Make Potassium Nitrate and Sodium Nitrate from Calcium Nitrate - An Alternative to Ammonium Nitrate
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 พ.ค. 2024
- In this video we make Potassium Nitrate and Sodium Nitrate using the easily obtained Calcium Nitrate.
Potassium nitrates and sodium nitrates are sought after for their pyrotechnic uses as well as for making alternative aqua regia. I've previously shown how to make them from ammonium nitrate, but ammonium nitrate is getting harder and harder to find as stricter regulations are enacted. Fortunately it seems calcium nitrate is widely available as fertilizer and has much less restrictions. I could easily buy it online from various e-commerce vendors.
Calcium nitrate by itself is usable to make nitric acid directly, but potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate themselves are specifically desired, then it can be converted. To do so, Calcium nitrate is first identified by looking at its NPK value to determine the exact form and the molar nitrate equivalent is found. That quantity is then reacted with equivalent amount of alkali, like potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, and then filtered. The filtrate contains the corresponding alkali nitrate that can then be dried or crystalized.
For potassium nitrate specifically. Potassium chloride may be reacted with calcium nitrate and the solution heated until dissolved. Then filtered and allowed to cool and the potassium nitrate directly crystalizes out. This is filtered and retained. Although it is rather impure and needs to be recrystallized again for best purity.
Related videos:
Make nitric acid from calcium nitrate and sodium bisulfate: • Lab Notes - August 31...
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Doing a little "back to basics" amateur chemistry that everyone can do. I try to have a variety of videos. I'll get back to making flesh eating sulfur trioxide soon enough.
Like boiling water at the corrrect temperature? 🤣
I can't and that seems basic enough.
Ammonia has got to make a comeback for its oxidation to nitric oxide. Some have made catalysis tube's to make nitric acid from ammonia
Those aliens tho 👽😂
Dear aliens, he's a good guy. Please bring him back.
that stir bar has seen some things man!
Even having access doesn't mean watching your videos is wasting time. It's always good to watch your Videos
Yep the carbonate version is just the inverse goal of one I did with a flare to get strontium... behaves just like the calcium.
The GOAT of chemistry TH-camrs! We have been blessed.
Yes, yes he is !
One of the very few and far between. I give NR the "straight up how it is", CF the visuals and cinematography, and only a very small handful of others providing very useful niches...
"Make expand rapidly for clicks" gets old after a while... the "how it works", "how to do it" and "this is what it looks like" is where all the wonder, insight, and understanding comes from.
Definitely one of the greats.
@@MadScientist267who is CF?
@@lagrangiankid378 Ah yes. Chemical Force.
@@MadScientist267 Of course, the guy who worked with hydrogen telluride, how could I ever forget him?!
I haven't seen a good series on long-term chemical storage from any youtuber. Things like storage safety, outgassing, lifetimes, things you can do to extend life, etc would be good to learn more about.
But you already _are_ famous!
The aliens demand more views! lol
@@NurdRage*do they come probing, neeeerd?!* 😍
You're the realest TH-camr I've ever come across been watching you for years now! I give you props for telling viewers not to waste their time and watch this if they have an alternative source for either nitrates. Good on you!
Jokes on the aliens, if they don't release NurdRage he'll just mix up some nerve gas from whatever is under their space sink.
Most of the experiments and practical chemistry presented here leaves me speechless. You make it look so easy and like an everyday thing. I don't comment too much here since I just take small notes trying not to interrupt the master at work. But here you are 😇
Not even a chemist but I love your channel
I think you can make ammonium nitrate from calcium nitrate and either ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate.
Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate both have extremely low solubility while all the nitrate and ammonium salts are highly soluble. Also, ammonium nitrate has a very steep solubility curve. Thus, it can be purified very effectively via recrystallization.
Shopping warning, be sure to get greenhouse hydroponics grade. It is an additional dollar per pound in small quantities. Calcium nitrate is very hygroscopic so garden or field grade fertilizer is coated with a crudely refined wax-heavy petroleum jelly that leaves a noticable contamination (odor and cloudyness) even after using an oil-water sepratory step.
There are three totally unrelated fertilizer products labeled "calcium amm-nitrate [CAN]" 15.5-0-0 as shown in the video, a liquid product which is a blend of the two nitrates(and possibly urea biproduct), and a 27-0-0 dry product for field use which is a mix of limestone and AN. the calcium in all of them is added as a stabilizer so they can be shipped and stored without as many hazmat costs.
The calcium nitrate I can get has this disgusting oil/wax, but I can get it out decently just by separating the layers after dissolving the calcium nitrate in water and then recrystallizing the final nitrate as it is not that much. But it's hard to get out of the buchner so I have to filter with a fine cloth instead.
