What is STP in Switching? Spanning tree protocol | CCNA tutorials | Network Zeal

What is STP in Switching? Spanning tree protocol | CCNA tutorials | Network Zeal
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol used in Ethernet networks to prevent loops, which can occur in network topologies that have redundant paths between switches. The purpose of STP is to ensure that there is only one active path between any two network devices to avoid broadcast storms and network congestion caused by loops.
Here's a brief overview of how STP works:
1. *Topology Discovery:*
- Switches exchange Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) to discover the network topology.
- BPDUs contain information about the switch, the sending port, and the cost of the path.
2. *Root Bridge Election:*
- The switch with the lowest Bridge ID (combination of Bridge Priority and MAC address) is elected as the root bridge.
- The root bridge is the central reference point for the spanning tree algorithm.
3. *Designated and Root Ports:*
- Each non-root switch determines its best path to reach the root bridge. This path is known as the root port.
- The switch also identifies its designated ports, which are the ports that have the lowest cost to reach the root bridge.
4. *Blocking and Forwarding States:*
- STP places certain ports in a blocking state to prevent loops.
- The designated port on each segment is in a forwarding state, allowing traffic to pass through.
- Other redundant ports are placed in a blocking state until needed.
5. *Path Selection:*
- STP selects the shortest path to the root bridge based on the cumulative cost of each path.
6. *Loop Avoidance:*
- STP dynamically adjusts the network topology to avoid loops by blocking redundant paths.
STP operates in a way that allows for network redundancy while preventing loops. In the event of a link failure, STP quickly adapts the network topology to maintain connectivity.
There are different versions of the Spanning Tree Protocol, including the original IEEE 802.1D standard and newer versions such as Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP, IEEE 802.1w) and Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP, IEEE 802.1s), which offer faster convergence times and additional features.
Understanding STP is crucial for network administrators and professionals, especially those pursuing certifications like Cisco's CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate), as it is a fundamental concept in networking.

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