How TRANSISTORS do MATH
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ต.ค. 2011
- Take a look inside your computer to see how transistors work together in a microprocessor to add numbers using logic gates.
Get the book CODE that inspired the video amzn.to/pR9MwK
This is a great book by Charles Petzold that really breaks down a computer conceptually so that non-technical readers can understand how it works.
EDIT: At 00:12, the chip that is circled is not actually the CPU on this motherboard. This is an older motherboard where the CPU was first inserted into a small board and that board was then inserted into a slot on the motherboard. The chip that is circled is called the "northbridge" and helps the CPU communicate with memory. The northbridge also uses transistors and logic gates just like the CPU.
(As of 2024-01-15, all videos on this channel are under the CC0 license (very similar to Public Domain). Feel free to download and repost without compensation, attribution, or notice.)
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For people who are surprised, how people figured this out :
This following fact is for any science or maths branch :
1. All the complex science and maths of anything has been built by several geniuses, over centuries.
2. Previous work is modified and new concepts and maths is added to the existing ones, also testing and error correction is done rigorously.
3 In today's world, we are just witnessing the finished product...so obviously it seems like marvel....but it took hell lot of time and hell lot of genius calibre minds to finally arrive at the current stage.
the power of humanity, saving knowledge and improving upon it...
@@tiktoktechnohouse1938 knowledge evolution
@Christobanistan yeah, like the flat earthers 😆😆
You could be a teacher, look at the way you broke down a long principle in a short 3 steps.
@@konefine3626 thanks.. I think being an Indian helps 😆
I can't believe people were smart enough to figure this out. I'm having it explained slowly and with pictures and I'm still struggling with it.
+That Guy The knowledge is just stacking on top of one another and it became fixed over time. There are many people who contributed their inventions to this so it looks surprised that all these are complex because it's compressed into a single video. But really, they figured these out in decades not minutes.
+Chanchana Sornsoontorn (Off) Dude I was really relieved to see your message!
+That Guy True thing. But as Chanchana Sornsoontorn said, persons took decades, no centuries, to figure this out; and we won't understand this in couple minutes.
+That Guy you need to bring a piece of paper and try some exercices and you will see this is not that hard
+Blair Group Yeah understanding a solution versus coming up with one takes a very distinct amount of effort. Those people who invented these things are quite smart.
But what I want to point out is that, don't think that you aren't smart because there were smart people inventing things. Instead of complimenting people in the past, encouraging people in the present is more essential. If complimenting the ones in the past make you blame yourself then don't compliment them. These guys in the present are more important because they matter. Encourage them.
I have designed microprocessors for 30 years and was the designer of the first integrated Floating Point Unit (doing real number math). I had to see your explanation and enjoyed it a lot. Great basic introduction; with a mountain of optimizations available for faster and wider math. These systems are the most complex on the planet and I still find it amazing that we can get them right. Nicely done!
hey there
if I have a processor, lets say a some 6600K, is there any way to see its architecture in detail ?
I mean, what is the deepest a consumer can take officially look into, from some open documents or something ?
are CPU architectures kept in secret by the companies ? if yes, up to what level ? how do programmers do, when they wanna see as profoundly as possible what currently happening with their hardware ?
@davidcopperfield2278 get a good microscope and you can see alot. Secondly no there could schematics are trade secrets and are not released to the public. Finally programmers use instruction set architecture which does not require a very microscopic view of the cpu. It allows them to work with registers. However most programmers don't interact with hardware directly.
Ok. I invented the first light bulb and also discovered gravity.
Lividbuffalo I was gonna say that but you know what? Let's be positive for once
Science have gone too far
I strongly recommend that CODE book. It's fucking amazing and I'm not even a computer science guy. I was just curious about how we get from electricals circuits to shit on a screen.
Same here bro, is like we've been reading each other's mind. Actually for a long time now. Ihave been keenly curious about how the computer processes it's data via electrical signals to obtain the understanding finished product in the screen also known as Output.
