・Cause of dual gauge (Hakone Tozan Line) There is a train garage near Iriuda Station. To go to the garage, out-of-service trains pass this railroad. Then, out-of-service trains are different gauge width. So railroad between Iriuda Station and Hakone-Yumoto Station is a dual gauge. ・Cause of dual gauge (Keikyu Zushi Line) There is a manufacturing factory of train near Kanazawa-hakkei Station. To go in and out the train factory, out-of-service trains pass this railroad. Then, out-of-service trains are different gauge width. So railroad between Jimmuji Station and Kanazawa-hakkei Station is dual gauge. ・Reasons of narrow gauge (3 ft 6 in) mainly in Japan. There are various reasons and theories. The British engineer introduced narrow gauge to Japan in the 19th century. The topography of Japan is complicated and intricate. There are many mountains in Japan. So there are a lot of sharp curves for a railroad track. A narrow gauge can be constructed in the small land. Long ago, the British engineer regarded Japan as a colony. Other several reasons. But I don't know a true cause.
@@shio_vanilla Good explanation about the curves and tunnels. Swiss has also parts in the mountains narrow gauge that are still very touristic to drive on. Out of my head the Benina pass is one of them. Also with narrow and normal gauge in stations. Thanks and regards.
Hi @@hassanrizky5018 Because of the narrow curves in the track the speed goes to +/- 60 kmp/h. The weight load is about the same. The carriages are shorter, otherwise they would hanging over too much in curves.
hello!. Excellent video. Since the 80s in the south of Buenos Aires we have used trains like the ones shown in the video for more than 25 years. I remember going from Banfield station to Plaza Constitución on these trains, super comfortable.
From what I know, Japan got like 3 different track gauge. Every company developing railroad come up with their own gauge, which turns into technical nightmare like this. This is wild!
Japan has only two gauges 1067 mm for the regular railroad system and 1435 mm for the high speed train system. When the high speed system was designed the 1435 mm gauge was chosen for the better stability the wider gauge provides.
This is interesting. I knew that Japan uses 1067 and 1435 gauges, but I didn't know that there was mixed gauge. I thought that 1435 mm was limited to Shinkansen lines.
At 3:30 and 10:26 is commonly called a "draw" to change the common rail from one side to the other. In the US the Denver & Rio Grande Western RR did this without using moving points; they used frogs with guard rails to move the wheels over the proper amount so the wheels would line up correctly.. It is also practical to use a variation of this method to separate the two gauges as long as each needs to go in a separate direction. With this method there a no moving parts to maintain.
at 7:14 Ueno St ( JR East )...again, thou I ever depart and arrive in Ueno St. quite long time ago..I never now the tracks, crossing-lines and so forth...but now, I can see them clearly. Thank you for your such big efforts works...
Nice video - love the narrow gauge 'side changer'! But 2 questions: 1. why do the electric multiple units have so many pantographs? 2. why does the cable car line have overhead wiring; surely not for traction, so maybe communication? But why not use radio, which would be much cheaper? Very good video even if I don't understand the language or the writing!
Answer 1: Passenger trains of Japan have many pantographs and many electric motor cars. In most cases, passenger trains run without using a locomotive in Japan. Distributed power traction is widely used in Japanese passenger trains. Which scene are you asking question:2? Which video time 4:53 or 5:43?
Q2: 5:43; this train is cable-hauled so why does it need a pantograph? Further to Q1. electric trains in UK normally only have 1 pantograph in use per train; only trains with 2 or 3 units coupled together will have more. Best wishes!!@@shio_vanilla
Cable car trains have pantographs because electricity is necessary to service machine in trains. Electricity is necessary used for the air conditioner, the illumination and opening and shutting the door in the cable car. ・Reasons of the electric multiple units have many pantographs. There are some reasons and theories. Many pantographs are used spare one. When trains are running, a pantograph leaves from wiring due to vibration and shaking. There is a purpose of preventing this. Recent trains have a power in regeneration brake control. When one of pantograph leaves from wiring, electricity can be returned in stable way from a another pantograph to wiring. A train is late for time schedule because of a train defect. Japanese passengers doesn't like this. So a double electrical system is also desired on the train. But I don't know a true cause.
