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It was the western hemisphere's largest empire ever, with a population of nearly 10 million subjects. Yet within 100 years of its rise in the fifteenth century, the Inca Empire would be no more. What happened? Gordon McEwan details the rise and fall of the Inca Empire.
Lesson by Gordon McEwan, directed by TED-Ed.
Animated by Emma Carré - / emma-carre
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TED-Ed HI
First reply
Hi! :)
TED-Ed do one about the Assyrian empire
TED-Ed Hi! The myths and historical videos are always my favorite! Well done :D
*"Pull the lever, Kronk"*
WRONG LEVER
Why do we even have that lever?
I love this comment
The Emperor's New Groove is criminally underated
@Liana N. Tripp what? I was praising the movie by calling it underrated, that means underappreciated.
As a Peruvian citizen, I am greatly surprised and thankful for the video. The animation greatly resembles some of Inca designs. Even though lots of corrections can be made (i.e. most of the great expansion was due to the annexations of previous cities and kingdoms with all of their infrastructure remaining intact), the fact that the Inca empire, from which I am a blessed descendent, is still of scientific interest to the world, is touching.
SAME
@@MagicMike_101 it is to me and a lot of other people....
@@MagicMike_101 except it is,
@@MagicMike_101 plus no one cares about ur Roman Empire anymore, it’s boring
This video was designed with the consult of south american professors if history and archeology…so idk why u claim you know better.
It’s interesting to think about what might have been had the Incas been given the same amount of time as the Roman or Egyptian empires
There is some leyends that tells in some point the incas where in oceania, so if the incas will have that tirm, they would probably conquest oceania, parts of asia, and the south of africa
I think that incas would eventually fall due to not having writing system thus not creating efficient administration which would lead to civil wars etc.
They still would have been wiped out by Old World diseases.
There were pre inca they had longer to develop than this video lets on
@@FlushGorgon Yeap, that happened on center America
Imagine seeing a horse for the first time, ridden by some foreigner.
That must have been mind blowing.
Imagine the Incas seeing the Khmer's Imperial Ballista Elephant? They would think it's dinosaur!
It was mind blowing for the North American natives. Incas just became interested in acquiring them.
That's how we will react seeing Alien from other planet
It's not
And then getting bamboozled by his boom boom stick
Then, everything changed when the spanish nation attacked.
TheAutobotPower
Only Huayna Capac, the ruler of the four quartes could stop them...
The spanish nation lol
juan carlos Daneri but when the Inca empire needed him most, he vanished.
Cookie-Sama a hundred year passed, me and my sister found the new inca ruler named Inti Inca, the last of the Incas
+Feathered Serpent TV So... The Inca State?
I am from Peru and this makes me feel complete
you see the Inca empire is part of your truth. knowing who we are makes us complete.
este video esta lleno de puras mentiras y hechos falsos e incompletos, como peruano que eres, deberias saberlo.
I wish they also added the part about Chasquis & the conquest of the aymara area
mmmmmmmmfffffffffffff
Y eso que es solo la ultima fase de la larga historia de perú. Tambien existieron muchos otras sociedades tan esplendidas, unicas y sofisticadas como el imperio huari, tiahuanaco, chasqui, lupaca, chachapoya, reino de chimor, reinos del titicaca y norte chico, la cuna de la civilizacion junto a egipto, mesopotamia, india, china y mesoamerica... saludos hermanos peruanos desde argentina 🇦🇷♥️🇵🇪
Peru is such an interesting place with a rich history. Just around Lima you can find old colonial building still used and even archaeological sites of the Incans. Very different that most of latin america, unique
Most of the ruins in Lima were not built by the Incas. The Incas were conquerors, they expanded into Lima, but there were people there way before.
@@sonnyray
Templo de Pachacamac
@@MalekitGJ Ese templo ya habia sido construido por otras culturas, los incas solo llegaron al final y contruyeron mas cosas. El punto es que, mucha gente cree que todo lo pre-colonial es de origen Inca, cuando no es asi. Los Incas conquistaban naciones, y anexaban territorios, cobraban impuestos, como cualquier otro imperio, como el español, por ejemplo.
Actually Mexico is also like that. Lots of colonial and ancient Native ruins throughout the country.
@@coupleofbeers31 si jaja muchos paises son asi tranquilo mexicanito
Inca: We have finally created a great empire!
The Spanish: Nice place.
Spaniards: Would be a shame if something happened to it
lol
The enemies of the incas: "Finaly we have a powerfull ally to figth against the opression of the Inca
The Spanish: Yeah, now lets atack them
The enemies of the incas: "And after we win you will let us govern our own territory rigth?"
