It certainly shows that there is real depth and breadth to human interests. This type of channel might be numerically dwarfed by the number of channels spouting unsubstantiated nonsense but it exists and I'm deeply appreciative that folk like Fraser and all the fellow fans here exist.
yep, for example we have that Mr. Beast who has mammoth wealth thru what is essentially utter crap, what does that say about humans. We have entire congregations of humans in large concentrated units. I guess when god comes back at least he'll be able to use his mighty lightening bolts to "take out the trash" quite efficiently. lol. Lucifer to god "how many did you get with that one, god?" God " oh about a million or so" ....lol... Lucifer "Oh, cool..."
One odd thing about merging 2 black holes is that the resulting black hole has less mass than the 2 original ones combined. I understand (poorly) that energy is carried away largely in the form of gravitational waves, and I wonder if that means information from inside the black hole is potentially readable with devices like a successor to Lisa.
@@filonin2 Neither should they lose mass in that regard, no? After all, the matter should not cross the event horizon the other way, just as information should not. Perhaps one-day humanity can even capture photons of Hawking radiation, and then we can say that we have observed light coming from the black hole itself, the light which can not escape the black hole, but did so nevertheless. This process, as far as I understand this, is thought to continue til the event horizon disappears and all the matter which has fallen into it has exited once again. But yes, what happens with information in this process? If a black hole swallows matter and spits it out again later in the form of Hawking radiation - has all the original information really been destroyed, and does that mean that Hawkin radiation carries no information away, although it carries mass away? Complicated ...
@@edwardkuenzi5751 So you mean to say Hawking radiation does not lead the the evaporation of black holes, and their eventual disappearance? That seems to be the implication of saying that black holes don't ever lose any of it. But currently, as far as I understand, it's generally held belief among physicists that black holes eventually disappear through evaporation. Although yes, I'm aware that there has not been an actual observation of Hawking radiation.
Does anyone feel like me that the reading voice is very soothing and it makes me fall asleep very quickly even though there are many new things I need to hear and learn?
16:00 *According to more than one paper* *_the reason for Venus' retrograde rotation_* *is either* *_a very deep ancient ocean_* *which slowed the planet down because of the tidal effects that are far stronger than on earth.* *The guys behind that paper created* *_models with a young Venus that has such a deep ocean that had the same effect like brakes have resulting stopping its rotation which led to the evaporation of said ocean._* *Another paper talks about Venus' thick atmosphere that has the same effect of slowly slowing Venus's rotation that much down that it resulted in the retrograde rotation we have today!*
Lyar - Always love insider style questions and a great answer, I'm glad you get fulfilment from this Fraser, we very much enjoy what you do too! :) Great questions this week! Thanks Fraser and Team. (also, Thanks Patrons!)
As a child of the Space Shuttle era, I was blown away by the concept of the Venture Star SSTO. My understanding is that the cancellation was mostly due to issues with the fuel tanks. With our current materials technologies and manufacturing practices, do you think this problem could be solved and the Venture Star become a reality?
As was pointed out decades ago by engineers such a Robert A. Heinlein to deliver a useful payload to space requires a greater specific Impulse/effective exhaust velocity than can be achieved with any chemical fuel. Look up the Rocket Equation and apply the theoretical energy that can be extracted from the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen. That produces an ISp of about 450 and therefore an effective exhaust velocity of 4.45km/s. But you must achieve over 8km/s just to enter low Earth orbit (LEO).
I don't remember which video it was where you recommended it but i just finished "termination shock" pretty good book liked it a lot. I would describe it like calling a book "car crash" and have most of the book describing the operation of the car, how its built, how it drives down the freeway ect. And then just as the car is running a red light at an intersection, end the book. Never actually get to the crash, just imply that its going to happen. Is there a sequel? Lol
An interesting thing about mining neutron star is that those neutron decay would indeed evaporate, but that process would be cataclysmic. A teaspoon of neutronium may weight billions (or millions, I don't remember) of tons, but once it's outside the gravitational field it will revert to protons, neutrons and electrons (and neutrinos ?), and release insane amount of energy. Dwarfing what you can do with fusion or fission bombs. Only matter/antimatter explosion can compare, but they are usually not that dense. 5 cm3 of neutronium (a teaspoon) would release 200 times the energy of the chixculub meteor. End of the world event.
Mining "a teaspoon of neutronium" is like accelerating a colony ship to "just 1% of the speed of light". They sound deceptively like small quantities but are insanely huge quantities. Even "just 1 milligram" of a substance that's virtually transparent to electromagnetism is going to be hard to collect and lift out of a deep gravity well without transforming it into other particles in the process before it has a chance to decay on its own.
Zalcon is my vote. Triton has been the longest running astro curiosity in my life, starting with the geyser reports early on and continuing with many more over the years.
No one knows. It isn't even clear if we understand the inside of black holes correctly. Alternative hypotheses exist like e. g. "fuzzballs" or "gravastars", but all of these would need new physics.