No 1 Each car is powered from the overhead wire by a pantograph so all wheels are powered but are controlled from the first one by much lower voltage control circuits using fairly light jumper cables between cars. No 2 塩バニラ 塩バニラ 9 months ago answered
Nippon got talent !Three lines rail two widths 1435mm and 1067mm it solved the installation of new railway and room for three railways!Perhaps similar with Siberia railway these Russia cabin bigger than that China cabin always method was changed the wheels!
Russia uses 5 foot gauge and Mongolia and China use 4 foot 8.5 inches or 1435 mm. The equipment size is not much different in width between the two. It would be most impractical to change the trucks on electric powered trains to change the gauge. As I understand it takes about 1 to 2 hours to change the trucks on a train from Russia to China or the other way.
Although Japan is an island and they should have their own gauges, they are using the popular gauges of standard and 1,067 mm! interesting. it may have been chosen because of marketing, since Japanese companies exports railroad wagons and locos.
No idea why this appeared in my youtube recommendations. It is of some relevance to me as I collect Japanese trains but mine are from a completely different prefecture.
0:03 Hakone Tozan Line Iriuda Station (Odawara city Kanagawa Prefecture) 2:12 Hakone Tozan Line Hakone-Yumoto Station (Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture) www.hakone-tozan.co.jp/en/ 3:18 Keikyu Zushi Line Jimmuji Station (Zushi city Kanagawa Prefecture) 3:30 Keikyu Zushi Line Mutsuura Station (Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture) 4:10 Keikyu Zushi Line Kanazawa-hakkei Station (Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture) www.haneda-tokyo-access.com/en/ 4:52 Hakone Tozan Cable Car Kōen-Kami Station (Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture) 5:42 Shonan Monorail Fujimichō Station(Kamakura city Kanagawa Prefecture) 7:14 (JR East)Ueno Station (Taitō-ku, Tokyo) 7:30 (Sagami Railway)Yokohama Station(Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture)
There are narrow gauge (3 ft 6 in) mainly in Japan. Almost all JR Group lines use 3 ft 6 in gauge（1067mm）. But high speed rail lines (Shinkansen lines and part of the private railway lines) use 4 ft 8.5 in（1435mm） gauge in Japan.
Why such dual rail lines? Why not standard rail lines
・Cause of dual gauge (Hakone Tozan Line)
There is a train garage near Iriuda Station.
To go to the garage, out-of-service trains pass this railroad.
Then, out-of-service trains are different gauge width.
So railroad between Iriuda Station and Hakone-Yumoto Station is a dual gauge.
・Cause of dual gauge (Keikyu Zushi Line)
There is a manufacturing factory of train near Kanazawa-hakkei Station.
To go in and out the train factory, out-of-service trains pass this railroad.
Then, out-of-service trains are different gauge width.
So railroad between Jimmuji Station and Kanazawa-hakkei Station is dual gauge.
・Reasons of narrow gauge (3 ft 6 in) mainly in Japan.
There are various reasons and theories.
The British engineer introduced narrow gauge to Japan in the 19th century.
The topography of Japan is complicated and intricate. There are many mountains in Japan. So there are a lot of sharp curves for a railroad track.
A narrow gauge can be constructed in the small land.
Long ago, the British engineer regarded Japan as a colony.
Other several reasons.
But I don't know a true cause.
Satyanarayanmurti Katta YOA ARE : BABA DURA! БАБА ДУРА
@@shio_vanilla Good explanation about the curves and tunnels. Swiss has also parts in the mountains narrow gauge that are still very touristic to drive on. Out of my head the Benina pass is one of them. Also with narrow and normal gauge in stations. Thanks and regards.
Is it any differences on the top speed and weight between those two type of gauge?
Hi @@hassanrizky5018 Because of the narrow curves in the track the speed goes to +/- 60 kmp/h. The weight load is about the same. The carriages are shorter, otherwise they would hanging over too much in curves.
