'F'
You definitely blew my mind. Ive heard about this before and watched other videos about it, but still you told me things I didn't know, made me think of things I hadn't before. And your enthusiasm for how strange it is makes the video infinitely better. Thank you!
Absolutely bringing all of my music theory knowledge and real life experiences into clear focus. Such a massive inspiration, my friend.
Thanks, Andrew! :)
This is also how most image compression works, like jpeg. Instead of storing the actual pixel values, it reduces each block to a sum of sine (er, cosine) waves which add up to something very similar to the original signal. It's a very effective way to represent the types of shapes which tend to occur in nature.
It has a hard time with square waves though, since those are the sum of an infinite series of sine waves. It takes a lot of space to store an infinite list of all the harmonics needed to build a square wave, and the point of jpeg is to make things small, not large. So it usually stores only the first few harmonics and the error becomes pretty noticeable whenever the picture has sharp edges.
Now you got me reading about DCT lol. Things get kinda wacky with compressive sensing/ whatever field it falls under in that context.
My fairly basic understanding is that there are other bases/kernels that would be able to do better with square waves, no?
There are definitely more compact ways to store data representing square waves... but they tend not to be as good at storing smooth contours. The compression is basically optimized for what the creators expect the input data to look like... so it'll be less optimal for unusual data.
Although jpeg was a big step up from what came before it, there are definitely some corner cases (pun intended) where it's not so great.
And when one end of the sound waves in the spectrum ends- light waves begin. They're all connected.
Sound and light aren't part of the same spectrum. They're different types of waves. Sound is a compression wave of particles transferring kinetic energy by bumping into each other, like how ripples travel across a lake after throwing in a rock. The water itself isn't travelling outward; it's mostly just vibrating in place. The ripples don't exist without the lake.
Light, however, is actually pure energy travelling from one place to another. It's not cascading vibrations of some other material... it's photons moving across space.
Light exists as individual particles, while sound is a side effect of the movement of many many particles. Sound is a domino effect and only exists if there are dominos to move through, while light is more like throwing a ball.
Acoustics nerd/musician here!
While overtones do not have their own overtones, they do "create" more notes! These notes are perceived when any 2 notes (including overtones) are present. The term for this phenomenon is a "combination tone" or more specifically in this instance a "resultant tone". Resultant tones are often sounded an octave below the fundamental, adding additional depth to a tone of a given instrument. This is one of the aspects that makes virtual instruments not as "real" as their real instrument counterparts.
This goes into what is known as the undertone series which is a whole topic of it's own (your string player friends should be able to tell you more. "wolf tones").
And that's why fifth chords sound so damn good on a distorted electric guitar
@@XenoghostTV it's also why distorted triads sound nasty if you don't fudge the intonation.
The difference tone from an equal tempered major third is a very out of tune minor second, two octaves down. Gnarly on it's own, nightmaremish in a mix
@@gonzoengineering4894 That's quite some nerdy stuff there. ;)
@@benjaminschallwig43 it gets headspinningly more nerdy when you realize that, unlike overtones, difference tones DO make more difference tones
Wut
Excellent video, Andrew - clear explanations and no wasted time. Top class stuff!
Honestly, I wish that I had learned this while in music school! For a long time, I’ve understood the basic concepts of what this video goes over; But how the concepts are integrated into the philosophy and science behind all aspects of music really are mind blowing! If only this video was available, at the time.
It’s always the right time to learn and apply
something new! Thanks, so much, Andrew. You are a true inspiration, sir!
"fundamental" pun in the first 10 seconds
I learned about this in college music theory, and listening to an additive tone generator my mind was officially blown. They also talked about how square waves vs sawtooth waves are all of the even overtones or all of the odd overtones.
AND THEN my mind was blown further when realizing that all the brain can do is sense vibrations from tiny hairs inside our ears, meaning that (like you said briefly) the brain is constantly doing math to decide if it’s hearing a single timbre or multiple timbres.
AND THEN my mind was blown further when realizing that the only difference in human vowel sounds is their timbre, meaning our understanding of language is all due to these lightning fast calculations done by the brain because one hair wiggled a little faster or a little harder than another one.