As well as the transmission and coding of signals via wave BTW two devices
This is both extremely simple and extremely complex at the same time. Thank God there are smart people in this world
Simple multiple time equal complex
Welcome to Philosophy :-)
"ولا يُحِيطونَ بِشَيءٍ مِن عِلْمِه إلَّا بِما شاءَ"
الحمدلله 🌷
This is one of the BEST TUTORIAL TH-cam has. They should pay this dude for this vide.
they do threw monetization if click on the ad at the beginning of his video he gets a click = "payment"
therealnightwriter stop being a duece I bet you couldn't do any better if your life depended on it.
this video talks about the ALU not about the GPU ...
YOU should pay him for being able to see this video.
The best
In 2018, this exact video was my very very very first lesson about binary. It was a great head start in my career. Two years later, I finally started my degree in Computer Engineering and for me, it was a peace a cake (because of this video), in the other hand, my classmates are struggling to understand a very boring and confusing explanation from our Professor. Thank you very much.
Of course I shared the video with my classmates!
Nice 👍👍
@@andreranulfo-dev8607 exact*
Is the $ good ?
“...Now this kinda happens millions of times a second, inside of your micro-processor, that fits on your motherboard, inside of your computer.”
that quote blew my mind...
ok, don't have a stroke or anything, but IT'S NOT MILLIONS
IT'S BILLIONS
Millions, was around 30 years ago
As an Electrical engineer, your in depth explanation of the transistor layout is exceptional! Well done!
now he has to build an amp with an 8 ohm speaker
@@baugh3162 OR an amp without a heavy permanent magnet.
Your explanation of binary is way too complicated amd can be explain much easier.
I have been looking for a description of how math is done with transistors. This was exactly what I wanted to understand. Thank you so much.
ehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
This is why computers are ultra fast at calculating any digits of numbers
I have been coding for 29 years and just now decided to look into the actual electrical engineering aspect of the cpu. Thank you for these videos. They are very well done and explain in great detail. Now I am off to replicate logic gates in code, should be fun.
This covered 2 weeks of my Computer Architecture class in 14min 26sec, and I understand it better than I ever did in those two weeks. Thank you.
I've been using these gates, adders etc. in microprocessor programming for years. I knew what they are doing but it's only now that I fully understand what's going on in those chips. Thanks for this great video.
this is the best video I ever seen for how CPU works
The best I've seen so far. I finally understand how it works. \o/
This video gets the logic gates completely wrong. The transistor layout in this video does *NOT* work.
It explains concept very well and straightforward
This is indeed a very good video, but this is not how a CPU works, only a part of the CPU's arithmetic logic unit (ALU). If you enjoyed it, you should search for more videos about computer architecture, most of them are from India idk why lol
PantuFJAR "most of them are from India" That explains their hard-to-understand English.
Bruh this video literally taught me how to make a Minecraft calculator
Yeah now i know how some kid made a (i think 16 bit) computer in Minecraft
Lmao with redstone
I actually came for it. Lol
@@epicsam12345 well since I am already knowledgeable with Minecraft redstone this video was enough to teach me how to make a Minecraft calculator
Damn this is really good. I could not find a single video that explains what a logic gate looks like physically and how do they interact to do simple actions so fast and clear. Good job man.
Wanted to know how computers add 1+1; was not disappointed.
+Element115 we know how it works in that theory... The question is how the computer does it... Try telling the electricity to go from one column to the left one, if there are 2 1's... How do the chips calculate it... How do they get the two 1s from there: 0001 to there: 0010
Ofc we as humans know that we just have to move it to the left... But how does it work in the circuits? (I hope it's sorta understandable since i came here to seek the same answer)
+Kamineru73 +Kamineru73 Don't worry, I understood it, since I wrote this comment 2 months ago I can't quite recall, why i wrote it, maybe because I was tired, was only halfway through the video or as I presume now that I just didn't 'get' element 115's comment, since it only explains how a human being would calculate this, but I guess I assumed everyone would know that part already, or not really search for this video if not. So what I was looking for was a video (like this one) that explains how the 2 on-switches make the first lightbulb turn on, and the second one turn off. E.g. I know that 01+01=10 but how do two ones turn to a zero. Which was then explained in the video->by using the XOR-gate. The buildup of the XOR- and the AND-gate was the answer I was looking for. Not that 1+1=10. Since I knew that before... But the question was how ;)
I hope it's more understandable now :) since my previous comment was not against that video in any way. The video is awesome and educational :)
TheJaredtheJaredlong 1+1does. Not =o
TheJaredtheJaredlong ok I taught myself this week in 1sr grade in Holzems
Why it's bad to just do a half add job.
thank you.
i only understood 1.3% of your lesson. but 1.3% is better than zero.
thank you.