Remus- That antimatter engine video you took down, it would be great to see a boneified particle physicist's reaction to it! What parts were based on reality, what on conjecture, and what was that lawyers hallucinations. (Hallucinations ment in the gpt like creative misinterpretation sense, not the mentality ill sense)
Has Fraser done an episode focusing on the emerging need for "space lawyers"? We may need a legal framework to cover issues such as territorial claims to space objects. We may need dispute arbitration around individual parties, corporations or nation-states causing a Kessler Syndrome event due to some poorly-executed satellite launch or something? (TL;DR, space cannot remain lawless. Do we need international law and lawyers to now aim at the celestial?)
Can't run out of need for more energy. We already have ideas within our current knowledge that require almost infinite energy. Although a Dyson sphere seems more logical if applied to a star that emits a fraction of the energy ours does.
It's ridiculous for me as a layperson to opine this, but inflation always seemed so ad hoc to me, like "this is a fix I can apply to the Universe". It seems almost arbitrary in its "on", "off" character. Again, only a fool would dismiss years of mathematical and cosmological study and I'm that fool; but sharing my personal feeling on it.
There are a _lot_ of "ad hoc" fixes in the history of physics which later turned out to be true. One example from astronomy: explaining pulsars by spinning neutron stars. That's also a rather ad hoc explanation. One example from particle physics: the invention of neutrinos simply because something in the beta decay didn't add up. I could go on for quite a while.
Question: Could Dark Energy/Matter be explained by gravitational pressure from a 4th (or more) dimension within the "balloon" that our 3D universe is mapped on to?
re - 28:00 Yeah, but have we seen _sea beams glisten in the dark, near the Tanhauser Gate?_ Such things are highly time-sensitive. I have it on good authority that all these... moments... will be lost... like... tears in the rain...
I have always thought that its Black Holes that produce Dark Matter and Dark Energy once it was discovered that Black Holes do vent out. This could explain why the amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy is believed to be increasing causing the universe to expand faster.
(Re: Belos 33:01) A double-planet exoplanet, vs an exoplanet with an exo-moon... the methods to find those 2 classes of objects would seem similar. Things like, either seeing multiple transits grouped together, seeing transit timing variations from the planet being pulled by its partner or moon, or seeing transit duration variations from the same... all 3 of those methods seem just as applicable to both classes to me. But if we apply those methods to look for both, which one will we find first? A double-planet exoplanet would seem easier to spot, assuming they exist in great enough numbers for there to be one in our sights. However, just from how many more moons there are in our solarsystem, I would expect exomoons, though harder to spot, would be in greater enough numbers that we would spot one of them before we find a double-planet exoplanet, but we won't know until we look hard enough
Vulcan. I might have asked about black holes too. I don't hear this explained quite as often as the impossibility of a Dyson sphere. Maybe we could discover some use of neutron star material if we could do hands on experiments? What if some neutrons come together into an unobtainium? Why does America pay SpaceX to develop Starship before it is ready for delivery? Doesn't this negate the benefit of oursourcing to private industry if they have to fund development anyway?
Hi Fraser , You said that Jupiter was extremely radioactive. Is it more radioactive than Neptune or Saturn and if so, can you explain why? Thank you for all you do!
How do you think the recent drama over Mars Sample Return might effect prospects for launching a Uranus mission in the early 2030s? Should I abandon hope for an Ice Giant flagship mission in my lifetime?
Hey Fraser, I just heard it claimed that Neptune receives 900x less light than Earth, which is why Voyager 2 (or was it 1?) had to be patched before it could take photos of it. So what does that mean for humans? Could we see Neptune at all with our bare eyes if we went there? What about the other planets?
question: hello fraser, could alines (or maybe we in the future) use artificially generated gravitational waves for long distance communication instead of radio waves?
Maybe the large twin planets are rogue because large twin planets orbiting a star creates an intense 3-body problem that ejects them away from or into the star.
Hey there, Fraser! I have a question related to astrobiology: If a manned despatch arrives at an exoplanet and finds some extra-terrestrial flora and fauna there, will humans be able to eat alien fetus and animal inhabitants of that world? How could it affect the health of the astronauts? Can it be lethal? Thanks!
Thanks for answering and for mentioning the plan to develop the constellation of 12 satellites BBO for detecting the gravitational waves of the big bang. Now with 52, if I live until 100 I'm sure I'll be able to see this discovery (or its refutation) and other astonishing cosmological news as well. If Starship becomes a reliable and very cheap means of transporting stuff to space, hopefully BBO would be available in a much shorter future. This topic leads to another question: If gravitational waves from the big bang are confirmed how does this fact will be enough to confirm the existence of other universes ??
hmm... random question i guess, just how large would you have to build the observatory to have about 1 km per pixel at around 10 light years in this space inferometer constalation?
Would it make more sense the change the term speed of light to something a little more appropriate such as the speed of neutrinos or the speed of information?
_Vendikar_ Q. It seems like our Solar System is rare. With the advancement of Exo-Planet detection, we seem to be an outlier. Have the chance of finding a second Earth decreased a lot, or is it a result of limited observations?