Don’t even get me started on how it impacts our perception of three dimensional space...
The way waveshapes are built would've been a good addition to the segment in ableton with the additive synth, I thought he was leading there.
Well presented video anyway though.
Can you explain how the only difference between vowel sounds is their timbre? Sorry its kinda making sense based on what I heard in this video but not fully
Sure, basically the way our bodies make different vowel sounds is by making shapes with the tongue and lips which dampen or amplify certain overtones. “EE” shapes highlight higher overtones, while “OOH” shapes highlight lower overtones.
Any ideas on the origin of our harmonic series? I have my theories but would love to hear others'!
I worked with this during my Computer Science degree, making instruments with additive synthesis and envelope shaping. Music and the physiology and psychology of hearing is such fascinating stuff!
Wow! This takes me back to my undergraduate courses in Electrical Engineering (many moons ago) dealing with Fourier Transforms in Signal Processing. It's been always fascinating to me that music, a fundamentally artistic endeavor, is totally based on mathematical concepts.
You do a great job at explaining this!
I already "knew" all this as a scientist. But now, as a beginner musician, you made the relationship to chords, notes, and instruments so clear for me!
Omg same!
(not a scientist but a physics student)
@@harmitchhabra989 and me as a JEE student is visualising these things. and its mindblowing.
@@thehealingguy1503 same mai bhi jee21 ka hu
@@harmitchhabra989 isn't physics a branch of science?
Many folks out here are well familiar with this and many other concepts that are not scientists or engineers or anything like that themselves. Interestingly enough, these concepts in physics and other focused scientific fields are the shared connection between any other concept or endeavor. And funny enough you could be coming to understanding and awareness of technical concepts by actually practicing "science" and not even know it just by doing other work, craft or study. Now, a scientist may scoff at that bc the practice itself has a set of rigid formalities and standards to be consciously followed or its not credible as new theory, law or fact, but the process of discovery can be very similar and just as genuine to one's learning and comprehension of reality. I think its healthy, interesting and helpful to share such analogies.
I remember being introduced to harmonics through throat singing one day. I think my local radio had a little segment on it, and it blew my mind that you could shape secondary notes over the main ones. I recall standing in front of the mirror with my electric toothbrush and opening and closing my mouth to isolate the different overtones. Thanks for bringing that fun time back to me, Andrew!
I teach Fourier analysis and this video will now be required viewing. You are right; this is all beautifully mind-blowing!
I had a subconscious understanding of overtones for a while, when I was younger and sang a particular note I'd hear a 5th overtone in the back of my head and never really knew why. Later in precalculus my teacher showed us the sine waves of certain volumes and pitches using a DAW, and I was enamored by it. Then when I started playing guitar and discovered pinch harmonics I was fascinated by being able to hear 3rds, 5ths and 7th depending on how I hit the string. It feels great knowing that these patterns I noticed have a name and are prevalent everywhere 🙏🏾
I used to say "wooow" really slowly and notice how the harmonics of my voice would appear and disappear in "units." You can hear a distinct quantization of the harmonics. I thought it was really interesting and now I know why that happens.
me: I'm bored...
Andrew Huang: Single pitches in your area!
The note told me she was single
HBERRGCCH
This deserves more likes seriously
"Overtones don't have their own overtones."
Yes and no.
While each overtone of a fundamental is its own sine wave (pure tone), each overtone has its own overtone scale within the original fundamental's overtone scale.
For example:
The partials (fundamental plus overtones) of a C fundamental:
C - C - G - C - E - G - Bb* - C - D - E
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10
Order of the first few intervals:
C - C (octave 2:1)
C - G (perfect fifth 3:2)
G - C (perfect fourth 4:3)
C - E (major third 5:4)
E - G (minor third 6:5)
Now let's look at G, the 2nd overtone (3rd partial) of C.