7:39
地味に、東海道線と横須賀線が競争している。www
今あるかどうかわかりませんが、上野駅で山手か京浜か忘れましたが本線の渡線が工事用の車両を留置しておく細い留置線をクロスしているという珍しい処があります。
三線軌条、通常列車が標準軌と狭軌で違うのも面白いですね。あと、京急は可動式ノーズポイントもあったと思います。
3:23 徐行 短い
標準軌と狭軌が混在するポイントは複雑になりがち
だがそこが良い
三線軌条はかつては京急大師線の川崎大師〜小島新田間にもあったよね。
神奈川臨海鉄道が乗り入れていて川崎大師駅のそばにある味の素工場に京急が運行しない夜中に貨物列車を牽引してたようだ。
複雑なポイントいいですよねー。タモリ倶楽部あたりで、逗子線の狭軌の方を走る企画とかやってくれないかなw
解説も入ってて分かりやすい
素人ですが分岐器の切り替え時や列車通過時の音はいいですよね。
解説があったのが大変参考になり勉強にもなりましたね。また楽しみにしています！
hello!. Excellent video. Since the 80s in the south of Buenos Aires we have used trains like the ones shown in the video for more than 25 years. I remember going from Banfield station to Plaza Constitución on these trains, super comfortable.
From what I know, Japan got like 3 different track gauge.
Every company developing railroad come up with their own gauge, which turns into technical nightmare like this.
This is wild!
Japan has only two gauges 1067 mm for the regular railroad system and 1435 mm for the high speed train system. When the high speed system was designed the 1435 mm gauge was chosen for the better stability the wider gauge provides.
@@royreynolds108 Japan has mainly that 2 gauges, but there are other gauges: 762mm and 1372mm, both of which is used in a very few companies.
This is interesting. I knew that Japan uses 1067 and 1435 gauges, but I didn't know that there was mixed gauge. I thought that 1435 mm was limited to Shinkansen lines.
京急は大好きすぎて乗りすぎて見慣れちゃったけど、よく見たら特殊だなー笑笑
この混合ゲージ鉄道の重要性は何ですか？ この線路のゲージ測定値は何ですか？ 私はブラジル人です。あなたのチャンネルをフォローしています。 とても良いビデオ。 ここブラジルには、ゲージとメトリックゲージの混合鉄道もあります。
Narrow gauge is 3 ft 6in（1067mm）.
Broad gauge is 4 ft 8.5 in（1435mm）.
車両工場や車庫へ出入りする列車のために、2種類の線路幅が必要になっています。
本日拝見しました。もうご存知かも知れませんが、多摩モノレールも面白いです。
モノレールの多摩センター駅や上北台駅も面白いですね
th-cam.com/video/N-FxbdGelWo/w-d-xo.html
th-cam.com/video/-GEhUfEIpUY/w-d-xo.html
動画も撮っております
At 3:30 and 10:26 is commonly called a "draw" to change the common rail from one side to the other. In the US the Denver & Rio Grande Western RR did this without using moving points; they used frogs with guard rails to move the wheels over the proper amount so the wheels would line up correctly.. It is also practical to use a variation of this method to separate the two gauges as long as each needs to go in a separate direction. With this method there a no moving parts to maintain.
箱根登山鉄道入生田駅ですよね。小田原駅～箱根湯本駅間は小田急線が乗り入れていて3本のレールになってますがポイントが動くの初めて見ました。
Oh my! Dual guage track! A variety of equipment zipping along. A fascinating video. I like it.
京急逗子線のあの変わったポイントは
逗子線内に日本中の車両を
作る工場があり、
京急線は標準軌、
JR貨物の機関車や、発送される
車両は狭軌という軌間で
列車を走らせているので、
そのままの三線軌条で行くと、
京急の駅のホームに
ぶつかってしまいます。
なので、駅の手前で
あの変わったポイントを切り替え、
列車をホームにぶつけないように
するそうです。
at 7:14 Ueno St ( JR East )...again, thou I ever depart and arrive in Ueno St. quite long time ago..I never now the tracks, crossing-lines and so forth...but now, I can see them clearly. Thank you for your such big efforts works...
Fascinating Dual gauge trackage ... i'm learning about Japanese Railroading , and i Love it !!
You an see a similar thing in Melbourne, Australia, where the standard gauge line comes from Sydney and meets the broad gauge Victorian system.
よく調べられてます。うまくまとめていらっしゃいます。
ありがとうございます！
線路を見てなんだか複雑だな〜と思うし何より思ったのがロマンスカーのジョイント音独特!笑
Is that dual gauge system, but the rails are terminating halfway. Gone through the comments sorry for asking same question
解説助かりました！
That track work always amazes me . And the dual gauge puts it over the top.