How feasible is to launch space probes that orbit the sun, but perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic? What kind of missions would this be good for? I imagine it would help with asteroid tracking so we can more easily see big rocks heading toward Earth from the direction of the Sun.
are we methodically looking for rouge planets between the sun and nearby stars . HOW MUCH EASIER WOULD THE MIDWAY ROUGEPLANETS ACUALLY make it to get i anterstalllar civilazation going.
I can't remember the name of the project, but there was a 2 satellite interferometer circling the Earth measuring Earth's gravitational field by recording tiny changes in the positions between the two of them. Really neat stuff.
Hey Frasier! Do we see phases in Venus' brightness? I mean there is a long period when it' between the Earth and the Sun, I would assume it's going to be dimmer? Thanks!
Do white holes exist? I’ve never heard of any discovery or seen a picture of one yet I’ve seen so many discussions about them. Are they only theoretical?
5 sigma or we are not talking, lmao I love wormholes and hyper drives still. Better yet stasis bubbles, now we're talking. 3 sigma makes for a good yarn. 1 sigma might as well be pure fantasy, or as it's known in the trade, Dust aka Noise
How does gravity come from a black hole, given that its speed is no faster than the speed of light? (I'm not an English speaker. I used Google translator)
What if it was a dyson sphere spinning both horizontally and vertically at the exact speed that would match an orbit at that distance, would it be stable then?
Hi Fraser, great show. I was wondering, with AGI seemingly imminent, how will it affect the psychology of our current crop of scientific researchers if a computer suddenly starts spitting out all the answers?
Would a Dysan swarm be stable? What about 3 body type interactions between the components? It would seem to me that the management of the orbits might get impossible.
They would not be in orbit and would use stationary satellites, or statites, held in place by the solar pressure since they would basically be solar sails. You could augment this with ion propulsion for station keeping if sailing isn't enough.
Has anyone calculated the optimum dyson sphere diameter? Although we wouldn't want it any smaller than Earth's orbit because then we start losing sunlight...
@@Trip_Ts General Relativity doesn't talk about "compression" of space. And no, it wouldn't take longer to see your feet, the speed of light stays the same.
I posit that "if we , as a species, have evolved to the point where we need the energy of every photon the sun emits then our abilities to manipulate the universe would allow us to be efficient and never actually require the energy equivalent of the entire solar output "
25:00 Hehe, I think there is a third possibility: civilization dies out and we (Earth) don't use any photons other than burning wood caused by natural disasters.
Question, with careful calculation on trajectory could you catapult rocks from the Moon to the Earth i.e. could we harvest ore without rockets returning?
@@andyoverall1951 Err, so you don't bother that it would make craters, melt at least partially and splash stuff (both from itself and from the part of Earth where it lands) all around, mixing everything up?
Clearly you would only harvest precious ores and I'm thinking of some form of spin-launch device with specifically sized ore. You would start collecting the ore on Earth after a period of time when you were certain that there was a reasonable build up.
@@andyoverall1951 So you are ignoring the point that the stuff would melt off during passage of the atmosphere and then be sputtered around and mixed with stuff from Earth at the impact?
I suppose the main differences are that stars are all plasma (ionised single atoms and electrons) and undergo fusion reactions throughout most of their volume (mostly in the core but some in their atmosphere) and the motion of the plasma creates a strong magnetic field, and large planets like Jupiter are non-plasma made of clouds of molecules and solid matter such as metallic and gaseous hydrogen with a rocky core and a much smaller magnetic field.
@@tonywells6990 Interesting, it's always been odd to me finding out where you determine the surface of a non solid object like a gas giant/star would be. In the case of a star, is it just a super hot vacuum until you reach the visible "surface" or does the pressure just keep getting greater and greater like a gas giant?
@@rulingmoss5599 The 'thin skin' on the surface of the Sun consists of the photosphere (where the temperature drops to less than 10,000 degrees and visible light starts to leave the surface, the chromosphere (the density drops for 2000km above the surface) and then above that the real atmosphere of the Sun, the corona, that extends for millions of km where the density is extremely low but the temperature suddenly rises to over a million degrees.
@@rulingmoss5599 The 'transition zone' between the chromosphere and corona is a rapid change of temperature and density, with the density rapidly plunging to that of a near vacuum.
With now understanding the interplanetary exchange of material contamination in our solar system in mind, Why wouldn't nasa want to shower cheap cost effective cameras as a tactic for the Valles Marineris trench on Mars or any scenic geological body with cheap but overwhelming visual evidence to study?
They already have spacecraft with cameras orbiting Mars getting hi-res images of the surface. Far better than throwing a thousand cheap cameras at it in a short flyby.
One of the challenges with that is getting the data back. Adding what is needed to send the data back would cost significantly more than the cameras. By the time that kind of infrastructure is built out there will likely be crewed missions bringing fleets of helicopters with them.