To get its overtone series start with 2:1,
G - G (oh look, the octave up of the first G is the 5th overtone (6th partial) of C)
G - D (a fifth up (3:2) the D is the same D from the ninth partial of the C overtone series)
D - G (a fourth up (4:3) the G is the third G in the C overtone series, or partial #12)
You will find the G harmonic series within the C harmonic series simply because G was introduced.
Every time a new note is "introduced" in the harmonic series, it too will have its intervals up to infinity (2:1, 3:2, 4:3, 5:4, 6:5, 7:6, etc.)
So an overtone series is self containing of other overtone series. 🤯🤯🤯
Mind blown
Bro...
Andrew is actually right when he says the overtones don't generate their own overtones.
It's a standing waves problem--if your original C sounds off a string of length L, then the G would sound off a string of length 2L/3. Strings of these lengths may share a few harmonics coincidentally but for the most part will not mach up.
The Fundamental generates all partials, period.
this man waves
I learned about this late in college and it changed my whole world. Tuning became so much easier. But you've still managed to show it in a way that I'm learning new things, especially about synths. Great video thanks!
Moral Of The Story: Your ears are better at maths and physics than you
As a physics nerd, I think this video is perfect! I love Harmonics!!
:D
"Wait, it's all sine waves?"
*Cocks gun* "Always has been"
It goes deeper than that. If string theory is to be believed, then all subatomic particles are on a fundamental level 'strings' vibrating at different frequencies. Mean literally everything can be broken down to nothing but sine waves.
@@JonasHamill Leaving aside string theory for a moment, just pointing out that not all *vibrations* are sine waves. A sine wave is a smooth periodic oscillation. Vibrations can be way more complex than that: www.testandmeasurementtips.com/basics-non-sinusoidal-waveforms/#:~:text=A%20non%2Dsinusoidal%20waveform%20is,sinusoidal%20(sine%2Dlike).&text=A%20cosine%20wave%20is%20sinusoidal,but%20is%20neither%20of%20these.
@@llaith2 All frequencies can be broken down to sine waves. More complex wave forms are just multiple sine waves. You don't have to take my word for it but I have a degree in Electronic Engineering and work with signal processing on the regular. If you wish to look into it more look up Fourier Analysis.
You can even look at the following quote from the link you provided "A non-sinusoidal waveform can be constructed by adding two or more sine waves"
Fourier intensifies
@@JonasHamill Dude its cool. I did electronics engineering in uni before having a career in software. I get you but I thought your comment was simplifying the matter, given the context of the video where he didn't go into detail about recreating the timbre of instruments with pure sine harmonics. He did mention about other aspects of the waveforms a bit later, but it didn't seem connected for people who don't know this subject. I thought you were saying that any timbre could be recreated with simple sine waves at different amplitudes on the harmonics. Mainly it came across that way because of the way he was clicking in the software to add those harmonics in.
So no offense meant. Btw, I suck at math, so those kinds of problems nearly killed me at uni! I decided to focus in on digital circuits and the micro-architure of chips instead. The switch to software was inevitable as I enjoyed coding in machine language for the chips we used.
I'd rather not read any more on the subject in case my brain starts melting again! :D
Just started reading up on music synthesis with the book “creating sounds from scratch.” This is a really nice supplement to chapter two when they go into harmonics, overtones, etc.
Thanks for making the time to put this video together.
dude, i love learning things like this. peeling back the fabric of reality and seeing the mechanics 👌🏼👌🏼👌🏼
Andrew Huang slowly entering the domain of Adam Neely :D
If this becomes the new trend in electronic music... I wont be bothered at all. :D
More Xen stuff please.
Ade WE WANT XENHARMONICS
Andram Hueely
@@alderankorym everyones gonna get into fm synthesis, then proceed to slowly rip their hair out while screaming in frustration.