The Spanish: Yeahhhh, sure...
1:21
So when the incas do it they get a pass?
Cool double standard bro
@@aara-tg7kc lol I guess so, since no one is talking badly about them doing it.
as a peruvian, it' s sad to find that, despite having this part of our history tought at schools, not many people see the past and feel pride about it. Racism and the lack of interest around this topic results in oblivion.
Robin Alonso Europeans have absorbs all our ancestors(conquered people) glory .. stole their riches and knowledge.. so the pride is theirs now.. I am african i know how you feel
What knowledge ? Europeans were most advanced people back then, and now.
Herodotus 94 please read world history not European history .. thank you take care 👍🏾
INFINITE ANIME REVIEWs AND Games What knowledge? The Europeans have far more knowledge than the Incas: they introduced new agriculture techniques, new technologies, and new foods. Yes the Spanish were brutal but they put a stop to human sacrifices and the warring tribes. They helped them advance.
Well, as an european I feel the same but from much deeper past: paganism. And don't forget today's world is about meme and pop culture in general. A week ago I was hoping to find some Aztec/Mayan/Inca inspired films, but there are just not enough of them(the biggest one is Apocalypto obviously). I wish we would have more historical/fantasy(mystical?) films(China and India(Bahubali haha) dominates in this category).
I'm from Peru and I'm so happy that Ted Ed has included this story in their channel! The animation was mind blowing and narration so clear. Would be great to watch about sipan or caral. Thank you Ted
🤣
Can you teach me peru language
Plz 😦
Hey, baby, you should play the Age of Empires 2 campaign of the Incas, it depicts the life of Pachacuti! It is terrific, I recommend it!!
@@jameelalvi1057 Perú lenguage is spanish lol
Si soy espanol
Inca empire: starts growing
Spain: allow us to introduce ourselves
Well, actually, the inca empire was allready falling apart when europeans arrived. If spain they wouldn't have come there. The inca empire would have probably habe fallen and they would have been new nations
@@branlex1315 they needed some time to recover. The Colombian exchange was a massive blow to natives but if they had as much as 50 years, they would probably survive to morden days like what happened in asian countries.
@@Storming360 Hmmm. I don't know. I mean, it could have happend something like what happend with thw roman empire (I hope my english is OK)
@@branlex1315 pretty much, with the war And Many villages that were invaded by the incas , It was really difficult to control the people
@@joaquindiaz3621 Yea and then, like I said, there would have created new nations all over South America
For some reason i find the animation adorable in a child-like way. Feels like im watching a pop-up book
I'm Peruvian and this is really very precise, but there is also another myth about the origin of the Incas, the best known is that Manco Capac and his sister-wife Mama Ocllo, came from Lake Titicaca and were sent by the Sun God (Inti) to found a capital with the spear. Also the complete legend of the four brothers is pretty awesome: one turned into a bird (condor) and another into stone, and finally Manco Capac arrives in Cuzco with his four sisters.
And we pronounce it Pachacútec.
And the Spaniards killed Atahualpa after making him believe he would survive if he gave them a room full of gold as high as his hand could reach it.
And now my country is ruined, I think it's because after many rebellions, many good, skilled and brave people died and only leave us with the worst. And now the only good things are food and landscapes :D and culture. If you ever come to visit, watch your cell phones! And go to another place that is not only Machu Picchu, that is, go there, but also go to Paracas, Huancayo, Tarapoto, Puno, Tacna (Máncora) :D
Have a good day!
The legen of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo that we were told at school (I am peruvian also) was a spanish interpretation of the "hermanos ayar" legend. They did not understand the way that the Incas saw the cosmos, so they made their european, simpler and more romantic version. More information, I recommend to read Maria Rostoworski books about this.
@@JeanFalvy-Tecuentouncuento Gracias
The resemblance of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo to Adan and Eve from the Genesis of the Bible makes it even more likely that it was indeed a Christian reinterpretation of the original myth. Not to mention that the date of the oldest references to it are always after the arrival of Spaniards .
Pachacútec is the Spanish version of the original Quechua name Pachacuti
The incas spoke Quechua, not Spanish 😉
@@JeanFalvy-Tecuentouncuento en realidad, muchos historiadores creen que la leyenda del lago Titicaca puede ser real, contada por los incas, pero solo a los aymaras para legitimar su autoridad después de las conquistas del sur.
im from ecuador (one of the territories of the inca empire), and i was so excited about this lesson, after watching the video i can say: i'm not disappointed. even though, i would like them to also include the communication system «the chasquis». but over all, everything was really nice. A wonderful video (as always).