@@ReinReads yeah I have a general idea of how it would work and cost but all this is far less than the average landings we have done over nasas lifetime.
@@ReinReads i ask because I'm almost as old as nasa I'm running out of time to see us focused on scenic value driven missions because its hard so we land in safe areas with massive amounts of instrumentation
3:54 if the universe expanded at a ludicrous speed in the beginning, how did it manage to reduce the speed? It could not have been gravity, because gravity move at the speed of light, far too slow to reach the matter that already was ahead of any gravity forces?
@@doncarlodivargas5497 Oh, do you mean during inflation? It is thought that the energy density became so low (still very high compared to nuclear matter) that the causes of inflation just stopped, and then particles were created. Hypothetical of course.
I disagree with your claim that a full Dyson sphere, done properly, would be unstable. A full sphere placed at about the orbit between Mars and Jupiter (to keep the surface temperatures at a terrestrial range once maximizing full solar gain) would be billions of Earths in mass, and would overwhelm the mass of the star and because the sun is placed in the middle of the overwhelming mass, the sun stays put in the middle. Metal superstructure of the Dyson sphere would be hundreds of meters thick if not a full kilometer or two thick, and then you would have several thousand or tens of thousands of meters of terrestrial material embedded and layered on the internal surface of the sphere, accounting for all of the mass. It would take a couple hundred solar systems worth of material to make a full Dyson sphere, but it’s entirely plausible even with modern science. You aren’t mathing right if you can’t figure out some basic high school equations…
What are the odds of earth 🌎 getting sucked into Jupiter or Saturn? What is the closest earth comes to Saturn 🪐 and Jupiter? Is Mars or any other planet likely to interfere with our orbit about the sun 🌄?
"What are the odds of earth 🌎 getting sucked into Jupiter or Saturn?" Zero. "What is the closest earth comes to Saturn 🪐 and Jupiter?" Hundreds of millions of miles. The exact number is rather unimportant here, the distance obviously is so huge that there is no danger at all.
I absolutely love how in this day and age a show like this exsists
It certainly shows that there is real depth and breadth to human interests. This type of channel might be numerically dwarfed by the number of channels spouting unsubstantiated nonsense but it exists and I'm deeply appreciative that folk like Fraser and all the fellow fans here exist.
yep, for example we have that Mr. Beast who has mammoth wealth thru what is essentially utter crap, what does that say about humans. We have entire congregations of humans in large concentrated units. I guess when god comes back at least he'll be able to use his mighty lightening bolts to "take out the trash" quite efficiently. lol. Lucifer to god "how many did you get with that one, god?" God " oh about a million or so" ....lol... Lucifer "Oh, cool..."
This is the time you'd expect such a show to exist though. Can't have it before social media or the internet was popular.
One odd thing about merging 2 black holes is that the resulting black hole has less mass than the 2 original ones combined. I understand (poorly) that energy is carried away largely in the form of gravitational waves, and I wonder if that means information from inside the black hole is potentially readable with devices like a successor to Lisa.
As far as I understand it, these gravitational waves only carry information about the _outside_ shape of the black holes.
Information from inside the black hole cannot be attained by definition. That's what an event horizon is.
@@filonin2 Neither should they lose mass in that regard, no? After all, the matter should not cross the event horizon the other way, just as information should not.
Perhaps one-day humanity can even capture photons of Hawking radiation, and then we can say that we have observed light coming from the black hole itself, the light which can not escape the black hole, but did so nevertheless. This process, as far as I understand this, is thought to continue til the event horizon disappears and all the matter which has fallen into it has exited once again.
But yes, what happens with information in this process? If a black hole swallows matter and spits it out again later in the form of Hawking radiation - has all the original information really been destroyed, and does that mean that Hawkin radiation carries no information away, although it carries mass away?
Complicated ...
They lose mass, not matter. The mass is lost from the perspective of the outside observer, but all the matter that was inside is still there.
@@edwardkuenzi5751 So you mean to say Hawking radiation does not lead the the evaporation of black holes, and their eventual disappearance? That seems to be the implication of saying that black holes don't ever lose any of it. But currently, as far as I understand, it's generally held belief among physicists that black holes eventually disappear through evaporation.
Although yes, I'm aware that there has not been an actual observation of Hawking radiation.
Thanks for answering my question! ❤ Love the space journalism!
You're the best space journalist I know. I enjoy listening to experts and scientists and to you.
Does anyone feel like me that the reading voice is very soothing and it makes me fall asleep very quickly even though there are many new things I need to hear and learn?
16:00 *According to more than one paper* *_the reason for Venus' retrograde rotation_* *is either* *_a very deep ancient ocean_* *which slowed the planet down because of the tidal effects that are far stronger than on earth.*
*The guys behind that paper created* *_models with a young Venus that has such a deep ocean that had the same effect like brakes have resulting stopping its rotation which led to the evaporation of said ocean._*
*Another paper talks about Venus' thick atmosphere that has the same effect of slowly slowing Venus's rotation that much down that it resulted in the retrograde rotation we have today!*
Lyar - Always love insider style questions and a great answer, I'm glad you get fulfilment from this Fraser, we very much enjoy what you do too! :)
Great questions this week! Thanks Fraser and Team.