Interesting that it has 3 rails on a single track.
3 years late (it's 2022 now3 🙂, but I like to watch the mixed gauge points (switches) move. Well filmed, thank you.
何このポイント！？見たことない形だ…
小田急軌間１０６７ｍｍ 箱根登山鉄道１４３５ｍｍ
ちなみに京王電鉄（井の頭線は１０６７ｍｍ）が１３７２ｍｍ
Nice video - love the narrow gauge 'side changer'! But 2 questions: 1. why do the electric multiple units have so many pantographs? 2. why does the cable car line have overhead wiring; surely not for traction, so maybe communication? But why not use radio, which would be much cheaper? Very good video even if I don't understand the language or the writing!
Answer 1:
Passenger trains of Japan have many pantographs and many electric motor cars.
In most cases, passenger trains run without using a locomotive in Japan.
Distributed power traction is widely used in Japanese passenger trains.
Which scene are you asking question:2?
Which video time 4:53 or 5:43?
Q2: 5:43; this train is cable-hauled so why does it need a pantograph? Further to Q1. electric trains in UK normally only have 1 pantograph in use per train; only trains with 2 or 3 units coupled together will have more. Best wishes!!@@shio_vanilla
Cable car trains have pantographs because electricity is necessary to service machine in trains.
Electricity is necessary used for the air conditioner, the illumination and opening and shutting the door in the cable car.
・Reasons of the electric multiple units have many pantographs.
There are some reasons and theories.
Many pantographs are used spare one. When trains are running, a pantograph leaves from wiring due to vibration and shaking. There is a purpose of preventing this.
Recent trains have a power in regeneration brake control. When one of pantograph leaves from wiring, electricity can be returned in stable way from a another pantograph to wiring.
A train is late for time schedule because of a train defect. Japanese passengers doesn't like this.
So a double electrical system is also desired on the train.
But I don't know a true cause.
No 1 Each car is powered from the overhead wire by a pantograph so all wheels are powered but are controlled from the first one by much lower voltage control circuits using fairly light jumper cables between cars. No 2 塩バニラ
塩バニラ
9 months ago answered
奥羽本線(山形新幹線)とか田沢湖線（秋田新幹線）とかもそうですよぉ〜
奥羽本線と秋田新幹線(神宮寺-峰吉川) にある三線軌条の分岐器も撮影しました。
th-cam.com/video/BW9ag64D7Cw/w-d-xo.html
（↑の動画の前半だけではありますが…）お時間のある時にでもご覧いただければと思います。
小田原からかつては強羅まで直通運転あったと思うけど、やめちゃったの？
回送でも車庫のある入生田までですね。入生田から小田原までの標準軌は撤去されてしまい
小田急車のみの運転になってます。
子供のころ、修学旅行かな？
そういう旅行で、箱根に来たとき、観光バスのおねえさんが
「この電車の線路は何本あるでしょうか？」
みたいなこと言って「３本でーす」って
言ってたんですよね。
「小田原から湯本まで３本でーす」なんで言ってたんですよね。
いいですねぇ、こういうのたまらなく大好きです。子供の時からずっとです。ポイントの切り替え部分を宿題もせずに画用紙に描いてたのを思い出します。
Nippon got talent !Three lines rail two widths 1435mm and 1067mm it solved the installation of new railway and room for three railways!Perhaps similar with Siberia railway these Russia cabin bigger than that China cabin always method was changed the wheels!
Russia uses 5 foot gauge and Mongolia and China use 4 foot 8.5 inches or 1435 mm. The equipment size is not much different in width between the two. It would be most impractical to change the trucks on electric powered trains to change the gauge. As I understand it takes about 1 to 2 hours to change the trucks on a train from Russia to China or the other way.
この人の声
癒し音声
Although Japan is an island and they should have their own gauges, they are using the popular gauges of standard and 1,067 mm! interesting. it may have been chosen because of marketing, since Japanese companies exports railroad wagons and locos.
Very nice Video!
Thank you.