Thank you very much. We played around with sodium nitrate when we were kids but now it is almost impossible to get hold of.
"The aliens don't appreciate- [video terminates]"
Oh no...
You are world famous and highly educational, one of -the- best youtubers teaching on practical science topics.
Greetings from earth and thank you for your continued fantastic content
you can also direclty make nitric acid from calcium nitrate using oxalic acid. I've managed to get up to 40% nitric acid concentration using fully saturated solutions at 95 celcius
i'll see if i can make a video on that! :)
@@NurdRage it also works for magnesium nitrate but requires distillation due to there still being some magnesium oxalate present in the acid after filtration
I wonder how do you get oxalic acid, because the only source I know is beekeeping stores selling it as varroosis treatment
You have been one of my favorite channels. Glad to have you back more.
Nurd Rage, you are the ONLY channel on TH-cam that I have any respect for. I love chemistry, but your videos make me DO chemistry
This is gold. I did not know about the availability of Calcium Nitrate, even in Europe. Just bought 25kg for 30€. Now we have all but one of the three important acids available, the only remaining one is sulfuric. That is sadly only available as 14.9% pool pH-lowering agent and needs to be boiled down, which is dangerous and annoying.
You can also boil the solid pH-, this is even sketchier, but you get the good stuff.
@@xxxm981 as far as I know, heating sodium bisulfate gets you sodium pyrosulfate. I've done that before. Don't really think there's a way to turn it into sulfuric acid. That would be too good to be true. If there is one, please enlighten me.
@@y33t23 Literally saw a guy do this on youtube. Its supposed to give off SO3 when you get it to like 350C
We can't even buy diluted sulfuric acid here. The most accessible source is FeSO4, which is also widely available and cheap, but yes, it is annoying and dangerous.
@@user-yb5cn3np5q auto batteries?
Here to feed the algorithm for my favorite TH-camr ❤
Hi, Nurd. Awesome vid ❤.
But can you please make a video on Potassium Perchlorate and Persulfate synthesis using Electrolysis? Also a video on making PbO2 electrodes by electrolyzing a mid-strength H2SO4 using Lead Anode would be very useful.
Hi Nurdrage,
great video again.
Well the aliens want comments... here is one.
Because of your videos, I thought it is time to refresh my knowledge and experience. Little it was smaller it has become over time...
So I bought some beakers a cheap stirring hotplate with a thermometer.
To test it, I just wanted to boil 150ml of water and stop the time to get a feeling for the heattransfer.
Easy enough, save enough.
I am at an altitude of 425m above sealevel. So I expected the distilled water to boil at 98,5 °C +- 0,2°C.
It started boiling at around 94 to 95,5 °C.
Ok, maybe put on the stirring, because maybe there is a temperature gradient (not likely, but who knows... obviosly not me)
Did not change a thing.
I then remembered, that I have to measure at the interface between fluid and gas phase.
Same result.
Taking another thermometer: now it measures boiling at 94°C. 😂
I am puzzled: Am I too stupid to boil water at the correct temperature?
Then I watch one of your videos again and think: that looks do-able, I will try it by myself 😂 .... as soon as I am able to boil water as expected.
There are a lot of variables.
Is your thermometer calibrated? Thermometers can be a few degrees off, even digital ones.
Is the water redistilled? dissolved gasses can give the appearance of lower boiling temperature.
Is the ambient absolute barometric pressure accounted for? Even daily the pressure can change slightly.
Personally my water boils at 97 degrees Celsius.
@@NurdRage
The water was not re- destilled.
Should the effect of dissolvrd gas dissppear after 10 mimutrs of boiling?
My hight above sealevel (425m) was taken into account, but not the current weather.
My best guess are my thermometers. I try to get some calibrated ones and repeat. I will also get some, which do not end at 100°C, as the offset may be greater at the endpoints.
What puzzled me was that I tried multiple thermometers, with very similar results, which indicates a systematic error.
It is interesting, what I can learn from a single task like boiling water. Never expected that.
Thank you for your hints.
What are the reasons, that your water is boiling at 97°C?
Calibrated industrial platinum thermometers are probably the only way you can measure temperature properly. Haven't seen a single other digital thermometer that would give even a single digit precision :/
@@user-yb5cn3np5q
I suspect that the thermometers I have work more in the categories: maybe hot, maybe cold... 😉
Thanks for the hint!
My water boils at 89°C for some reason (probably the shitty cheap IR termomether being not calibrated correctly), so you shouldn't really worry and do the chem anyway.
I love watching your videos. I'm not a chemist, amateur or otherwise. I just enjoy watching.