Karelys Joan yo soy de Cuenca, y también me sentí muy contento al ver el video. Saludos 😁
Karelys Joan Then how about you make a free video?
Karelys Joan i have 3 grandparents from ecuador and my grandpa speaks Quichua :))
Yo también soy ecuatoriano :)
Holi desde Perú
El imperio Inca nos une a todos(?
“I have brought security, infrastructure and sustenances to my new Empire.”
“Your new empire?”
horse jumped out from the heavens and gg was called
Lmaoooo great reference
You read my mind.
all the europeans wanted back in the day was to take, take, and take, it is so terrible that some people will think these actions are justified!
This animation work is so amazing that i saw this video at least four times in a seat. The images secuence matches the music rythm, and the piano only starts to sound when the europeans enter into the history. Im really impressed. Congratulations!
This animation is insanely brilliant! The lesson? Amazing as always. ❤️
yo mamma is brilliant
Arghya Chakraborty j
freddy vs jason um thanks
bggvgvgvgfcfcxfcfdfcfxcfxdxdxd
Dear TED-ed, can you guys make a video of Majapahit kingdom? the lack of story telling in Indonesia make this incredible story unheard.
YES PLEASE!
Yes pleae
The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the 12th century A.D. and gradually built a massive kingdom through the military strength of their emperors. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Inca state spanned the distance of northern Ecuador to central Chile and consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more than 100 different ethnic groups at its peak. Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, along with a centralized religion and language, helped maintain a cohesive state. Despite their power, the Inca were quickly overwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry of Spanish invaders, the last bastion of their immense empire overtaken in 1572.
Suena como colonialismo pero mientras que seamos marrones no cuenta hoy en dia
This animation is soo soo beautiful, unlike anything I have ever seen before! Watched the video twice for the sake of it!
The fall of the Inca and the Aztec are the greatest forgotten tragedies of human history
Eugene Fisher Um, the indigenous peoples of North America are far smaller in population than the indigenous peoples of Latin America. This is despite the sicknesses and the race mixing.
Maia too, at the Mexican peninsula.
In southeast asia, most of their heritage have been stripped by european colonizers too.
Helgali
The maia empire was already gone when the europeans arrived, though
Eugene Fisher The native americans survived just bearly since the europeans wipped out more than 90% of their population but they also lived in smaller cities and they traded with the europeans with beaver fur. And the europeans actually preffered to conquer the south american empires and lands because they were rich in gold and silver unlike the north american cities and tribes that had a lot less riches. Also though the inca empire fell a few people flead into the jungle forming tribes that exist to this day
*Alpaca* my bags and leave for Peru now...
Oh, you!
The Science Biome I llamant the existence of these puns... Inca-redible job however!
Get out! Both of you!
That's amazing.
The Science Biome lol
The TED-ed channel has fasinated me for over 6 years of my life, i love every single video you guys post, and my face lights up when you post a new video, I love this channel and its content, Keep going making videos!!
BEAUTIFUL!!!! I live in Bolivia and really appreciate how you have emphasized the amazing craftmanship of the Andean people by using a knitted background.
:)
His voice is so damn GOOD
It's royal af
Sounds like Richard Dawkins
it reminds me of yuris revenge
Goosebumps every time he narrated a vedio.
Ted ed should make a special video about the cosmos narrated by Morgan Freeman
TED-ed should establish schools so we can learn these at school.
nah its better free
I actually use them in my English class. They are both fun to watch and they greatly improve my students English.
Najdorf sicilian yeah that would be great!
Ram quait but you got to support their work. I'm willing to pay if I wasn't a kid :(
Najdorf sicilian Your school sucks!
So great! I love it! I never knew about this!
Learned so much, definitely gonna tell this to my history teacher!
I am from Cusco. Today (June 24th) we celebrate the "Inti Raymi" or the Sun Festivity. It is really remarkable how Ted have explained the rise and the fall of the Inca Empire. I just want to add that from the 10 million people that used to be in 1500, by 1600, just 1 million survived (Aproximately). This mostly caused by the diseases brought by the people from the old world.
In fact, the Spanish never found Machu Pichu, thankfully.
yes thankfully
America did
@@-gemberkoekje-5547 WTF?