If you round off "1.3" you'll get "1", that means you are switched ON to understand the lesson.
i agree
@ Yes, I do measure pimp
I'm not sure if I should be offended or glad
@@raXunHAWK 🤣🤣🤣👍👍
As the saying goes, "If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough" Brilliantly and elegantly explained.
You make great videos- please keep it up! As an ex-EE major I watch them to keep sharp, and I find I'm understanding the concepts more clearly than I did in school. I like how you combine practical knowledge and problem-solving.
Wow, this goes into so much more detail than I thought it would, but I still understood it all! Amazing work, just the right pace for me to keep up! Please please please make one of these for the other main operations! (Division, Subtraction and Multiplication).
Once you understand how the gates work everything is starting to make sense. Very informative video. And I love the explanation at the beginning on how a transistor works. Learned something new today:)
Someone get this guy a Nobel Prize. Beautiful explanation. I'm 7 years late to this.
This is, by far, the best explanation and visual examples of digital logic and adders I have seen to date. Excellent video!
One of the best videos I have seen so far! As always, you can see or even meet very smart people who doesn't know how to explain complex things to others and, that few, that got the knowledge and know how to explained it to others. Thank you Sir for being part of that few!
brilliantly done, that is roughly the same way I used to teach this decades back and is as easy as it gets. Well done!
You explained this so well. So many people want to skip over parts of this when explaining how a cpu works.
The most intuitive video on working of a processor. Salute for whoever has made this.Schools should licence this video and show it to students instead of hours on lecturing
Not all heroes wear capes!
Not all capes wear heroes!
...but they are all white males.
@@DeputyBurbank you'll be surprised, but nevermind!
Taught me so much, but still so hard to comprehend. How people worked this out is amazing.
The clearest explaination of a logic gate I've seen on TH-cam thus far! Thanks
How do computers add numbers? This has got to be the most thorough and concise explanation, ever. Thank you.
I love this tutorial, it's awesome! Only issue i have is that microprocessors today don't use ripple carry adders shown in the video but use carry lookahead adders (fast adders) instead but this is probably (it is) the best tutorial i've seen on Full Adders. i'm definitely going to refer to this video when I can.
This video is just incredible (as are the others you've made). It really is such a shame that quality like this in educational videos is as rare as it is. And I don't know if you feel like the pay-off has been worth the time and effort you must have put into making it, but I hope that doesn't deter you from continuing to make other masterpieces. I for one have benefited greatly from it. So, thanks.
8 years😮😮
This is hands down the best video I have ever seen to explain this. It explains something very complicated in terms so simple it would be sinful if one still couldn't understand it. I wish every complicated topic in STEM could be explained this effectively.
I'm glad my programming teacher linked this video as part of our notes, this was so helpful!
Amazing and super detailed. Great explanation on some of the logic gates.
You've _really_ knocked it out of the park here, well done, and thank you from England!
God bless you and thanks again :)
This is seriously THE BEST if not close to the BEST Lesson that I've ever watched. THANK YOU
Been looking for such a clear, detailed explanation for this phenomenon for a long time! Thank you Charles Petzold!
This video is one of the most valuable asset on the youtube.Great work dear
This is just perfect and the way I live to be tough, which is using images, very detail explanation, right to the point and easy to understand. love the other videos too. I would love to see a video about an OS in this format.
Loco y donde estas metido, llamame necesito hablar contigo.
I have the CODE book, which is excellent. This video follows suit. VERY well done. As a Computer teacher, I am grateful for the hard work of the author and the systematic use of the same analogy all the way through. Plus, the graphics are consistent and well-done. Thank you.
Absolutely AMAZING explanation!!!! Very clear and straightforward!!! Making the fundamentals of computing easy to understand so that the learner can have a firm grasp before going on to the more sophisticated computing!
i'm not saying it was aliens that made computers but it was aliens.