❤ Your well thoughout and executed videos, as well as your enthusiasm for amateur chemistry, are a large part of what keeps some of us sane. Your materials allow a welcoming temporary escape from a world in which all too often I am saddened by what I see, hear, and read. Thank you for your time and efforts 😊
Was actually planning on doing this soon since i found a 25kg bag of Ca(NO3)2 for $60 at my local gardening store.
Do the reaction on such a large scale all at once, it'd be fun to watch.
Excellent video as always!
Always enjoy this content!
Miss you nerd rage! Been watching you since your UNI days! Can't wait to see what you come up with next!!!
I've been looking for this! Thank you!
I honestly can't remember how long ago I subscribed to you but I think around 10 years.
most famous chemist on youtube❤
Bro i liked everyvideo you made it taught me a lot while studying chemistry and i thank you for that
I always enjoy your videos and as soon as the algorithm lets me see it, it's a must watch!
On the plus side with the Aliens, the view from up there has to be great!
High Quality Content! :D This is what I come to TH-cam for!
Wish there was a DVD with a bunch of these videos on it. would totally buy that.
very interesting video as always.
I used Magnesium nitrate to make crude Aqua regas. Cool
@NurdRage, you are our Prometheus!
Cool stuff, always enjoy the amateur methods. Sadly, I’ve never gotten around to getting my own equipment.
I've been wondering where you were. Makes sense to me
Excellent!
You are Awesome , Thanks for the info.
those are some beautiful crystals...
Nice work! Always very enjoyable, informative and generally unappetizing to aliens I assume.
Thank you again!
Thanks
Clearly the aliens don't know who they are messing with here. Good luck, sir.
A slight correction/FYI, if by "pyrotechnicsk" you mean smoke bombs and making something that burns, then purity isn't important. However, for all other uses such as good quality black powder, star compositions, delay mixes, good rocket fuel etc. the purity matters a great deal and you should use as pure of a potassium nitrate as you can get. Even fertilizer grade sometimes isn't good enough.
If multiple recrystallizations don't get the job done, at worst you can first make nitric acid by distilling the nitrate from sulfuric acid and then neutralize the distillate to get the salt back.
Its a good day when a new NurdRage video comes out.
Good luck with the probing!
Dear Aliens, please return our chemist, as he is very valuable to us, and we appreciate his work, dearly.
Cheers, Earth
Awesome video 8)
Nice!
it looks so edible
Several years ago I was able to get potassium nitrate on eBay at a reasonable price for making my own hydroponic solutions. Quick check- eBay search just brings unelated items. In the past eBay sellers would intentionally have product heading that were "coded" to escape eBay algorithms. Other times, eBay sellers seemed to blatantly list restricted items until taken down.
All very tedious. Your methods are more satisfying, Thanks!
fine, thx
A few years ago when I got started with pyrotechnics, Ca(NO3)2 was my only source of nitrates. For me the reaction with K2CO3 was very convenient. Since CaCO3 is so insoluble in water it was more than pure enough for pyrotechnics. I just had to use not too much water so it doesn't boil as long, but not too little so it didn't turn into a gel that doesn't filter.
Nowadays, I can just get it off Amazon.
But personally I cannot recommend making HNO3 straight from Ca(NO3)2. The resulting CaSO4 that remains in the boiling flask was very hard to get out. It was way more convenient to first make KNO3 and use that instead.
Gypsum should be easy to cleanup thicker deposits are very friable. Then for the residue just use some muratic acid, it's used for concrete etching and cleanup work. Its like $5/gallon (30%) at any decent hardware store.
Room temperature distilled water will also work given some time and stirring, the solubility of CaSO₄ is about 2300ppm (0.2%), which would be something around 3000 microSiemens if you have a hydroponics tester.(estimate I don't have the exact conversion on hand)
nice! please posting videos!
Nice video 👍. I agree with you that you can still purchase potassium nitrate pretty easy. Most pool supply stores also have a product called "cal-chlor". It consists of calcium, sodium and potassium chloride. I purchased a fifty pound bag for $45.00.
I'm going to try and make some pure metals from this, but the chlorine content kinda scares me. My back yard smells like an indoor pool house already so I need to figure out a way to eliminate at least some of the chloride before beginning. I think ultraviolet light from the sun will dissipate quite a bit if I leave it in a large container out back.
Please let me know what you think and any suggestions using "cal-chlor".
Enjoying the videos 👍. And yes I'm a subscriber 😁❤️.
You're the wind beneath 795000 pairs of amateur chemist wings. Godspeed, Nurd.