(also, Thanks Patrons!)
I concur with others here Mr Cain, very much appreciate what you do and look forwards to seeing what's on the menu every posting you do. Thank you
As a child of the Space Shuttle era, I was blown away by the concept of the Venture Star SSTO. My understanding is that the cancellation was mostly due to issues with the fuel tanks. With our current materials technologies and manufacturing practices, do you think this problem could be solved and the Venture Star become a reality?
As was pointed out decades ago by engineers such a Robert A. Heinlein to deliver a useful payload to space requires a greater specific Impulse/effective exhaust velocity than can be achieved with any chemical fuel. Look up the Rocket Equation and apply the theoretical energy that can be extracted from the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen. That produces an ISp of about 450 and therefore an effective exhaust velocity of 4.45km/s. But you must achieve over 8km/s just to enter low Earth orbit (LEO).
I don't remember which video it was where you recommended it but i just finished "termination shock" pretty good book liked it a lot.
I would describe it like calling a book "car crash" and have most of the book describing the operation of the car, how its built, how it drives down the freeway ect. And then just as the car is running a red light at an intersection, end the book. Never actually get to the crash, just imply that its going to happen.
Is there a sequel? Lol
Zalcon - the Triton story is pretty cool. Would love to see some of the info on the researchers looking to make the next surveyor for it.
i can't find the video where the winning question was asked. I'd love to hear the answer.
An interesting thing about mining neutron star is that those neutron decay would indeed evaporate, but that process would be cataclysmic. A teaspoon of neutronium may weight billions (or millions, I don't remember) of tons, but once it's outside the gravitational field it will revert to protons, neutrons and electrons (and neutrinos ?), and release insane amount of energy. Dwarfing what you can do with fusion or fission bombs.
Only matter/antimatter explosion can compare, but they are usually not that dense. 5 cm3 of neutronium (a teaspoon) would release 200 times the energy of the chixculub meteor. End of the world event.
the brightness of a kilonova is "simply" the decay products of neutron matter decay ...
Mining "a teaspoon of neutronium" is like accelerating a colony ship to "just 1% of the speed of light". They sound deceptively like small quantities but are insanely huge quantities. Even "just 1 milligram" of a substance that's virtually transparent to electromagnetism is going to be hard to collect and lift out of a deep gravity well without transforming it into other particles in the process before it has a chance to decay on its own.
This video is LOVED by Physics students from St. Finian's College Secondary School Mullingar Co. Westmeath Ireland
Zalcon is my vote.
Triton has been the longest running astro curiosity in my life, starting with the geyser reports early on and continuing with many more over the years.
Yeah Q&A Rules ❤
Yea, you're pretty good at your job I think. Really appreciate this work. Thank you
I think you're GREAT at your job!
What is the state of the matter that makes up a black hole? Neurons? Quarks?
No one knows. It isn't even clear if we understand the inside of black holes correctly. Alternative hypotheses exist like e. g. "fuzzballs" or "gravastars", but all of these would need new physics.
Remus-
That antimatter engine video you took down, it would be great to see a boneified particle physicist's reaction to it! What parts were based on reality, what on conjecture, and what was that lawyers hallucinations. (Hallucinations ment in the gpt like creative misinterpretation sense, not the mentality ill sense)
Has Fraser done an episode focusing on the emerging need for "space lawyers"?
We may need a legal framework to cover issues such as territorial claims to space objects. We may need dispute arbitration around individual parties, corporations or nation-states causing a Kessler Syndrome event due to some poorly-executed satellite launch or something? (TL;DR, space cannot remain lawless. Do we need international law and lawyers to now aim at the celestial?)
You're very great at your job ❤❤❤❤
Accidental pun. "Do you get bored of your job? No"
Planet name Lyar 😉
I get bored of my jobs
is it possible to measure CMB with a higher resolution? And does it provide any valuable additional information?
Can't run out of need for more energy. We already have ideas within our current knowledge that require almost infinite energy. Although a Dyson sphere seems more logical if applied to a star that emits a fraction of the energy ours does.
It's ridiculous for me as a layperson to opine this, but inflation always seemed so ad hoc to me, like "this is a fix I can apply to the Universe". It seems almost arbitrary in its "on", "off" character. Again, only a fool would dismiss years of mathematical and cosmological study and I'm that fool; but sharing my personal feeling on it.
There are a _lot_ of "ad hoc" fixes in the history of physics which later turned out to be true.
One example from astronomy: explaining pulsars by spinning neutron stars. That's also a rather ad hoc explanation.
One example from particle physics: the invention of neutrinos simply because something in the beta decay didn't add up.
I could go on for quite a while.
How can mass spectroscopy tell whether a rock came from Venus? How do we know what elements Venus rocks are made of?