I remember this high school teacher who taught math and guitar class would always say that theirs two universal languages: math and music. Mr Nolan was such a chill hippie teacher ^_^ He would even bring his own drums in for a drum circle club once a week. It was him who made me realize how much math is related to music in a non negative way
In a way math and music are the same language
@@IntrepidInfinity 🤯
Was his favorite band Dream Theater? lol. also, math is a tool but also language that can describe anything. spoken and written languages can be related this way. Software languages are no different, they just have their own systems and application where it makes sense. Your genetic code is kinda like firmware in a way, your personality and own awareness is like an algorithm. Brains are not computers though, well kinda like a router I would say and your consciousness resides in hyperspace, a bit like cloud computing. Electricity is pretty important lol and also needs math to be explained studied and manipulated. Everything is math, its the root. Not everything is music... We like music because of patterned harmony of sound waves and patterns in arrangement of events over a formatted time parameter. Our brains really only do one thing, notice patterns. Aesthetics are patterns pleasing our purpose.
the part with the cymbal is perfection.
(yeah, when I first got serious about sound design and delved deep into the theory and the physics of sound, I think there were several weeks where I was just constantly flabbergasted by the universality and elegance of the harmonic series.)
great video man
9:36 As a brass player, it finally clicked for me when I realized that the partials are divided into these pitches. On trombone the partials go Bb1, Bb2, F3, Bb3, D4, F4, a very flat Ab4, Bb4, C5, D5...
Is it bad that I have actually started to hi-five the air whenever an Andrew Huang video starts?
It’s unequivocally good 😊
Don't worry, I've done this for every single video he's posted for the last 4 years (except the ones where there is no high five of course)
I DO TOO!!!! LMAO!!
think of it like the musical fluffy unicorn version of the brofist
It is good and fitting
Why am I watching? For gems like, "What the f-_[sine wave]_ is a sine wave?"
he should have done overtone singing
hold a steady pitch and transition between "oo" and "ee"
with a little practice you will get a resonant filter sweep and be able to pick out specific partials
audio should start with sine wave but commercial products don't need erudition or educators
I watched this a few months ago and thought it was really cool. I watched this again a few days ago and now I’m in a deep dive on the harmonic series and all different temperments and trying to accentuate the overtones in my voice haha. Thanks for this awesome video, really opened my world up.
We have just recently learned about how to model a guitar string in my university mathematics class, and we also saw, from a mathematical standpoint, that any sound from a string instrument is an infinite sum of harmonic waves (actually and infinite sum of a product of sin and cos). For anyone curious the search words would be Fourier series, Fourier transforms and partial derivative equations. Fourier transforms are also fundamental to sound engineering and editing and is really cool.
You can essentially hear the infinity
Music is magical
Thats also the reason why distorted Major chords sound better than distorted Minor chords!
And probably also the reason why Power Chords sound better still.
I think Paul Davids went deeper into this once. I think it was about chord progressions in classic rock.
I've actually tried tuning my guitar's distorted major and minor chords to their just intonated intervals (tune the major third 14-ish cents flat, minor third 14-ish cents sharp, perfect fifth just a hair sharp) and found they often sound marginally better. Of course then I have to re-tune for each chord I play.
Adam Neely blew my mind when he talked about why power chords have a major flavor somehow.... I should find that video.
@@not-on-pizza Power chords are actually just major chords. The 3rd is produced by the overtones and is easily audible, your brain just convinces you not to notice it out of habit.
You make TH-cam something else Andrew. The amount of work that has gone into this video for us to view for free. Damn dude... Mad respect. This is untouchable content.
Mind BLOWN- from MSU brass at 7 pm
OMG this about scales is blowing my mind so hard
I’ve always wondered this
Let us just appreciate Andrew for a minute
💖
Yeah!!
@@andrewhuang
woah you replied 😱
But seriously your content is amazing
"It's the foundation of all the chords and scales we use. It's the reason why certain notes sound good together. It wasn't just that someone back in the day decided on a scale they liked and we all agreed to it and are using it out of habit. It's that the physical laws of the universe determined what these note relationships would be, long before music existed, long before humans even existed. Any resonant body vibrating at a consistent frequency would also include harmonics, would include those integer multiples of that base frequency."
This is absolutely profound to me. It confirms to me the idea that our relationship to music is innate and universal rather than cultural and relative.