Where I live, KNO3 is still available, but NaNO3 is not. Also NH4NO3 is available too. Calcium nitrate is pretty easy to find, but magnesium nitrate is somewhat cheaper and I imagine it would work pretty much the same as Ca(NO3) 2 to get the alkaline nitrates.
A good source are sausage-maker stores, some sell pure KNO3 as pickling-salt.
But make sure you're not buying a pre-mixed version of 3% KNO3 and 97% NaCl.
Only downside is the price of ~10$ per kg.
commenting to keep you on earth
NR, You are very Famous.
ALGORITHM
ah you are such fun. I can't think of a use for the acid. I did think
potassium hydroxide self converted to potassium carbonate if it absorbed air with carbon dioxide and water.
If you live in the US you can get these chemicals from pyrotechnic supply houses like Skylighter.
I've long been a fan of your chemistry videos. The Aliens should appreciate them as well and gift you a gross of magnetic ceramic coated hot plates from Alpha Ceti 4. Each should last you at least 3 videos. \0/
Are you sure this won't backfire? I mean how many famous people have the aliens gotten to eat before?
would love to see if you could do a nitrate reduction to nitrite for a futur video
the aliens stole the last few seconds of this video
That stirbar looks rough!
Was it used in one of your sodium syntheses?
I don't think so. Sodium synthesis has a very distinctive charring.... but maybe it was and the char rubbed off over the years. :)
It's a cookbook!
Is there a way to adapt this process for using ammoniumsulfatenitrate? This is a very common and cheap fertilizer here and I was just wondering how disturbing the sulfate is or if there is another way about it.
Which chemecals reaction put iron pins through throw the long range that pins?
Years ago I got a cold pack with "calcium ammonium nitrate" and it seemed to just be ammonium nitrate pearls coated in clay? I dissolved it and filtered off the clay and it made good nitric acid, but I wonder if it was calcium nitrate
I'm surprised about the nitrates availability in Canada. I live in EU and ammonium nitrate is restricted to max 16% mass content in mixes, but potassium nitrate is easily available. You can buy both big fertilizer bags and small meat curing sachets. It's not pink curing salt (5% nitrites, 95% kitchen salt) but pure potassium nitrate. Calcium nitrate is also easily available as a fertilizer.
I've seen that several suppliers will ask you for the paperwork though lately.
When reaction calcium nitrate with sodium bisulfate directly I find that after 2 or 3 cycles my round flask will generally fail with chunks of glass being pulled off the surface.
Would calcium nitrate work in sulfuric acid to make flash cotton?
nice comment
When you say just scale it however big I feel like someone gonna hear that and blow up an entire city block by accidentally setting it off during one of the final stages lol
RETURN THIS MAN TO EARTH
I use all my copper nitrate waste to make KNO3 and basic copper carbonate. Then I take some of the BCC and heat it to convert to copper oxide. Nice way to convert nearly useless copper nitrate to more useful copper compounds and nitrate salts. At least for making fireworks.
Can such ink be made which is visible only when wearing a glass? If ink is not visible on paper, it is visible only through a glass.
I can buy it directly, but I'm going to make myself just because.
hi
Could you do kclo4 someday?
лучший контент для похмелья
❤
One thing that's bugged me for years is how to recrystalize copper nitrate. Any ideas?
I used the sodium carbonate method with strontium nitrate from a disassembled flare, the target was of course the strontium and the NaNO3 was waste but I kept it... a couple decent crystals grew under evaporation but being a liquor of other salts I haven't bothered to go back and purify any of them out.
I agree it's not a cheap method for either but the yields are good... just... filtering carbonate... 🤦♂️🤣
Tell the aliens I said hi
For the algorithm
I wonder whether the double displacement reaction is an equilibrium if both products are soluble ?
It is an equilibrium but since you are constantly removing calcium hydroxide from the solution (as it precipitates) the equilibrium is pushed more and more and you can get high yields. Check out the le chatelier's principle.
Commenting for the aliengorithm
My source for KNO3 is/was Spectracide brand stump remover. It's the only listed ingredient in the SDS but it's still dirty.
Nitrates are highly regulated where I live
My only source used to be a birkeland eyde reactor I made lol
How did you make that, they arent the most easy thing to set up.
Hey! How do we know that the aliens didn't already eat nurdrage and replace him with a clone, bent on Chucky Cheese domination? It's my greatest fear...
I wanted to try aqua reager using fertilizer nitrogen urea which is 40% urea any help would be much appreciated.
Why is the molar equivalent of nitrate any different between Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and the anhydrous compound? Maybe I'm not getting something here, but if I removed the water from the tetrahydrate, wouldn't I end up with a mole of the anhydrous Calcium nitrate all the same?
Love your videos anyways ❤ @NurdRage