My favourite is the answer this time. Janus The Dyson swarm
Question: Could Dark Energy/Matter be explained by gravitational pressure from a 4th (or more) dimension within the "balloon" that our 3D universe is mapped on to?
I'm also thinking about the increasing speed of expansion, like the 'air' being added to the inside of the "balloon".
Hi Fraser. Can you give us a quick update on the status and timeline of the ELT, GMT, SKA, 30mT, Vera Rubin and the other exciting projects?
Yes to Love, Death, and Robots!! 🔥❤️🔥 It isn't only a fantastic sci-fi series. It's a piece of art.
But what if it's a black Pole that I'm using to poke the black hole?
re - 28:00
Yeah, but have we seen _sea beams glisten in the dark, near the Tanhauser Gate?_
Such things are highly time-sensitive. I have it on good authority that all these... moments... will be lost... like... tears in the rain...
"The Ringworld is UNSTABLE"!!! so, use Bussard Ramjets as 'thrusters' for orbital stabilization!!
Concerning Dyson Spheres, what is your opinion of active support? As in, orbital rings?
I have always thought that its Black Holes that produce Dark Matter and Dark Energy once it was discovered that Black Holes do vent out. This could explain why the amount of Dark Matter and Dark Energy is believed to be increasing causing the universe to expand faster.
(Re: Belos 33:01) A double-planet exoplanet, vs an exoplanet with an exo-moon... the methods to find those 2 classes of objects would seem similar. Things like, either seeing multiple transits grouped together, seeing transit timing variations from the planet being pulled by its partner or moon, or seeing transit duration variations from the same... all 3 of those methods seem just as applicable to both classes to me.
But if we apply those methods to look for both, which one will we find first?
A double-planet exoplanet would seem easier to spot, assuming they exist in great enough numbers for there to be one in our sights. However, just from how many more moons there are in our solarsystem, I would expect exomoons, though harder to spot, would be in greater enough numbers that we would spot one of them before we find a double-planet exoplanet, but we won't know until we look hard enough
Vulcan. I might have asked about black holes too. I don't hear this explained quite as often as the impossibility of a Dyson sphere. Maybe we could discover some use of neutron star material if we could do hands on experiments? What if some neutrons come together into an unobtainium?
Why does America pay SpaceX to develop Starship before it is ready for delivery? Doesn't this negate the benefit of oursourcing to private industry if they have to fund development anyway?
Hi Fraser ,
You said that Jupiter was extremely radioactive. Is it more radioactive than Neptune or Saturn and if so, can you explain why?
Thank you for all you do!
It has a powerful magnetosphere that traps charged particles from the Sun.
Soon we’ll have to ditch the rogue bit and just consider them free range planets and star bound planets.
How do you think the recent drama over Mars Sample Return might effect prospects for launching a Uranus mission in the early 2030s? Should I abandon hope for an Ice Giant flagship mission in my lifetime?
Hey Fraser,
I just heard it claimed that Neptune receives 900x less light than Earth, which is why Voyager 2 (or was it 1?) had to be patched before it could take photos of it. So what does that mean for humans? Could we see Neptune at all with our bare eyes if we went there? What about the other planets?
Have we found aliens yet wins the award for the shortest answer EVER from Fraser. 😂
question: hello fraser, could alines (or maybe we in the future) use artificially generated gravitational waves for long distance communication instead of radio waves?
Maybe the large twin planets are rogue because large twin planets orbiting a star creates an intense 3-body problem that ejects them away from or into the star.
Hey there, Fraser!
I have a question related to astrobiology:
If a manned despatch arrives at an exoplanet and finds some extra-terrestrial flora and fauna there, will humans be able to eat alien fetus and animal inhabitants of that world? How could it affect the health of the astronauts? Can it be lethal? Thanks!
Thanks for answering and for mentioning the plan to develop the constellation of 12 satellites BBO for detecting the gravitational waves of the big bang. Now with 52, if I live until 100 I'm sure I'll be able to see this discovery (or its refutation) and other astonishing cosmological news as well. If Starship becomes a reliable and very cheap means of transporting stuff to space, hopefully BBO would be available in a much shorter future.
This topic leads to another question:
If gravitational waves from the big bang are confirmed how does this fact will be enough to confirm the existence of other universes ??
hmm... random question i guess, just how large would you have to build the observatory to have about 1 km per pixel at around 10 light years in this space inferometer constalation?
Would it make more sense the change the term speed of light to something a little more appropriate such as the speed of neutrinos or the speed of information?
"speed of information" would be better. Neutrinos are _slower_ than the speed of light.
_Vendikar_
Q. It seems like our Solar System is rare. With the advancement of Exo-Planet detection, we seem to be an outlier.
Have the chance of finding a second Earth decreased a lot, or is it a result of limited observations?
POLL: Who thinks Fraser would look better with a few tattoos and earrings? Could stick with an astronomy theme!
we aint going for millions of years, we would be lucky to see another decade in this form ???