Burak Urgancıoğlu they actually did go to Machu Picchu
It appeard I think in some maps from missionaries in the xv century. And was an hacienda and used by the locals as agriculturals platforms before Bingham show it to the world
It is unfortunate how European invasions in the past resulted not just in the death of millions, but also in the loss of culture and heritage. A civilization over 500 years back still mystifies us...
I wonder which cultures did the Incas destroyed.
Civilisations and empires have fought and eliminated each other long before the Europeans started to conquest the world. But yeah i agree, it's sad.
People killed each other. They got conquered because they could not protect themselves. By our current standard for ethics this would not be tolerated but protecting the weak was a luxury not every country had.
The Spaniards were much better equipped and, above all else, much better organized. That's how small parties of conquerors were so easily able to bring down large empires like the Inca or the Aztec one. They were stronger, and that's how culture has advanced since ancient times.
Herodotus 94 the difference between the Incas and the Spaniards was that the Incas didn't claim to be the good guys who bring religion and civilization when really they just wanted to exploit resources.
"Cataclysm" gee where have I heard that before...
*flashback to miraculous"
LITERALLY ME
xdd
Meee two seconds ago
I love how every video has its own style and is always on theme.
I am Peruvian but live in Hong kong ,hearing the names bring me so many memories of when I was little and they teach us this in school,good job with the pronunciations tho
That makes you Perkonese then. Perkonesen for female.
Nicely done. Just a reminder. According to Peruvian History text books, there are two myths for the Inca's Empire foundation. One is attributed to Manco Capac and his sister-wife Mama Ocllo, a couple emerging from the bottom of Lake Titicaca. The second one is attributed to the 4 Ayar Brothers. Ayar Manco and his sister-wife Mama Ocllo; Ayar Cachi & Mama Cora; Ayar Uchu & Mama Rahua and last, but not least, Ayar Auca and his sister-wife Mama Huaco. They all emerged from a cave at Tamputocco hill, where both myths coincides as the foundation site. Finally, according to Peruvian scholars, there were almost 15 million people before the Spanish arrival. They were surprised not only for its buildings and highly efficient road systems (The Inca used to eat fresh fish up there in Cusco in a daily basis, thanks to the chaskis - sort of running carriers- using the Capac Ñam, a Real Road network connecting all 4 corners of the Empire.
Thank you so much. Really helped me with my assignment and out of 50 videos and websites I read and watched this is the only one that makes sense and is easy to understand.
I really enjoy Ted-Ed videos. Albeit, sometimes they are too short or compressed. Like this one. Rather than naming several heirs to the throne, I think it would have been more interesting to talk about their culture, infrastructure, technological advancements, and knowledge breakthroughs if there were any. This would let us gain an insight into their way of living.
Like it very much!
Well Pachacutec's son name was Tupac Yupanqui. And Pachacútec was only 15 when he defeated the chankas, his older brother and heir failed first and the chankas were almost over the city, so he took the control and defended the city. The Legends said that he Made such a powerfull speach than Even the stones raised as stone warriors to defend Cusco!
Also Pachacutti does not simply mean "Cataclysm", it's more like "Great suden change" for good or for worse. Also related with Earthquakes.
I always though it was el que cambia el mundo or who changes the world..
It also means that, los terremotos son un gran cambio del mundo.
The world needs more of this, and more people like it. Educators with truly useful knowledge, spreading it in a place where people go to listen, and all for non profit.
Indescribably powerful is the only way to describe it.
First Reply
Colonialismo marrón
I'm Peruvian and I'd like to thank TED-ed for this video. Yes it is unfortunate that European invasion destroyed the Inca empire but let's remember that all empires have the same fate. What is important is to learn from the Incas and tell their story as it is part of the great story of the human species.
The animation was spectacular (storytelling too). Thanks for these cultural and fascinating videos!
Amazing video, beautiful animation. I'm so glad this channel exists.
Though probably a bit too in-depth for an approachable overview video, I wish the ending would've covered Túpac Amaru, the last Sapa Inca. The story of his escape from the Spanish, his execution and his final words could come straight from a movie.
Thanks for putting subtitles, I am peruvian and I am improving my English with your videos.
hincha peruano scishow and crash course are also great for practicing english, aunque hablan mucho más rápido
It's british english ..sound great !
Thanks teded. The most valuable lesson of this culture is the constant pursue of a sustainable progress in harmony with nature.
This helped me study so much, THABKS SO MUCH TED ED
Somebody make Assassin Creed for this
That would be very interesting
Yeah
Especially in relation with the Incan gods Inti, Viracocha, and Supay.
Quinten Whyte was honestly thinking that myself
Adam Key Small world,huh?