Great video. Thanks for making it so clear.
These classical conceptions are very interesting and very important .you can always find alternative designs and architectures and resolutions for such elementary operations but the classical solving is always to be reviewed clean consistent and smart nice video ty
This is an extremely thorough and very well explained walk through! Easy to understand voice and instructions. Thank you!
Freakin hell.... shamefully i have to say i am a computer science engg , and i do know how to calculate the And's and OR's and other logic gates. But it is now that i understood how the whole thing works in a machine with the binary numbers.... now it all makes sense.... I wish i saw this video when i was studying... :( anyways better late than never.
Janan Jacob they should have gone over this in your Computer Organization class in college. They should have also gone over how to build TTL logic gates as well. Also they would have explained that what you saw in this video is a ripple carry adder that are outdated as multibit look ahead carry adders to make aditions faster at the cost of using more transisters or CMOS (Modern CPU) circuits.
how they teach you that in the intro to the digital system's classes which is a 200 level class in most university's...
furthermore, it's essential to understand its the basics of machine code...
Thankfully I watched this while still studying
@@49lives It's all theoretical. No components are used. Not even any simulation programs are mentioned.
How I wish that these tutorials had existed when I was in college studying engineering.
I struggled through digital electronics class, never understood what the gates actually were physically. things were never explained this way.
now its a lot more simple for me to comprehend.
what I have learned over the years is that learning is something that is dependent on who is teaching you.
when you have such a simple but complex topic as computer science , you need a good teacher that can break things down to their simple and elementary form
I had to watch this video like three times, pause at some point and think about what i was looking at and I was like , ohhhhhh, I see it now.
wish the internet had all this info way back then, would of saved me so much headaches.
I have understood something that took me a whole semester to learn and I still never fully understood it back then , I barely passed the class.
In simple terms , an or gate is a parallel connection either switch will turn on the output, the and gate is a series switch , both have to be on and every other gates are derivatives of that.
All compartmentalized with in the cpu
The explanation was really clear and the illustration with multiple examples helped even more. Really a beautiful video
Your videos are incredibly comprehensive, logical and fun. Keep up the good work.
damn this video is so well explained, thanks !
.wpdamadmjmgmm.
+Jean Panachay This guy is a fucking god, like, he can explain you electrical engineering of a CPU and you are actually able to understand everything.
i wanted to like but its 128
don't want to ruin that🙂
So thats why in Zelda for the NES you can only hold up to 255 rupees, now i get it.
Megagera that's also why you can't go past level 256 in PAC man
And that's also why if you have a basic RGB image you can usually set each color to value between 0 and 255 - there are 8 bits (light bulbs) = 1 byte for each color (Red, Green, Blue) representing how much of it each pixel has, making up a more specific color. So for example if you have a 100x100 sized picture, which is 10000 pixels, you need at least 10000x3x8 bits = 10000x3 bytes = 30 kilobytes of memory for it (if you have no compression :))
Whoaaaa the neatness!..its too strong!! *explodes*
that's also why I couldn't get a score of 256 in flappy bird.
Mirek M. Your math is completely wrong. If your image is raw then you would need 512 kilobytes.
Great video I always wondered why the first computers took up a whole building now I get it. The layout must have been incredible and I cannot even begin to imagine how long it took to service them, also the heat they generated. Wow
Thanks a lot. Ive watched many other videos about " explaining how CPUs work" and non of those did it but you. You explained it very well and detailed, though still I didn't understand half of it. But now I have a clue and will rewatch this video till I understand it. Thanks Sir
What an interesting lesson!♥♥♥♥♥
Your lessons are so cool, anyone can easily understand. I would like to thank you for your lessons.
Best channel so far:)))
been searching all over the internet for something like this. thank you so much and keep up the great work!
AMAZING, from simple photos to simple explaining, no mess around, perfect!!!!!!!, thanks from MEXICO!!!!!
Now I understand how computers work, beware bill gates :)
Actually, you don't. You know how a calculator adds.
:(
@@americanswan 😭
Wow, I'm impressed by the detail this goes into explaining adders. Can you do the same with registers? I'm trying to build an ALU on Minecraft.