ゆりかもめなどの新交通システムの分岐器？というか分岐の仕組みが知りたいです。（なんとなくは想像つくけど動作しているところを見たことないもので…）
3では、新交通システムの分岐器が動く様子も撮影しました。
th-cam.com/video/DyTp585g8fk/w-d-xo.html
No idea why this appeared in my youtube recommendations. It is of some relevance to me as I collect Japanese trains but mine are from a completely different prefecture.
新幹線の分岐器はどうなっていますか。教えてください。
新幹線などで使われているノーズ可動式クロッシングの切り替えシーンです（新横浜駅）↓
th-cam.com/video/FjzG6p-itu4/w-d-xo.html
熊谷駅↓の動画の
1分05秒頃～切り替えシーンをご覧いただくと、仕組みが分かるかと思います。
th-cam.com/video/1YdsOaYqpyk/w-d-xo.html
Ich wusste bisher nicht, dass es in Japan Eisenbahnlinien mit gemischter Spurweite gibt.
転てつ器が切り替われば、列車がそちらに行くのは当たり前なので列車の通過画面ばかりではなく
転てつ器が切り替わる時の細かい動きをもっと見せて欲しい。
土竜塚もっくん
自分で見に行く→撮る→アップロード
さぁさぁ
Some interesting pointwork to integrate Cape Gauge and Standard Gauge tracks
面白かったです。ぼくの鉄道熱も線路の分岐器から始まりました(*^。^*)
Спасибо за ролик не знал что в Японии есть поезда разной коллеи
濡れた線路ばりかっこいい
撮影日は、不安定なお天気でした。雨の日の線路は「インスタ映え」と言うか「絵になる」と言うか、意外と良い感じの鉄路でした。
Nice video!
懸垂式モノレールは国内に4ヶ所っていうのはたしかに少ない けど、懸垂式モノレールは世界に日本とドイツしかないのだ！
鉄軌道・鉄輪のドイツのヴッパータールをゴムタイヤ化したのが上野式ですが、世界で1ヶ所しかないという特殊性から存続の危機に陥っています。湘南と千葉は同じ方式ながら製造元の三菱重工がAGT（自動案内軌条式）にシフトしてしまったのでこれ以上増える可能性が殆どありません。
@@gambasuki 上野モノレールは11月1日に休止しますからね 世界唯一、というのが仇となったのでしょう
Very interesting, just wondering where exactly in Japan this is?
0:03 Hakone Tozan Line Iriuda Station (Odawara city Kanagawa Prefecture)
2:12 Hakone Tozan Line Hakone-Yumoto Station (Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture)
www.hakone-tozan.co.jp/en/
3:18 Keikyu Zushi Line Jimmuji Station (Zushi city Kanagawa Prefecture)
3:30 Keikyu Zushi Line Mutsuura Station (Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture)
4:10 Keikyu Zushi Line Kanazawa-hakkei Station (Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture)
www.haneda-tokyo-access.com/en/
4:52 Hakone Tozan Cable Car Kōen-Kami Station (Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa Prefecture)
5:42 Shonan Monorail Fujimichō Station(Kamakura city Kanagawa Prefecture)
7:14 (JR East)Ueno Station (Taitō-ku, Tokyo)
7:30 (Sagami Railway)Yokohama Station(Yokohama city Kanagawa Prefecture)
Very interesting! Please show the switch points moving.
ど田舎村はやっぱりいいなぁ
関西ローカルは電磁パルス駆動だけど
もしかして油圧で動いてたりするの？
それならすごい
Very nice video 😍
お題と外れ大変恐縮です。
実績のある三線軌条を何故、西九州新幹線は不採用か気になります。
ま、懐事情もあるんでしょうね…。
たしかに、三線軌条の選択肢もあったと思います。西九州新幹線は当初、フリーゲージトレインの開発・導入が予定されていました。走行試験の結果、フリーゲージトレインの導入は断念され
自治体の対立もあり、混迷を極めてしまいました。費用や利害関係などもあり、一筋縄ではいかないですね…
箱根駅伝で見る所だー
0:49 looks like Deutsch ICE 3 plagiarism
股尾前科かと思ったw
Even german trains could ride on the 1435 mm gauge
There are special cars to load standard gauge cars onto to carry them on meter gauge lines in Germany, Austria, and several other locations.