I felt the same. It confirmed to me why music by default is therefore so powerful in terms of provoking emotion etc as it is so intrinsically linked with the universe as a whole and all living structures. Basically the universe is a construct formed by numbers and mathematical equations both biologically as well as physically and on every quantifiable level, in this case audibly too. Everything we both comprehend and don’t, consists of vibration and frequencies. If you are able to master the rate of this vibrations you are able to master life. Raise your vibrations and you raise your synchronicities. Raise your synchronicities and you create the ability to manifest.
I think it's more of a thougth to apply to science and math in general rather than just music, the fact that science and math are so accurate to describe our world despite being made by humans it's mind blowing
@@MRtecno98 th-cam.com/video/FY74AFQl2qQ/w-d-xo.html
@delt That gets more into philosophy than math and science. There's a lot to be said for the question of was math invented or discovered?
@delt Wow, I somehow said that Google was the keepers of the mathematical constants we use to describe the universe 🙄 No. You said that those constants would exist without someone to discover them, and I countered that the assertion is based in philosophy (specifically, epistemology) rather than the hard sciences. Thanks for strawmanning something that is only really debatable in philosophy, the field I mentioned, because 2 is how we describe that quantity of items, not an actual physical substance. You can hold two apples, but you can't hold 2. That's my whole point 🤦♂️
When I was a kid, every house had an aerial antenna made of hollow aluminum tubes that would occasionally whistle when a breeze hit them just right. That was my first encounter with the harmonic series, though to me it was an inexplicable, unearthly sound. I was an adult when I first heard an elk bugling on the wild which is another example of the harmonic series. It’s still mind blowing to me to consider this as the foundation of music.
This is amazing! You are an excellent teacher!! ❤
This is why I'm a microtonalist. 12 equal isn't bad, but it shouldn't be viewed as God-given, when it's really just a system of compromises for particular goals. If you're mostly staying in one key, meantone is better than 12 equal. Composers in the Romantic period started to modulate keys a lot, so it was important that there be a tuning system that could handle that.
Of course, you can always divide the octave equally by a different number than 12. Each number is its own musical universe. Each can do some things better and some things worse than 12. 53 tone equal temperament is super accurate (at least for major and minor chords) but it's really complex. 17 equal is melodically better sounding than 12 equal, and it's also almost as easy as 12, but its harmonies are a bit off from what we're used to. 19 is harmonically more in tune than 12, but melodically worse.
Different tuning systems are all about compromises between good melody, good harmony, and ease of use. There's nothing wrong with 12, but it shouldn't be the only system that's ever used.
I strongly agree
The Fourier series video by 3blue1brown shows how it's probably the most important concept in sound, and physics in general. When you draw notes out in your DAW, then record it into a waveform it's exactly the same thing. We can extract all the drawn notes from the waveform by doing a Fourier transform. Conversely, we can create the waveform from the drawn notes by doing an inverse Fourier transform. It’s all just transformations from frequency domain to time domain (and back). This concept is the most important element in quantum mechanics. Math is the friggin best
Where is this video? 10 yrs ago I wanted to be able to do an FFT fromwaveform|drawn_notes
like they said, look up 3 blue 1 brown. you wont miss it.
@@midinerd th-cam.com/video/spUNpyF58BY/w-d-xo.html
3blue1brown is incredible.
You DIG IT. Cool to have someone who actually watches 3b1b and Andrew. Bet You watch Adam N and Anton P...as well?
Yes, as a someone with physics background harmonic series in music was very quickly digestible and intuitive.
I had to watch this for my college math class, and I loved learning even more about overtones and harmonics! I knew some of this stuff, but I did not know that you could basically recreate any instrument sound with different combinations! Crazy!
Brilliant! Loved this so much!!🤩
I've already knew this thing, but each time I hear about that, it doesn't getting less mindblowing
This was knews to me too, buddy.
Same what i wanted to write
When I was in a choir growing up, they trained us to listen to the harmonics, so we could use them while we sang to improve tuning. When voices are in tune they become less distinguishable, but the overtones get stronger.
Really cool stuff!
I have learned more from your videos than I have the last 10 years of playing... I so wish I could take your Monthly class! Thanks Andrew. Mind=Blown!