Oshyrath Look up flip flop gates. You'll need those to build registers.
maxwell10206 Turns out, there are RS laches on Minecraft. I don't have to use gates anymore.
This is one of the most beautiful videos on the planet. Now my life is complete.
I know mine too. This was so oooooooooo good.
For my way of thinking, this is the best way of teaching this topic. It steps you through every detail and properly re references each prior step in the process of how the whole process works
Good video!
The CPU is actually not where he says it is. On modern computers he would be correct but the motherboard on the first picture is for pentium 2 or 3 CPUs. They are enchaced in a funny cartridge.
Yep, he pointed to the north bridge, the cpu on that board is just below that in what looks like an oversized ram slot.
It doesn't matter, it's still full of transistors.
I came to the comments just to see if anyone else noticed this big mistake.
Mr_Tobiah he didn't make a mistake he didn't say that this is the CPU he sad microprocessor so his technically correct.
The CPU he should was actually an old 80286 CPU as well judging by its size, number of pins and package style.
I GOT INTERESTED EVEN IN ADS THAT CAME WHILE HE TEACHES. LOL
I've watched this four times, and with each time I feel more enlightened. amazing.
It insane how well all this information is put together in this way. Absolutely insane.
This is a fucking education video! This is how it's done! It's amazing and so understandable! Thanks for that!
I have this in my school. I very like it :p
Best video to take you from fundamentals to practical implementation of these 1 & 0. Brilliant
This is the best description of a transistor I've had yet.
Now my head hurts. But I learned something. I'm sure I'll understand it eventually :D
oh shit... brain explosion.. big thanks !
Wow this man really combined a whole electronics and computer science course to explain how calculators work in under 15 minutes. Bravo!
This is a great video. Now I finally understand (80% maybe) how the logic works in a computer and what physical elements create this logic. It's still a far cry from actually "getting" the whole, but it's a really good start. Thanks for this video.
Now I know why I failed Math. I have no TRANSISTORS installed
This just gave me a headache
kyca You are stoopid too since you dont know how to spell stupid.
Shaheer Syed You say that when you spelled stupid 'stoopid'.
OfficialGamingNetwork
I know and I did that to make it more funny, "stoopid" human (im not sure if you are actually a human...).
To be honest, this guy is one of the best explainers i have ever seen on youtube, i would like to watch more videos here
Exactly the video I was looking for, it took a while to understand the Carry in and Carry out but I got it now. Thanks!
How the hell did they think of all this in the first place!!
MDW Magic
Yassir Douslimi
No no no...Definitely Magic
MDW Mathematics.
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAAAMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+MDW Boolean and people integrating it into circuits and so on
how do they get this stuff so small and so many on a platine?
They use a special type of blueprint thing which goes over a silicone sheet and shoot it with a laser which cuts the silicone. They then pour copper (i think) on the silicone so it fills the holes and use a precice laser to cut the top of it so it isnt connected. There are many other steps like doping and I may have made a mistake or two, but that is the basic idea. Just lasers... :)
it's called NANO TECHNOLOGY
and Nano Architecture
these days the cpu's can no longer be assembled by humans because they are too small and the level of precision is too high , it's all done my machines . google HOW IS A CPU MADE, it's an interesting video
NOW I WILL BE USING THIS VIDEO FOR MY CLASS! The details are well explained and represented amazingly well.
Easily the best video on this subject on TH-cam. Congratulations.
Got bored so I made a virtual version of the adder you can play with if you're interested:
jsfiddle.net/pafgzvdd/1/embedded/result/
Jonny Miles I did tried it, very nice
Awesome
I have no words to thank you !!!
With this amazing video
within a few minutes
I understood in depth
what they taught me for endless hours at the university where I studied
Your video clarifies a lot of things of half adder and full adder. Thank you for this educative video.
68 people who watches this video don't how to add one.