How feasible is to launch space probes that orbit the sun, but perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic? What kind of missions would this be good for? I imagine it would help with asteroid tracking so we can more easily see big rocks heading toward Earth from the direction of the Sun.
are we methodically looking for rouge planets between the sun and nearby stars . HOW MUCH EASIER WOULD THE MIDWAY ROUGEPLANETS ACUALLY make it to get i anterstalllar civilazation going.
The point at which two bodies orbit each other like the earth/moon or sun/earth is called their “ barycenter”…
See! I know a thing!!!😃
How do we get to Kardashev 1 and what would that mean for humanity?
I can't remember the name of the project, but there was a 2 satellite interferometer circling the Earth measuring Earth's gravitational field by recording tiny changes in the positions between the two of them. Really neat stuff.
You probably mean GRACE?
Is a black whole that is spinning so fast that its event horizon is very near light speed more massive than that same black hole would be at rest?
That's a good question. I would guess it's heavier🤔
and would it cause to flatten out by centripetal force?
Hi Fraser, why does Jupiter emit so much radiation?
Hey Frasier!
Do we see phases in Venus' brightness? I mean there is a long period when it' between the Earth and the Sun, I would assume it's going to be dimmer?
Thanks!
I wonder if the primordial gravitational waves could be the void that destroys everything in their path.
Do white holes exist? I’ve never heard of any discovery or seen a picture of one yet I’ve seen so many discussions about them. Are they only theoretical?
5 sigma or we are not talking, lmao
I love wormholes and hyper drives still. Better yet stasis bubbles, now we're talking.
3 sigma makes for a good yarn.
1 sigma might as well be pure fantasy, or as it's known in the trade, Dust aka Noise
Zalcon, just cos I love planets
I don't understand the voting thing can someone explain to me I see the names above Fraser but what next
How does gravity come from a black hole, given that its speed is no faster than the speed of light? (I'm not an English speaker. I used Google translator)
Would a second Hubble telescope be worth it?
Will the JWST be able to do any science when it runs out of fuel and it has only electric energy?
I was recently accepted to a bachelor's program for astronomy. Does anyone have any advice? Is there a good chance of getting a job in this?
What if it was a dyson sphere spinning both horizontally and vertically at the exact speed that would match an orbit at that distance, would it be stable then?
How would a solid sphere rotate along two axis at once?
Hi Fraser, great show. I was wondering, with AGI seemingly imminent, how will it affect the psychology of our current crop of scientific researchers if a computer suddenly starts spitting out all the answers?
Would a Dysan swarm be stable? What about 3 body type interactions between the components? It would seem to me that the management of the orbits might get impossible.
They would not be in orbit and would use stationary satellites, or statites, held in place by the solar pressure since they would basically be solar sails. You could augment this with ion propulsion for station keeping if sailing isn't enough.
Possible thematic for an interview: the role of dark matter in galaxy formation.
Did Fraser 'photon' of "futon..." because you never get enough foldable bed-chair type things!
:0'
Has anyone calculated the optimum dyson sphere diameter? Although we wouldn't want it any smaller than Earth's orbit because then we start losing sunlight...
Yep, here's a paper. arxiv.org/abs/2309.06564
Do black holes eat matter and space/time as well?
Matter, yes. Space/time, no.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 what about compress Space/time like if I look at my feet would it take longer to see it?
@@Trip_Ts General Relativity doesn't talk about "compression" of space. And no, it wouldn't take longer to see your feet, the speed of light stays the same.
I posit that "if we , as a species, have evolved to the point where we need the energy of every photon the sun emits then our abilities to manipulate the universe would allow us to be efficient and never actually require the energy equivalent of the entire solar output "
25:00 Hehe, I think there is a third possibility: civilization dies out and we (Earth) don't use any photons other than burning wood caused by natural disasters.
"I've seen things you people wouldnt believe....sea beams...."
Does dark energy exist inside galaxies? If it does, the reason for it not being noticeable is because dark matter acts as a counterbalance?
Yes, and yes. Dark energy actually is _very_ weak, it only becomes noticeable over _very_ large distances, since its effects pille up.
You must remember you are in the mid 2000s and we are in the past. :)
Question, with careful calculation on trajectory could you catapult rocks from the Moon to the Earth i.e. could we harvest ore without rockets returning?
These rocks would then come down as meteors on Earth. Good luck in catching them. :/
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Why would you try to catch it? You only need to let it land in a desert and then collect it when there is sufficient quantity.
@@andyoverall1951 Err, so you don't bother that it would make craters, melt at least partially and splash stuff (both from itself and from the part of Earth where it lands) all around, mixing everything up?
Clearly you would only harvest precious ores and I'm thinking of some form of spin-launch device with specifically sized ore. You would start collecting the ore on Earth after a period of time when you were certain that there was a reasonable build up.
@@andyoverall1951 So you are ignoring the point that the stuff would melt off during passage of the atmosphere and then be sputtered around and mixed with stuff from Earth at the impact?
Why don't they just launch another Kepler?