You actually did blow my mind. Playing with synths for a while and never really knew the details of harmonics.
Physics major here, I wanted to say that I love that you are going out of your way to teach this. But, I wanted to shout out the guy to first discover many of these effects and give credit to him as few people actually know of him, but his contributions mathematics and science have changed all our lives far more than the vast majority of people we do all know about. Joseph Fourier is the father or harmonic analysis and Fourier analysis. This mathematics is used to study everything from the musical concepts you’re discussing to electronics to thermodynamics. Even many of the physicists who use his work all the time don’t know this but, he is also credited with discovering the greenhouse effect. One could argue this would effectively credit him as being the discoverer of global warming.
As a physicist, do you know where the harmonic series came from, its origin? It's a question that I have thought about a bunch and have some ideas but I hope somebody who studied the subject has their ideas as well.
@@TiqueO6 This notion of the harmonic series essentially comes from the notion of a Fourier series or a Fourier Transform. The fundamental idea is essentially exactly what this guy is talking about in the musical context, but the idea has consequences that much wider reaching than that. For example, the same technique can be used to study how heat in some distribution will diffuse over time. Basically, it is possible to represent a surprisingly large amount of functions as a sum of sine and/or cosine waves. In fact, any continuous function on a finite region can be represented this way. Now I would explain how this works, but I think 3blue1brown explained it better than I ever could in this video here. th-cam.com/video/spUNpyF58BY/w-d-xo.html&vl=en
You literally just explained virtual instruments. And more importantly the basis for timbre and what bit really means. AWESOME !!!!!!! No matter how rich you get on youtube don't forget that creators like you still figured out how to make great content by being yourself and sharing your knowledge!!!!
This is really the best video explaining scales, harmonics and everything in between in a simple and clear way! Thank you!
That was amazing! You did a great job of explaining it so that it's more easily understood. Thank you
tbh this whole whole number ratio thing makes a whole lot more sense than anything else i've heard in music theory
"Our ears are doing math..." Love it!
Except they aren't... it's the natural geometry. No math. Just sound.
@@weareallbeingwatched4602 the brain is doing the math, or rather, the brain, through many many successive evolutionary iterations, tended towards the most energetically favourable way of interpreting the natural geometry of sound waves in a manner that is beneficial to the various selective advantages and disadvantages
Incredible video! Truly mind-blowing 🤩🤩 thank you for putting this together so well!
dude, i love learning things like this. peeling back the fabric of reality and seeing the mechanics
And here I thought I was the only one who struggled to tune the B string lol. Great explanation of the harmonic series. It's really amazing how well music relates to itself in so many ways.
What about the G string tho?
@@boazcohen7992 ;)
Music is basically relations of frequencies
Just remove the B string 🎸
You're welcome 🤣
When I was in university, I was learning about this in my electronic music classes while also taking geology courses. At some point in my geology class, it all clicked: "Everything happens in cycles...circles are just waves and vice versa....all measured physical phenomena through time can be represented by a signal....literally everything is music." and I have never been the same since.
"everything under the sun is in tune, but the sun is eclipsed by the moon" - PF
on a side note..as musicians and scientists alike, we can easily get sucked into what we perceive as great, grand and unifying theories. but they are so tempting.
That's pretty much what ancient Greek philosopher's meant by "music of the spheres" (viewing the planets' cycles in a musical context)
@@faselblaDer3te and this was passed onto the new religions that popped up 2000 years ago and into its songs.
Dude, you made this so easy for me to understand. I have kept hearing the term "Harmonics" and had no idea what they were. I have been watching whack videos on explaining it. Thank you for clearing the mud for me!
So I knew about harmonic series, but I didn't realize our brains are actually capable of processing the ratios in real time and having a preference for simpler ones 😮 So still, mind blown haha 🤯 Also this is the best breakdown of the concept I've ever seen, totes sharing this with some students. Thank you!
For those interested:
Early Music Sources (here on YT) have a couple videos on how just intonation worked in the Renaissance-covering the concept of composing a piece whose general pitch slowly rises as it's all relative.