六浦駅の分岐器を、箱根湯本駅に持ってくれば、分岐器の構造をもっと簡略化できそうな気がしますね。
東海道線と横須賀線の並走もリアルにレアに見えます。
横浜駅（相鉄）を撮っていたのですが、偶然にも東海道線と横須賀線が並走するシーンも撮れました！
実は箱根登山鉄道と小田急の違いはレール幅だけじゃない。電圧も違う。
小田急が1500Vで、箱根登山鉄道が750Vでしたよね。
狂気の車両wwwようつべの字幕機能オンにしたら字幕がカオスすぐるwww
ケーブルカーの分岐器だけは未だに良く分からない。
Красивые стрелки, похожи на одну одиннадцатую, если не ошибаюсь.
どうなってるの？
上野動物園モノレール…
未だに判りずらいのがケーブルカーの分岐
あれ片方タイヤなんですよね
登山電車は、とうの昔に廃線となったのに、線路だけは残ってるんですか？２本線になってるかと思ってた。
その先に車庫があるから……
うぽつです。
この路線小田急ですか？路線教えてください‼
最初の3分間のことでしょうか？でしたら、箱根登山鉄道 入生田駅～箱根湯本駅です。
which gauges are there?
Narrow gauge is 3 ft 6in（1067mm）.
Broad gauge is 4 ft 8.5 in（1435mm）.
There are narrow gauge (3 ft 6 in) mainly in Japan.
Almost all JR Group lines use 3 ft 6 in gauge（1067mm）.
But high speed rail lines (Shinkansen lines and part of the private railway lines) use 4 ft 8.5 in（1435mm） gauge in Japan.
@@shio_vanilla When trade deal and tunnel construction between Japan and Russia will happen- Japan will also see 1520mm gauge :)
小田急50000形VSEが通過笑
夜中の搬入搬出見てますよ～
Русский комментарий :) классные стрелки, классное видео!
Super video!
１０数年前に「登山電車」の運行は廃止されたのに、線路だけは残ってるんですね。
Nice looking whaleways.
Такая не обычная железная дорога
字幕ありにすると面白い。
ましゅ……
札幌市営地下鉄南北線の分岐器の動画見たとき感動した↓
th-cam.com/video/VEjYDh_pYnk/w-d-xo.html
凄い！！
３線軌条は複雑さ故に少しでも必要がなくなるとすぐに取り払われる運命。そして、鉄道会社は少しでも不要にしたがっている。
狭軌と標準軌の共用路線のメリットを最大限に生かせる路線を考えてみよう。例えば仙山線。仙山トンネルに標準軌を敷いて狭軌路線と共用させ、その他路線は分離して整備新幹線の専用路線を設ける。山形駅は東西で立体交差させそのまま庄内の鶴岡、酒田まで月山山麓を貫く工事で開通させる。結果、福島～米沢のトンネル計画は不要となり従来のミニ新幹線営業の継続が可能、将来は大曲までの開通が理想。庄内、山形両地方は仙台までが楽な通勤区間となり、首都圏へは時短が、北海道方面へは利便性の向上が期待できる。
Nobody :-
*TH-cam recommend* :-
Для кого широкая калья
japan o i just love so very clean neet pure just awsome i wish i could go there
Indonesia nyusul dehhh
これも珍しくない分岐ばかりかよ
😊👍👌
0:10どこの鉄道会社だ？
0:36小田急か！！
箱根湯本?
Super Video 🇮🇳
👍👍👍🚄
なんで解説の声は車内アナウンスみたいになってるんだw
最近投稿した動画でも
th-cam.com/video/j2Y7KnWCdmo/w-d-xo.html
「解説の声」はこの声で、安定してきているので
今後もこれでやっていこうかなぁと考え中です。
一部の通過動画しかなくて残念
軌間の違う車両のための線が多いので
それが入れ違うところが見たかった
Mercredi 1 août 2018
へー、わざわざ可動クロッシングにしてんだ（＾＾；
運行体制が箱根湯本で完全に分断されたのだから3線レールは不要なはず。また、地形的な厳しさから用地の獲得が困難で無理な構想ではあると思うが、登山電車の車両基地を入生田から湯本に移転するようになれば車両の複電圧構造など不必要な設備を廃止して保守の低減効果が高まるだろう。
😍