Remus
What are the differences between a star's atmosphere and a planets? Aside from increased heat and radiation.
I suppose the main differences are that stars are all plasma (ionised single atoms and electrons) and undergo fusion reactions throughout most of their volume (mostly in the core but some in their atmosphere) and the motion of the plasma creates a strong magnetic field, and large planets like Jupiter are non-plasma made of clouds of molecules and solid matter such as metallic and gaseous hydrogen with a rocky core and a much smaller magnetic field.
@@tonywells6990 Interesting, it's always been odd to me finding out where you determine the surface of a non solid object like a gas giant/star would be. In the case of a star, is it just a super hot vacuum until you reach the visible "surface" or does the pressure just keep getting greater and greater like a gas giant?
@@rulingmoss5599 The 'thin skin' on the surface of the Sun consists of the photosphere (where the temperature drops to less than 10,000 degrees and visible light starts to leave the surface, the chromosphere (the density drops for 2000km above the surface) and then above that the real atmosphere of the Sun, the corona, that extends for millions of km where the density is extremely low but the temperature suddenly rises to over a million degrees.
@@rulingmoss5599 The 'transition zone' between the chromosphere and corona is a rapid change of temperature and density, with the density rapidly plunging to that of a near vacuum.
@@tonywells6990 Very interesting and your answer was great, thank you!!!
With now understanding the interplanetary exchange of material contamination in our solar system in mind,
Why wouldn't nasa want to shower cheap cost effective cameras as a tactic for the Valles Marineris trench
on Mars or any scenic geological body with cheap but overwhelming visual evidence to study?
They already have spacecraft with cameras orbiting Mars getting hi-res images of the surface. Far better than throwing a thousand cheap cameras at it in a short flyby.
One of the challenges with that is getting the data back. Adding what is needed to send the data back would cost significantly more than the cameras. By the time that kind of infrastructure is built out there will likely be crewed missions bringing fleets of helicopters with them.
@@ReinReads yeah I have a general idea of how it would work and cost but all this is far less than the average landings we have done over nasas lifetime.
@@ReinReads i ask because I'm almost as old as nasa I'm running out of time to see us focused on scenic value driven missions because its hard so we land in safe areas with massive amounts of instrumentation
@@ReinReads to gain upclose view of geological strata in canyons or not would be pro foundly revolutionary
No, isn't that the same as mining on Earth?
"Elon Musk promised me..."
Oh my sweet summer child.
Were you duped by chorizo-gate? 🙂
Are astronauts allowed to chew gum on the ISS?
As a lifelong reader of science fiction books and entertainment I find reality very disappointing. 😂
so the biceep 2 sciecetist were to self inflated.about infkations. lol
3:54 if the universe expanded at a ludicrous speed in the beginning, how did it manage to reduce the speed? It could not have been gravity, because gravity move at the speed of light, far too slow to reach the matter that already was ahead of any gravity forces?
The gravity of matter did slow the expansion rate and that is what is predicted by solutions of general relativity theory, the theory of gravity.
@@tonywells6990 - but how?
How can something moving slower reach something moving faster?
@@doncarlodivargas5497 Oh, do you mean during inflation? It is thought that the energy density became so low (still very high compared to nuclear matter) that the causes of inflation just stopped, and then particles were created. Hypothetical of course.
@@tonywells6990 - and the creation of particles slowed down the expansion?
@@doncarlodivargas5497 Yes.
I disagree with your claim that a full Dyson sphere, done properly, would be unstable.
A full sphere placed at about the orbit between Mars and Jupiter (to keep the surface temperatures at a terrestrial range once maximizing full solar gain) would be billions of Earths in mass, and would overwhelm the mass of the star and because the sun is placed in the middle of the overwhelming mass, the sun stays put in the middle.
Metal superstructure of the Dyson sphere would be hundreds of meters thick if not a full kilometer or two thick, and then you would have several thousand or tens of thousands of meters of terrestrial material embedded and layered on the internal surface of the sphere, accounting for all of the mass. It would take a couple hundred solar systems worth of material to make a full Dyson sphere, but it’s entirely plausible even with modern science.
You aren’t mathing right if you can’t figure out some basic high school equations…
Love, Death and Robots! Yeah!!
Right?
@@frasercain wonderful show
Belos fam gang squad ☄️(ﾟοﾟ))
What are the odds of earth 🌎 getting sucked into Jupiter or Saturn? What is the closest earth comes to Saturn 🪐 and Jupiter? Is Mars or any other planet likely to interfere with our orbit about the sun 🌄?
"What are the odds of earth 🌎 getting sucked into Jupiter or Saturn?"
Zero.
"What is the closest earth comes to Saturn 🪐 and Jupiter?"
Hundreds of millions of miles. The exact number is rather unimportant here, the distance obviously is so huge that there is no danger at all.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Thank you for the answer. So nothing gets in between to draw our orbits together, eh?! 👍🏻
Vulcan does not sound relativistic. Sounds classical.
zalcon
Q&A are my favs