Adam Neely more recently made a video exploring that musical notion, Benedetti's Puzzle.
Anyone who liked this video might find that interesting.
And Early Music Sources have just released a new video on temperaments. It's been a good week to explore pitch!
Me: Sees Andrew posted another video
Also me 30 seconds into the video:
“Mom!!! Could you grab the mop my brain is on the floor!”
HELP MY!!! My muscles are too big! I am a big tall man and my muscles are even BIGGER! I use them to get views but they HURT so much!!! Because they are heavy. Do you have any advice, dear milo
I’m only half way through but my mind has already been blown a number of times, I’ve always been a geek about this stuff. Thanks.
Dope video, thanks for breaking it down in easy to understand terms. Keep it up!
I understand nothing, but it's still interesting.
hahahahahahahaha
I understood and I'm just mind blown !!!
🙌 I understand you
Me: randomly clicks video on a video.
Also me: learns how synthesizers actually emulate the sound of real instruments.
Mind blown.
@mark heyne Yep. Also those usually aren't synthesised. They're recorded samples. Things like the SWAM instruments instead are modeled and they sound very realistic
Well, they are called synthesizers because they synthesize de sound into simple waves
most synths don't make sounds this way....
Yes, agreed, it is quite intriguing, moreover, you laid it all out in a very intelligible and digestible manner, thanks for conveying this all very clearly!
Also how organs have done it for ages btw
Thank you, Andrew. Your videos are always enlightening!
This is AMAZING and i highly encourage you to keep doing what you do ❤
It always blows my mind everytime I realize that so many musicians don't have a clue of even the most fundamental physics behind sound and music.
Honestly you don’t need most of it to make good music. Music is more about the emotion.
Action true, but if you have emotion, and can combine that with intelligence in a meaningful way, damm, then maybe you got something?
@@Action2me Absolutely, I agree with you there. But that was not my point. What I meant was that I think it's strange that even if you're not interested in the physics behind music I would have thought that after a rew years you would inevitable pick up some knowledge.
@@electronicgarden3259 I think most musicians do even if they don't realize it. Every good musician knows their instrument (yes that includes DAWs), how it plays, what makes it sing, scream, bite, whatever. Every instrument has its own quirks and it's up to the musician to figure them out. Say for instance you handed Jimi Hendrix one of Steve Albini's guitars and told him to play Hey Joe it just wouldn't be right, y'know? Also most guitarists know about harmonics and that's just straight up physics.
Don’t need to. Just need to know what sounds good.
This is amazing. And what really blows my mind is when you start thinking about wave patterns in nature and the physical universe. Gravitational waves, electron waves, color spectrum, movements in the ocean, heart and brain waves. So much is oscillations and waves. I don’t mean any of this in some new age stoner way, just that what you are tapping into feels significant.
Same happened to me when talking about this. People generally get into ''new age'' chatting without getting into the real talk, and start to lead the conversation into ''energies''..and you try to redirect saying ''no no, not energies like spiritual and good & evil, but real energy, the one that happens every moment in daily life'', and they look at you as if you were high or psycho or just trying to look smart 🙄
Have a Google of electron orbitals. It's like this in 3(+)D
It's funny because "I don’t mean any of this in some new age stoner way" sounds exactly like a harmless version of "I'm not racist, but..." 😉
I instantly thought about a 3D sound wave oscillating in a medium.
@@veronicagorosito187 Go to Santa Fe, New Mexico. I met a woman from the Pleides star system. She told me all about chakra energies at a party. And numerology. It was a great sociological observation until it got boring.
OK, you blew my mind. You have synthesized elements from my math and science education (sine function and waves) with my language education (Latin and Greek stems), resulting in my mind-blown music education (@AndrewHuang videos). Thanks and a high five 🤚💥 from Brasil 🇧🇷!
I've known about the harmonic series for a few years now, which led me to the worlds of tuning theory and microtonal music, but I still learned new things from this video. This might be the best beginner-friendly intro video to the harmonic series that I've seen so far.