Ben Whoever 1+1=10
1+10=11
1+11=100
1+100=101
1+101=110
1+110=111
1+111=1000
...
its like my computer is explaining itself, i can hear it judging me because i use it for porn.
well, besides studying.
great video though!
technically speaking, you're porn are just electrical charges on a Hard drive platter or Memory chips, depending on what drive you have, so basically IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT.... YOU'RE JERKING OFF TO ELECTRICITY LMFAO
Your Porn has a truth table and a finite set of outcomes
yes it judges you by using DIGITAL LOGIC LMFAO
if it made an error in judgement it has Error correction capabilities to rectify the corrupted bit in error
but the computer does hope that even though it has error correction, it prays that YOU WON'T OVERFLOW
Now.. i'm interested to see if you understand the joke
hehe
@@martinkuliza brain is also electricity and chemical
@@martinkuliza 😂😂😂
Good overview of the basics. I used to have a lot of fun building binary circuitry in Minecraft, but I don't think I ever got further than a 3- or 4-bit adder, some shift registers, and a small amount of addressable memory.
This is the exact video that was used in my techbee training class. Although my teacher didn't play it but I find it really amazing and beautiful.
00:15 = chipset not processor.. this type mobo use slot processor www.google.com/search?q=slot+processor&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=T0HCUvrLNseprAfx2IG4BA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1280&bih=908
That is exactly what I was thinking.
:)
Nur Zul deeeeesctription :D
Chris Freeman He commented 9 months ago, I commented 4 months ago. This is a new edit, was not in the description before! But thanks!!
:D
Now explain the system clock
The system clock is measured in Hz. The system clock regulates the speed of the transistors. Basically, it is how fast you flick all the switches in one second. Faster clock means faster flicking, which means faster results. Sadly, CPUs cannot handle overclocking without fans,as this causes additional heat, since the transistors needs more energy, along with other problems.
Please note that when you see that a CPU is clocked at 4GHz, it does not mean that one transistor flicks 1 and 0 4 billion times a second, that would be insane! Modern CPUs contains a lot of transistors, thanks to Intel and their first microprocessors, and that 4GHz you see is the cumulative speed of all the transistors contained in the CPU. It means that there are many many switches, and that ALL the switches are being flickered 4 billion times a second, maximum.
Yeah, but what flicks the switches?
+Olaf Seisler Electricity. I Will not explain it in details since it's a bit more complicated. When in example you click on a program to open it, an electrical signal is sent to the CPU, to address the request to open the program. This signal is the thing that flicks the switches.
+David Côté-Tremblay Glad I've helped! Note that computers with multiple cores are clocked by core.
So are you saying a 2.6 Ghz system with 4 cores are clocked individually 2.6 Ghz 4 times?
Stellar job, this is one of the best explanatory videos ever on the subject. Intuitive, simple and effective.
This ought to be mandatory viewing for anyone learning IC layout. Great lesson!!
Get the book, "Code" if you find this interesting.
ParrhesiaJoe by who?
Rebecca Odom Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software Paperback - October 21, 2000
by Charles Petzold (Author)
ParrhesiaJoe been reading it and parts are past my level thats what led me here
Elon Ambrose Fantastic. TH-cam didn't have these vids when I drudged through it :).
I'm very aware of my and every current persons luck with things like this and youtube for sure
Okay, minecraft guys understand it so good.
It doesn't if others just build houses.
I like a bit of redstone, but it doesn't help really much at these things.
ComputerIT but I mean those who build entire PCs
+Bartosz Olszewski Umm, it's not becouse minecraft, it's becouse they learned about logic gates, binary, CPU, GPU, and etc.
ComputerIT it's because minecraft.
+Bartosz Olszewski But I'm myself redstoner, I wouldn't have been redstoner if I wouldn't know about logic gates, transistors, and etc.
Mr. Perzold,
Since my teenage I was curious to understand what was the BASIC PRINCIPLE a simple adding calculator could do it. When computers appeared, I soon realized that they were a giant pyramid of that same BASIC PRINCIPAL, giantly piled. And I was sure that understanding the BASIC PRINCIPLE was the core of the mystery. Thank you for having shared this video and made possible that I have finally understood that! The time laps from 7:00 through 11:00 are THE thing, and I went through them several times with intelectual excitement and curiosity to be able to re-explain to my self. I'm very happy for this.
Thank you!
You have a real gift at mixing information with making good communication with the audience...its really good! TY