Inca became one of the last empires before Columbian age :0
Did you mean Colombian?
Esteban V No, Columbian age :0
Look up 'inca megaliths' images and see the difference in architecture.
Do you see the difference?
Hoàng Kim Việt full blown Brunswick
ROBINSON A Brunswick? That's where I live..
TedEd your doing a great job here .Keep on making such videos
Inca Empire: **exists**
Francisco Pizarro: *I will end their career*
Don't forget: Atahualpa's host was unarmed, he was betrayed, Because Pizarro offered to "talk"
Also Pizarro had thousands of caribbean natives as auxiliaries, as well as Pachacutec's loyal forces who wanted revenge.
Saludos desde Perú
this was why i love potatoes
This has to be the most beautiful animation pulled by Ted Ed
I love these history videos. Make more please!
Goddammit! I need more. It would be very useful and wise of Ted-Ed to recommend books to further study on the topic their episode covers. I love this channel.
Hi Nightmare5479! We're actually working on that! We're on a mission to pair every TED-Ed lesson with a good book. If you want to check out what we have so far, visit ed.ted.com/books. 💖 📚
That is amazing! Thank you
TED-Ed Wow! That is uber cool. Thank you very much.
The travels of pedro cieza de leon is a good one (a bit hard to read and not much of a story but an actual first hand account)
The sorting animation on top of that site :-D
Went to Peru last year and learned so much Peruvian history. This was a great video, wish it included more !
Fun fact: Almost every Inca had the same blood type.
What type is that ?
Mecanotech probably O, seeing as it is the most common blood type nowadays
@@ameliabloodborne3366 But, it might have been different when the Incas were alive. Remember this a long, long time ago.
Faker
I am O +
Love this animation style! Keep experimenting!
First thought when I saw the notif.: *kuzco*
we know, he is the best Disney Princess
MalekitGJ Prince!
think again:
i0.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/original/000/669/709/6dd.jpg
MalekitGJ but the image you linked said "hey you're not a princess" "your not even a girl" to kuzco
i0.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/newsfeed/000/992/383/5f9.gif
What a beautifully produced lesson.
I know it's only skimming the surface, but the thought, care and design make me want to learn more 💖
Brown colonialism (I’m born & raised in Perú). En serio, cual es la diferencia?
Fun fact! The sun symbol used at the beggining of the video is not Inca, it's actually from the Tolita civilization that stablished and flourished on the coasts of Ecuador in 400 BCE. The sun symbol is actually a golden mask way more ancient than the Incas.
thank you for the video !
As a Peruvian, it makes me so sad to see the fall of my people, I truly pray for their tortured souls. 💜
a
The new Rise and Fall DLC is going good so far!
lol why are u here then? xD I also play Rise and Fall
thanks for making this vid! i used i for a slideshow on the incas...
I love this channel it helps me so much with my work in college thank you ted
4:22 I got chills
Yes yes yes! I love it! Thank you TED-Ed keep doing videos on Native American cultures! Maybe more during Native American History Month in United States? 🙏🏽🔮
such a great piece of animation and great lesson too ❤️
Have you guys ever noticed a huge improvement on how ted ed made the videos recently? Superb! 👏
if i had a lot of money i would be willing to donate .
I can’t wait for a Netflix series about that :)
Yes pleaseeee
conSOOM
@@appleicatpromax7069 WE MUST CONSOOOM. DON'T READ BOOKS, JUST CONSOOOM STIMULATING MEDIA.
A great video, but as a Peruvian I’d like to add one major detail about this story: Pizarro actually tricked and captured an unarmed Atahualpa who had agreed to have a peaceful meeting, and the Spaniards massacred several thousand unarmed Inca civilians in the process.
After his capture, Atahualpa offered a room full from floor to ceiling with silver and gold in exchange for his freedom. Pizarro agreed, and within two months the Inca’s half of the promise was fulfilled. Despite this, Pizarro brought Atahualpa to trial in which he was convicted for the alleged charges of treason towards the Spanish, conspiring against the Spanish crown, hiding treasure from the Spanish, and the murder of Huascar. Pizarro had him publicly executed, Atahualpa’s neck was snapped and his body was left on display in the plaza all night. The ransom was collected and split between the Pizarros and many others.
This was only the start of one of the greatest plunders and genocides in all of history. So much gold and silver was stolen from the Incas that it destabilized the entire European economy due to inflation, and much of the wealth Western European countries hold to this day originated from these atrocities.
It wasnt stole it conquered like every other civilization on earth
knowing little of the history of Peru, I would say your story must become better known. I'm shocked, angry but not surprised by your version of the Peruvian-Spanish meeting.
@@markusilirian7336 The thing is that Pizarro tricked him. Atahualpa wanted a pacifistic end to it all, but Pizarro just wanted them gone.
Thats not exactly what happen, and im saying this as a Peruvian. Spanians were no saints but incas either, and a lot of incas died actually bcs of "viruella"
I love your content. Also, I just want to ask if you could make a video on the origins of Latin?
Thanks for everything you've helped me with.
Gotta say, the artwork in this videos is astonishing
"No one expected the Spanish Inquisition"
There was no inquisition in the Americas, just a couple of cases in Lima.
more like, no one expected the Spanish. but now, that is how life is, isn't it? we never expect the inevitable; and the inevitable is..., the end.
Please can you guys make another on some of the meso-american (central american) civilizations. That'll just make my day. I love this video.
this is awesome, I enjoyed in very much. it is very well done
nice work
This was so helpful and coincidental. We are doing this EXACT topic in history. Thank you Ted-Ed! Keep up the excellent work!
I'm doing the same thing in history too. What a huge coincidence.
Im here to learn little before conquer Inca while in the middle playing Eiyuu Senki: The World Conquest
Amazing!
Exactly what i was looking for! Some names, some truly history more than how did they manage to live in such places.
Solid voice, Damn love it.
CONGRATULATIONS TED-ED
THANKS FROM PERÚ
I LOVED THE VIDEO!!!
Great video.
If only you made this video earlier lol... before my AP world history final.
Great work! It would have been awesome to hear also about Capac Ñan
Here because I finally got around to playing Shadow of the Tomb Raider. Fascinating. I wish I were more into history as a teenager.
Ted ed, can you do the myth of medusa?
yeeeeeessss omg
There is one already
Proud to be peruvian
Awesome video 😊
Excellent !!
In real life, the Spanish Empire was like the Fire Nation. Except, they do manage to defeat the other 3, the Aztecs, Incas, and Apaches Comanches.
This story makes me so sad. I honestly wonder what life would be like if the Incan Empire had been allowed to grow and prosper without the influence of the Spanish 😢
Who knows
probably civil wars
a better place
soo helpfull!
For a non-profit organization you guys surely make good videos. Thank you educating me.
Americas: ...And then came the whites.
Africa: tell me about it...
CobaltMusketeer Yeah the scramble for africa largely took place during the 19th century
This is wrong way. Besides its spanish/portugues not "whites".
@@neoir8514 What do you mean? Yes they are.
@@neoir8514 what?
Razor's neck - I believe present day Canada and U.S. were colonized by the French and British. Much of the Caribbean and Guyana region were colonized by the British, French, and Dutch. Belize and the Miskito coast were colonized by the British. Greenland was colonized by Denmark, and Alaska was colonized by the Russians. So there were a lot more countries dominated by a white populations, than just Spain and Portugal, who took over indigenous American peoples.
I wonder what the Americas would look like today if Columbus never reached them. How long would it have gone untouched after his hypothetical failure? How much technological progress and growth would have been made?
Not much. Technologically, the Incas were literally millennia behind Europe. They were probably behind ancient Egypt, which had a far more advanced farming system as well as several domesticated animals.
Joel Monteiro you're joking right? "Millennia behind Europe", I'm gonna need you to elaborate.
Joking? What part? Technologically, the Incas were not very advanced since they were pretty much isolated. Unlike Europe, they didn't emerge out of several other thousands of years old civilizations such as the summerians, egyptians, fenicians, greeks, romans, etc. The Incas had roads, pottery, standard farming and even ways to "write" messages but they were literally millennia behind Europe. It's debatable if they even had an alphabet or numerical system, something that existed for thousands of years on the other side of the Atlantic. As I said, technologically, they would be where the ancient Egypts were at around 3000-2500 BC without much room to improve since they were VERY isolated. Egypt grew rapidly due to its privileged crops and location in the Mediterranean, which allowed them to trade and have contact with several other people.
Joel Monteiro, they were not "millennia behind" but yes, they were behind. There were nearly no animals or plants to domesticate and because of the south-north axis there was not much technology transfer with North America. One way or another, they would come in contact with Eurasia, starting a devastating pandemic killing most of the native inhabitants.
No writing, metal, wheel or domesticated large animals like horses for travel, which were already used by romans and egyptians thousands years before that. But it makes what they have built much more impressive imo.
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